摘要：
海明威作品风格特点英语Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American writer... 海明威作品风格特点英语
Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American writer and journalist. He was part of the 1920s expatriate community in Paris, and one of the veterans of World War I later known as "the Lost Generation." He received the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 for The Old Man and the Sea, and the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. Hemingway's distinctive writing style is characterized by economy and understatement, and had a significant influence on the development of twentieth-century fiction writing. His protagonists are typically stoical men who exhibit an ideal described as "grace under pressure." Many of his works are now considered classics of American literature.
Ernest HemingwayErnest Hemingway was a famous American writer and journalist. He was born in 1899 and grew up in Oak Park, Illinois. He was known for his spare, direct writing style and his adventurous began his writing career as a journalist for a newspaper in Kansas City. He then moved to Paris in the 1920s, where he became friends with other famous writers such as Gertrude Stein and F. Scott Fitzgerald. In Paris, he wrote some of his most famous works, including "The Sun Also Rises" and "A Farewell to Arms".Hemingway was known for his love of adventure and his experiences often influenced his writing. He served as an ambulance driver during World War I, and covered the Spanish Civil War as a war correspondent. He also went on many hunting and fishing trips, which inspired his writing about nature and the 's writing style was characterized by short, simple sentences and a focus on action and dialogue. He believed in writing "the truest sentence that you know." His spare style influenced many writers who came after won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1953 for his novel "The Old Man and the Sea", and the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He continued to write and travel until his death in , Hemingway is remembered as one of the most influential writers of the 20th century. His writing continues to inspire and captivate readers around the world.
Ernest miller Hemingway, a famous American writer, the United States representative of "lost generation" in representative work like "the old man and the sea" "the sun also rises" a farewell to arms "for whom the bell tolls,he won the Joseph Pulitzer in 1953 by the old man and the sea and won Nobel Prize in literature in was known the spirit of USA and orginated "New novel".He is the tough in writing style is development of American literature and world literature in the 20th century has a far-reaching influence. Kennedy called him \"one of the greatest writers in the 20th century.
Ernest Hemingway, one of the most influential writers of the 20th century, was known for his concise and simple writing style. Born in Illinois in 1899, he began his writing career as a journalist in the 1920s and later became a novelist, producing classics such as "The Old Man and the Sea," "For Whom the Bell Tolls," and "A Farewell to Arms."Hemingway's writing style was characterized by short and direct sentences that conveyed deep emotions and themes. He often wrote about war, love, and loss, and his experiences as a soldier and expatriate in Europe influenced much of his was also known for his adventurous lifestyle, which included big-game hunting, deep-sea fishing, and bullfighting. His love of adventure and the outdoors is reflected in his writing, which often features vivid descriptions of nature and the his success as a writer, Hemingway struggled with depression and alcoholism throughout his life. He tragically took his own life in 1961, leaving behind a legacy of literary excellence and a style that has influenced generations of writers.厄内斯特·海明威是20世纪最有影响力的作家之一，以简洁明了的写作风格而闻名。他于1899年出生于伊利诺伊州，在20世纪20年代开始担任记者，后来成为小说家，创作了经典作品，如《老人与海》、《丧钟为谁而鸣》和《永别了，武器》。海明威的写作风格以短小而直接的句子为特征，传达了深刻的情感和主题。他经常写关于战争、爱情和失去，他作为一名士兵和在欧洲的移民的经历影响了他的许多作品。海明威也以冒险的生活方式而闻名，包括大型猎杀、深海捕鱼和斗牛。他对冒险和户外活动的热爱反映在他的作品中，经常描绘大自然和环境的生动描述。尽管海明威成为了一名成功的作家，但他一生都在与抑郁症和酗酒作斗争。他在1961年悲剧性地结束了自己的生命，留下了文学卓越的遗产和影响了几代作家的风格。
海明威作品风格特点英文
摘 要：海明威在 《老人与海》 中运用其 “冰山理论”的创作原则，处理人与 自然斗争的这一重大题材 ， 赋予这一题材以丰富的象征意义，使小说表现出的主题远远超 出题材本身的内涵，表现 了更广大的思想空 间。小说以其独特的语言风格、精湛的写作技巧、生动的描写，把无限的意蕴寓于有限的表象形式中，使 作品充满着对有限的超越 ，对无限的神往。主要分析并探讨这部小说及象征意义及语言特色。 关键词：《老人与海》；文体；象征；语言特色 Abstract：In”The Old Man and the Sea”by Hemingway，we can see how he deals with the tremendous subject of the struggle between man and nature，using unique language style，beautiful writing skills，vivid descriptions an d the writing principle of”Iceberg”．Hemingway symbolizes the subject，and thus the theme gives beyond the connotation of the story itself，and provides much room for thinking．Th is essay analyses and discusses mainly the symbolic meanings of the novel and its linguistic features． Key words：”The Old Man and the Sea”；stylistic feature；sym bolization；linguistic features “每一种文体都有超乎寻常的语言特点；每一个作家都在创作过程中使自己的语言显示出超乎寻常的风格。超乎寻常才能引人注目，超乎寻常才能体现风格”。[ 《老人与海》 是海明威一生思想和艺 术探索的 总结 ，是他赖以获得 1954年诺贝尔文学奖的主要代表作。他运用象征手法、巧妙的细节描写、简练含蓄的语言、生动形象的比喻 编织 出一个感人的 故事 ，一个新颖独特的具有双重审美层面的审美 体 ，小说的“冰山顶部”峻拔易透，而“水面以下”的大千世界则深藏若虚，让读者去揣摩、联想、体会。 一、 象征意义 象征的基本含义是用某种知觉或想象的图象标示来暗示某种不可见的意蕴，它可以通过意象来诱 发欣赏者的 经验 和情感的表现，使文学作品产生强盛的生命力和永久的艺术魅力。作为现实主义作家，海明威深知此道，运用象征手法将抽象的思想变成具体的物象 ，再让读者从具体的物象激发经验想象和情感的表现，去挖掘其中的意蕴。 海明威在《老人与海》中通过局部修辞手段的象征手法来赋予这部小说的象征性。 (一)故事的主人公圣地亚哥是“生命英雄”的象征。他敢于向人生的种种磨难宣战，向人的生命的极限挑战并超越它，以生命换荣誉、换尊严，从前所未有的角度震撼人心地展示了人的生命价值。在与大海、大马林鱼和鲨鱼的较量中，他以自信、勇敢、强悍的英雄形象奏响了一曲深沉低 回的大提琴协奏 曲。渔民以 捕鱼 为生，在茫茫大海上，孤独的老人划着小船连续八十四天没有钓到一条鱼，这真是“倒 了血霉”，然而，老人并没有失去信心： Everything about him was old except his eyes and they were the san'le color as the sea and were cheerfur and undefeated．[2](P．2) 眼睛是心灵的窗户，这“海水一样蓝的眼睛”跟那象征着厄运的破帆相对照，揭示出了老人圣地亚哥绝不向命运屈服的性格特征 ，透着老人乐观开朗，一如继往，不达目的决不罢休的精神。他决心在第八十五天“驶向远方”去钓大鱼，这是老人对理想的挚着追求，是人类要征服 自身懦弱的表现。在同大马林鱼的较量中，明知对方力量比自己强，却表现出： Mine does not matter，I carl contro1．But his pain could drive him mad．[2](P．84) You did not kill the fish only to keep alive an d to sell for food，he thought．You killed him for pride and because you are a fisherman ．[2](P．1O1) 语言铿锵有力，落地有声，气吞山河。同马林鱼的较量不仅是体力对抗 ，更重要的是对 自我精神力量的确信，这种精神力量是“生命英雄”为捍卫人的尊严，实现生命价值的具体表现。而随着故事情节的发展，海明威又将老人一次次地推向绝境。 面对“为所欲为”的鲨鱼，人是无法抗拒的，但老人用鱼叉、刀子、船浆、舵把、木棍等一切个人手段与之苦战，饿了就撕下一块生鱼吃。海明威这样描述道： He hit it with his blood mushed hands driving a goo d harpoon with all his strength．He hit it without hope but with resolution an d conplete malignancy．[2](P 98) He jerked the tiller from the rudder and beat and chopped with it，holding it in both hands and driving it down again and again．[2](P．115) He lean ed over the side and pulled loose fl piece of the meat of the fish where the shark had cut him．He chewed it and noted its quality and its good taste．[2](P 102) 圣地亚哥不断承受着不幸命运的挑战，而正是他的勇敢和强悍战胜了一次次的厄运。面对着不断被鲨鱼撕咬的大马林鱼残骸，老人说，“一个人并不是生来给打败的，你尽可能把他消灭掉，可就是打不败他”。透过老人与鲨鱼的搏斗，我们再次领悟到“生命英雄”在精神上是不可摧毁的，是人类取得美好未来的保证。 (二)大海象征人生的搏斗场，是人类社会的剪影。海明威并没有只是对大海作客观的描写，许多地方是通过老人圣地亚哥带有倾向性的默想、回忆、自言 自语等形式叙述出来的。那有毒的水母是海里最欺诈成性的生物 ，但却是海龟的美食： The turtles saw them，approached them from the front，then shut their eyes SO they were completely carflpaced and ate them filaments and al1．[2](P．29) 可是，那可恶的鲨鱼对海龟却残酷无情： It was these sharks that would cut the turtles leg and flippers off when the turtles were asleep on the stirface，? [2](P．104) 这海龟吃水母 ，鲨鱼吃海龟，还有那“在阳光下闪出银白色光的金枪鱼跳得很远地捕食小鱼”，小鸟被老鹰追捕时发出“微弱而凄惨的叫声”，于是我们便看到一幅从海底到天空的巨型画卷。在这幅画卷上到处是强者的追逐，弱者的逃奔，无处不隐伏着杀机，它所展现的是自然界中真真切切、自亘古又永恒的弱肉强食生存斗争的景象。这象征当时的美国社会，人们靠实力确定自己的地位，等级分明，没有平等、公正可言；有势力者高高在上，为所欲为，而芸芸众生则在社会底层受愚弄，遭鱼肉。大海暗示出只要出现本性同鲨鱼的统治者，哪里有他们，哪里就蒙受灾难。 (三)鲨鱼主要代表一切破坏性的力量，是掠夺成性 ，制造灾难 ，阻止人们达到理想境界的各种破坏性恶势力的象征。对鲨鱼的强壮、凶悍、残忍，作者这样描写道 ： (9)He came like a pig to the trough if a pig had a mouth SO wide that you could put your head in it．【2]( 108) (1O)In the night sharks hit the carcasses as someone might pick up crumbs from the table．[2]( 116) 然而，面对鲨鱼不断残暴地摧残死去的大马林鱼，老人圣地亚哥“感到就像 自己挨到袭击一样”，他想：“跟它们斗，我要跟它们斗到死。”这生动地展示了人与自然界的殊死搏斗，更加反衬出人的伟大，同时也凸现了作者以斗争为乐的独特的“硬汉”性格。 (四) 作者通过多处象征性描写，有意识地把老人比作基督的化身。在故事的全过程中，老人经历了两次被钉十字架的过程。如，当老人圣地亚哥看到星鲨 (galanos)时，不禁“Ay”[2](P．103)了一声。作者描述道：“这个词儿是没法翻译的，也许不过是一声叫喊，就像一个人感到钉子穿过他的双手，钉进木头时不由自主地发出的那种喊叫声”。作者在这里暗示的“这一个人”就是“被钉十字架的耶稣”。最生动的一点是老人拖着那巨大的鱼骨架回来后，“肩扛着桅杆开始往堤岸上爬去”时，曾回头望那绑在船边的马林鱼的残骸。这一静止的镜头显示出老人作为一个基督正在开始另一次苦难的历程，而鱼作为另一个基督正被绑在十字架上。这些象征性的描写是在暗示在美国耶稣重又被钉上了十字架，基督精神死亡了。通过这种隐晦的描写表达了作者对美国现实的极度悲观。 (五)小说中一个极其重要的象征物，是圣地亚哥魂系梦萦的“那群狮子”，它代表旺盛的生命力和青春，象征着老人对力量的追求和对强者的向往，每次梦见“那群狮子”后都给老人增添了无穷的精神力量。群狮象征着同情弱者，仇视邪恶，既能创造人问奇迹，又能战胜各种邪恶势力的团结友爱的群体。 群狮的个体模式表现在老人圣地亚哥同鲨鱼搏斗到手无寸铁的风度，是海明威笔下硬汉形象的高度概括和升华，标志着后期海明威在思想上的发展与进步，寄托着他的理想及对人类的希望。小说的结尾“The old man was dreaming about the lions”，[2](P_124)这是一个富有寓意的回声 ，体现了海明威的人生哲学与道德理想，即不向命运低头，永不服输的斗士精神和积极向上的乐观人生态度。虽然他拖回的只是一副鱼骨架，但他在精神上却始终是个胜利者。 (六) 在故事的结尾处，当孩子看到那苍白的鱼骨架和老人那伤痕累累的双手时，“he started to cry?and all the way down the road he was crying”．[2]( 119)孩子心痛的不仅是老人那双流过血的手，更心痛的是老人历尽艰险才得到的战利品竟然被鲨鱼咬噬得一千二净，更心痛的是老人在历经长达八十四天的凄惶失意极度紧张艰苦的考验后所换来的却只是更大的失望。孩子的“放声大哭”使读者产生强烈的听觉感，深深地撞击着读者的心弦，甚至掩卷之后仍依稀可闻。这哭声包含着孩子对老人的无限崇敬和深深的同情。这哭声显然是孩子在老人的英雄气概感召下性格走向成熟的起点，象征孩子的回归。这一象征手法的处理昭示出“他是在通过一条相当新的路子返回到他的起点”，l-3 表达了作品的乐观主义倾 向。 二、语言特色 (一)简洁的语言风格 无论是叙述事实，铺陈景物，对话，还是揭示人物的心理活动，海明威在《老人与海》中的语言是简洁的，而所表达的思想又十分深刻，引人深思；不仅揭示了文体的结构关系，也表现了现代艺术的走向和美情趣——“越少，也就越多”(Less is more)；语言的表述方式简练客观而节奏迅速。如： He no longer dreamed of storms，nor of women，nor of great occurrences，nor of great fish，nor fights，norcontests of strength．nor of his wife．(¨He only dreamed of places now and of the lions on the beach．( )Theyplayed like young cats in the dusk and he loved them as he loved the boy．‘ ’He never dreamed about theboy．(¨He simple woke 1ooked out the open doo r at the moon and unrolled his trousers an d put them on．‘ )H．urinated ou~ide the shack an d then went up the road to wake the bo y．(‘)He WaS shivering with the mornincold．(’)But he knew he would shiver himselfw锄 an d that soon he would be rowi ng．(。)[2](只18) 从语音来看，其中单音节和双音节词竟有 115个，而三个音节以上的词仅有四个。(事实上整部小说也多是单音节和双音节词。)大量使用单音节和双音节词使得这段文字读起来清新活泼、简洁有力。 从词法来看，1、一词多义，如 ，wake(vi．醒来，、rt．叫醒)，shiver(vi．哆嗦，、rt．使哆嗦)。这种情况在书中俯拾皆是，如，ship(n．船，、rt，把??放进船内)，sail(n．帆 、ri．浮游)。2、词的构成 ，常用前缀 un来表示做相反的动作，使读者能很容易理解其含义。除本段文字中 unroll一词外 ，本书中 其它 地方 ，如：The old nlan unhooked the fish? [2](P．67)／Surely it wi ll uncap to help my right hand．[2](P．58)／He had anleashed his effort and forced the hand of the negro down? [2]( 64) 书中除了用前缀 un外 ，还常用后缀 less来表示相反的意义，如：a fishless desert／needless temptation his wing Smotionless． 从 句子 结构来看 ，多用简单句(句(1)(2)(4)(5)(6)(7))，句(3)和句(8)分别是并列复合句和复合句。可见这段文字结构并不复杂，文笔是简练的，直截了当的。句(1)和句(2)文字铿锵有力，干脆利落，作者七次重复“不再梦见”有力地烘托出老人对“那群狮子”的热烈追求 ，寄托着他的理想。由于梦狮所产生的精神力量 ，老人从梦中醒来，接着作者用了三个简单句(句(5)(6)(7))描写了老人一连串的动作，这些动作动词使读者产生了强烈的视觉感，仿佛看见老人怀着激切的心情去迎接新的战斗。 此外 ，《老人与海》简洁的语言风格还表现在以下几个方面： 1、常用小词。如 ：good，great，so，then和 and等，特别是 good一词的妙用 ，以引起读者 的联想。例如： (1)He S good for the night and SO锄 I．[2]( 6s) (2)It Was very good against all colds and grippes and it Was good for the eyes．[2]( 30—31) 2、常用省略结构。从语法上分析，这种省略句结构不算完整，但从上下文看意义是清楚的，它使语言更生动活泼，更接近现实生活，表意更突出，能收到言简意赅的强烈效果。例如： (3)I remember everything from when we first went togelher．[2](Po5)(在 when前省略 the time) (4)I better put a small line out with a spoon on it?[2]( 93)(在 better前省略 had，小说中有 3次省略 ，见 P．79，93，113) 读完下面的句子，细细咀嚼，更使我们对海明威简洁的写作技巧称口叫绝： (5)I Can do nothing with him and he Can do nothing with me，he thought．Not as long as he keeps them up．[2]( 41) (6)“I shouldn t have gone out SO far，fish，”he said．“Neither for you nor for me．I m sorry，fish”．[2(P．106) 句 (5)中的“Not”不仅指前面的并列句，而且以“Not”一词开头，明白地告诉读者老人同大马林鱼的较量是谁也奈何不得，充分表达了老人此刻的内心活动，加强了语言表达效果。就句(6)而言，从语法上分析，在“Neither”和“nor”后省略了good一词，这前后的省略表明了老人对这次“远海”钓到大马林鱼后的复杂心理活动。 3、含蓄也是这部小说简洁文体的一个特点。它对所提出的事实不加评论、解释，让读者从简洁平谈的叙述中去慢慢品味，猜想。且看老人是如何在清晨喊醒小男孩的： He took hold of one foo t gently an d held it until the bo y woke? [2](P．18) 这无声的语言意蕴着无限的温情，然而它丝毫无损于老人的“硬汉”形象，相反 ，它更充分地表现了老人“重压下的优雅风度”——刚柔共济，相得益彰。(--)比喻手法比喻手法的运用是这部小说的一大语言特色。海明威在描写人物、景物和鱼类时都大量运用这一手法，充分展示了他细腻、精湛、巧妙的语言修辞艺术和独特的写作技巧。通过比喻，折射出许多丰富生动的形象和深层的意蕴 ，增强了语言在小说中的表意功能，突出了主题。如海明威对老人圣地亚哥左手的比喻模写： (1)His left hand was still as tight as the gripped claws of an eagle．[2]( 58) (2)But his left hand had always been a traitor and would not do what he called on it to do and he did not trust it．[2](65) 句 (1)的比喻结构是 as+adj．+as+名词(喻体)，明喻。鹰是人们熟悉的凶猛的飞禽，“像紧抓着的鹰爪”比喻具体、形象，使人们产生种种可怕的联想。句(2)是用一个名词“traitor”作隐喻，比喻他的左手总是不听他的吩咐，总是背叛他。这两句对左手背叛比喻的描写有更深层的含意。海明威创作《老人与海》的年月正值麦卡锡主义在美国猖獗横行，民主与进步力量遭到疯狂的迫害，某些一度左倾的作家“在拼命地向麦卡锡道歉”，告密者成为名利双收的“爱国者”和“民族英雄”。海明威用含蓄象征的比喻手法表示了对这“叛徒似的左手”极大的鄙视。 海明威在小说中常用比喻手法的描写以景抒情 ，以景喻情 ，充满丰富的象征寓意。例如： (3)He could not see the green ofthe shore now but only the tops of the blue hills that showed white as though they were snow—capped and the clouds that looked like high snow mountains above them-[2](P．33) (4)He looked at the sky and saw the white cumulus built like friendly piles ofice crealn and high above were the thin feathers of the cirrus against the high Semptember sky-[2]( 55) 句(3)的比喻结构分别由as though +从句和like+名词(喻体)构成。那青山的顶峰仿佛积着白雪顶峰上空的云块又像是高耸的雪山，这顶峰积着的白雪和高耸的雪山与深蓝色的海水相映衬，显示出大海无比的壮美。这白雪象征着小说中那不可缺少的小男孩，老人像山，有了雪，山才显得更加深沉与伟岸。句(4)的比喻结构分别由like+名词(喻体)和名词(喻体)+0f+名词(主体)构成。像一堆堆冰淇淋似的积云，像一缕缕羽毛般的卷云又一次展现了大海上空一幅美丽的景象 ，让人赏心悦 目，意蕴着老人对大海的热爱。老人圣地亚哥同大马林鱼的搏斗是这部小说的主要情节。海明威作意对大马林鱼身体形象细腻的比喻描写则意味着更多的东西。例如： (5)His sword was as long as a baseball hat and tapered like a rapiered?[2](P．57) (6)The wire must have slipped on the great hill of his back-[2]( 46) (7)He could picture the fish swimming in the water with his purple pectoral fins set wide as wings?His eye is huge an d a horse，with less eye，can see in the dark-[2](P．61—62) (8)The old man was afraid he would cut the line with his tail which Was sharp as a scythe and almost othat size and shape．[2]( 43) 句 (7)、(8)的比喻结构都是由as+名词(喻体)构成，同时在句(7)中，作者把大马林鱼的眼睛同马的眼睛形象地联系起来作了大小的比较。通过以上四句的比喻描写，一条凶猛的大马林鱼形象地展现在读者面前：它的嘴像 棒球 棒一样长，然后逐渐细如轻剑，脊背像小山一样高高隆起 ，紫色的胸鳍宽如翅膀，眼像似马眼却比马眼还大，尾巴像大镰刀般锋利而大小和形状都和大镰刀差不多。这些形象精湛的比喻喻体都是具体名词，能使读者唤起对客观具体事物的联想，增强了语言的表现力，而轻剑、大镰刀更容易使人产生可怕的联想。由此可见，这鱼不仅强大凶猛，而且美丽、高贵，这暗示着老人要战胜它是非常艰难的，是一次意志与力量的较量，是一场生死的搏斗。这些精湛的比喻也表明，凭着这鱼庞大的身躯、姿态、威力及美丽的色泽，谁也不配吃它，同时也使人联想到它象征人们渴望创造奇迹 ，要达到的宏伟 目标，甚至是要实现的远大理想。 (三 )重复手法 海明威在《老人与海》中重复和略有变化的重复使用同一个词、 短语 或句子 ，一方面使得语句连贯文笔流畅，充满神秘的韵味，另一方面加强了语气和感情，突出了表达效果。例如：He let the line down down ，down ，unrolling off the first ofthe two reserve coils．[23(36)随着“down ”一词的不断重复，读者产生强烈的听觉感和视觉感 ，仿佛看见老人向海里放钓索时发出有节奏的音乐声，同时引起读者在猜想那咬着钓勾的大马林鱼不知正躲在大海深处的某个地方，让人感到鱼的狡猾 ，预示着同鱼的较量的艰难。伴随这“down ”一词的重复所带来的节奏感，读者的心仿佛也跟着下沉，抛向那吉凶未 卜、茫茫大海的深渊。 再如：If the boy was here，he would wet the coils of line，he thought．Yes．If the boy were here．If the bo were here．这是老人同马林鱼搏斗碰到困难时常发出的内心呼唤，语气是虚拟的，这给读者以很大的想象空间。孩子是老人的精神支柱，每次呼唤后都给他增添了极大的勇气和无穷的力量 ，正如“他爱那群狮如同爱这孩子一样”。因此 ，在同马林鱼较量的过程中，“1 wish I had the boy．”或“1 wish the boy Washere．”在不同情节中先后重复了五次[2]( 38，41，44，45，50)，由此可见，海明威运用重复手法的良苦用心。 (四)自由直接引语 根据英文体学家利奇(G．Leech)和肖特(M．short)的理论，人的内心思想活动可用五种方式表达“直接思想”(例如：He wondered“Does she still love me?”)、“间接思想”(He wondered if she still lovhiram)、“自由直接思想”(Does she still love me?)、“自由间接思想”(Did she still love him?)、“思想行为的叙述体”(He wondered about her love for him)等对应名称来描述表达思想的几种引语形式。【4 现代小说正是通过展示第三人称人物的心理活动来达到逼真的再现生活的目的。在意识流等现代小说中，作者要表现思想的随意性或潜意识性时，多采用“自由直接思想” 或“自由间接思想”。在<老人与海》这部小说中，“自由直接思想”出现约一百五十次，成为这部名著的一大语言特点。例如： (1)I can do nothing tll him and he Can do nothing tll me，he thought．Not as long as he keeps thiup．[2】( 41) (2)Remember，no matter how little you want to，that you must eat him in the morning．Rememb er，hsaid to himself．[2]( 41，42) 这种比直接引语还要“直接的”引语可叫做“自由直接引语”(Free Direct Speech)。它是现代小说描写人物心理活动的主要手段之一，能使读者直接了解人物的心理活动，缩短了人物与读者之间的距离。 三、结 语 <老人与海》运用深刻的象征涵盖了整部作品丰富的思想主题，赋予老人圣地亚哥、大海、马林鱼鲨鱼、群狮、小男孩、老人那抽筋的左手等以丰富的象征和寓意。简练的语言风格使人于平淡处感到新奇，从一粒沙中看一个世界，从有限的文字中看到丰富的思想内容，所谓“言犹尽而意无穷”，让读者透过纸面表象去努力追求、解释、咀嚼。因此，简洁而深蕴的表达和象征手法的运用是海明威“冰山”风格的完整体现，他给人们奉献了一个具有自己独特风格的永恒的艺术世界，构成《老人与海》这样一座完整而宏伟壮观的艺术大厦。小说中许多对比、对照、排比、反衬、交错配列句型、词序的变异等优美的语句为这部小说增添了一道又一道亮丽的光环。掩卷沉思，海明威独特的创作风格所塑造出的鲜明生动的艺术形象，使读者在阅读过程中提高了艺术欣赏的能力，欣赏由动情到移性，在不知不觉中，性格情操得到陶冶 ，思想感情得到净化。 参考文献： [1]秦秀白．文体学概论[M]．长沙：湖南 教育 出版社 ，1986． [2]Ernest Hemingway[美国]．南京：译林出版社，2001． [3]董衡巽编选 ．海明威研究[c]．北京 ：中国社会科学出版社 ，1980． [4]Geoffrey N．Leech，Michael H．Short．Styte in Fiction．London：Longnmn．1981．P_336—346 这是海明威描写老人出海前的一段文字，共 119个词。现从语音、词法和句法来分析以上这段文字的简洁之处 。
《永别了武器》《永别了，武器》是海明威一部带有浓郁自传色彩的作品，在距离他第一次世界大战中受伤的十年后，他完成了这部作品。小说具有强烈的反战情绪，总体可以分成两个部分：第一部分是告别战争；第二部分是告别爱情。在作品中，海明威谴责的并不是参加战争的人，而是战争的种种罪恶和愚蠢，以及帝国主义宣传的虚伪性。海明威指出战争摧毁人的幸福，即使是告别了硝烟弥漫的战场，在黑暗中奋力跃入大河，受过死亡的威胁而重生，逃亡到瑞士，享受到世外桃源般的生活，最终爱人还是难免一死，因为作者相信“世界杀害最善良的人、最温和的人、最勇敢的人”。这种人生大口梦的悲观绝望，从根本上否定了资产阶级社会的文明。
Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American writer and journalist. He was part of the 1920s expatriate community in Paris, and one of the veterans of World War I later known as "the Lost Generation." He received the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 for The Old Man and the Sea, and the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. Hemingway's distinctive writing style is characterized by economy and understatement, and had a significant influence on the development of twentieth-century fiction writing. His protagonists are typically stoical men who exhibit an ideal described as "grace under pressure." Many of his works are now considered classics of American literature.
Ernest Hemingway, one of the most influential writers of the 20th century, was known for his concise and simple writing style. Born in Illinois in 1899, he began his writing career as a journalist in the 1920s and later became a novelist, producing classics such as "The Old Man and the Sea," "For Whom the Bell Tolls," and "A Farewell to Arms."Hemingway's writing style was characterized by short and direct sentences that conveyed deep emotions and themes. He often wrote about war, love, and loss, and his experiences as a soldier and expatriate in Europe influenced much of his was also known for his adventurous lifestyle, which included big-game hunting, deep-sea fishing, and bullfighting. His love of adventure and the outdoors is reflected in his writing, which often features vivid descriptions of nature and the his success as a writer, Hemingway struggled with depression and alcoholism throughout his life. He tragically took his own life in 1961, leaving behind a legacy of literary excellence and a style that has influenced generations of writers.厄内斯特·海明威是20世纪最有影响力的作家之一，以简洁明了的写作风格而闻名。他于1899年出生于伊利诺伊州，在20世纪20年代开始担任记者，后来成为小说家，创作了经典作品，如《老人与海》、《丧钟为谁而鸣》和《永别了，武器》。海明威的写作风格以短小而直接的句子为特征，传达了深刻的情感和主题。他经常写关于战争、爱情和失去，他作为一名士兵和在欧洲的移民的经历影响了他的许多作品。海明威也以冒险的生活方式而闻名，包括大型猎杀、深海捕鱼和斗牛。他对冒险和户外活动的热爱反映在他的作品中，经常描绘大自然和环境的生动描述。尽管海明威成为了一名成功的作家，但他一生都在与抑郁症和酗酒作斗争。他在1961年悲剧性地结束了自己的生命，留下了文学卓越的遗产和影响了几代作家的风格。
海明威的作品风格特点英文
Ernest Hemingway was an American author and journalist. His works and writing style represent some of the most important contributions to 20th-century literature. Hemingway's writing style was characterized by a simple and direct language, with a focus on the visual and sensory aspects of the story. He often used the technique of "showing instead of telling" to convey emotions and of Hemingway's best-known works include "The Old Man and the Sea," "For Whom the Bell Tolls," and "A Farewell to Arms." These novels and stories explored themes of love, loss, war, and the human condition. His works have been translated into dozens of languages and continue to be read and celebrated around the a lifetime of hard living and heavy drinking, Hemingway died in 1961, leaving behind a legacy as one of the most important and influential writers of the 20th century.
Ernest HemingwayErnest Hemingway was a famous American writer and journalist. He was born in 1899 and grew up in Oak Park, Illinois. He was known for his spare, direct writing style and his adventurous began his writing career as a journalist for a newspaper in Kansas City. He then moved to Paris in the 1920s, where he became friends with other famous writers such as Gertrude Stein and F. Scott Fitzgerald. In Paris, he wrote some of his most famous works, including "The Sun Also Rises" and "A Farewell to Arms".Hemingway was known for his love of adventure and his experiences often influenced his writing. He served as an ambulance driver during World War I, and covered the Spanish Civil War as a war correspondent. He also went on many hunting and fishing trips, which inspired his writing about nature and the 's writing style was characterized by short, simple sentences and a focus on action and dialogue. He believed in writing "the truest sentence that you know." His spare style influenced many writers who came after won the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1953 for his novel "The Old Man and the Sea", and the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954. He continued to write and travel until his death in , Hemingway is remembered as one of the most influential writers of the 20th century. His writing continues to inspire and captivate readers around the world.
语言风格朴实----海明威有着出色的语言驾驭能力，他常以最简单的词汇表达最复杂的内容，用基本词汇、简短句式等表 达具体含义，用名词、动词来揭示事物的本来面目，丝毫无矫揉造作之感。海明威的小说语言就有着不冗不赘、文体轻松、造句简单、用词平实的特点，他常以基本单词为中心来构造单句，很少使用表达思想的形容词与副词。直观------文学艺术要表现情感，但情感却是依靠事物的外观透视出来的，越是对事物外观的直接描摹，越能产生强烈的视觉真实性，越能拉近读者与作家的距离。海明威用高度清晰的视觉化语言，将视觉、嗅觉、听觉等感官印象付诸语言，写出了事物的形状、颜色、味道等，以直接的物象表现宇宙与生命。含蓄情感-------海明威有自己特殊的艺术风格，他强调写作的客观性与主题思想的隐晦含蓄，反对作者直接出场对人物进行评说与暗示，他常用含蓄的语言表达复杂的情感，用有限的形式表达无尽的内涵，因而，他的小说在外观不动声色，但内在情感却是丰厚炽热。对话-----从叙事的方式来看，海明威的小说的对话是“展示”，而不是“讲述”。海明威还写出了“风格化了的口语”，他的对话句子短，结构简单，没有什么华丽词藻。男女关系-----从男女关系的主题去分析海明威，不难看出，尽管热衷于描写男人的野性与英勇，海明威却间接表现了他对女人的恐惧与憎恨。欧内斯特·米勒尔·海明威（Ernest Miller Hemingway，1899年7月21日－1961年7月2日），美国作家和记者，被认为是20世纪最著名的小说家之一。出生于美国伊利诺伊州芝加哥市郊区的奥克帕克，晚年在爱达荷州凯彻姆的家中自杀身亡。海明威一生中的感情错综复杂，先后结过四次婚，是美国“迷惘的一代”（Lost Generation）作家中的代表人物，作品中对人生、世界、社会都表现出了迷茫和彷徨。
Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21,1899 – July 2,1961) was an American novelist,short-story writer,and "Papa",he was part of the 1920s expatriate community in Paris known as "the Lost Generation",as described in his memoir A Moveable led a turbulent social life,was married four times,and allegedly had various romantic relationships during his lifetime.[citation needed] For a serious writer,he achieved a rare cult-like popularity during his received the Pulitzer Prize in 1953 for The Old Man and the received the Nobel Prize in Literature in his later life,Hemingway suffered from increasing physical and mental July 1961,he commited suicide by shooting himself. Hemingway's distinctive writing style is characterized by economy and understatement and had a significant influence on the development of twentieth-century fiction protagonists are typically stoic males who must show "grace under pressure." Many of his works are now considered canonical in American literature.
海明威作品英语
老人与海的主要内容：古巴圣地牙哥的老渔夫圣地牙哥（Santiago）一连84天都没有钓到一条鱼，但他仍不肯认输，在第85天钓到一条大马林鱼。经过两天两夜之后，他终于杀死大鱼，把它拴在船边，但许多鲨鱼立刻前来抢夺他的战利品。他一一地杀死它们，但大鱼已经被啃光了，老渔夫筋疲力尽地拖回一副鱼骨头。
《老人与海》（英语：The Old Man and the Sea）是美国作家欧内斯特·海明威生前最后一部主要作品，于1952年出版。该书改编自真实故事，剧情讲述一名古巴老渔夫圣地牙哥（Santiago）与一条大马林鱼的缠斗。该书改编自海明威在1935年听见的真实故事。他在2年后开始动笔，但中途分心去写《战地钟声》，直至1950年才继续。海明威认为《老人与海》是“他这辈子最好的作品”。
《老人与海》于1952年9月1日出版，甫出版即成为美国每月之书俱乐部的选书。海明威因该书而荣获普利策小说奖及诺贝尔文学奖，从此声名大噪。2003年，该书在英国广播公司（BBC）举办的“大阅读”（The Big Read）中名列第173名。《老人与海》曾三度改编成电影。
1951年2月23日，海明威完成了初稿，前后共花了8星期。3月4日，海明威写完了全书。4月，海明威把手稿送给去古巴访问他的友人们传阅，广受好评。海明威本人也认为这是他“这一辈子所能写得最好的一部作品”。该书长约3万字，为中篇小说。
《老人与海》是海明威生前的最后一部主要作品。《老人与海》中写着“本书献给查尔斯·斯克里布纳三世和麦克斯威尔·柏金斯”，纪念在《老人与海》问世前去世的两人。斯克里布纳是该书出版社斯克里布纳之子公司的总裁，而柏金斯则是海明威作品的编辑。书中的黑白插图由查尔斯·谭纳克里夫与雷蒙·谢泼德绘制。
《老人与海》，The Old Man and the Sea 《太阳照样升起》，The Sun Also Rises《在我们的时代里》，In Our Time 《没有女人的男人》，MEN WITHOUT WOMEN《胜者无所得》，WINNER TAKE NOTHING (1933). 《永别了，武器》，A Farewell to Arms 《丧钟为谁而呜》，For Whom The Bell Tolls 《死在午后》，DEATH IN THE AFTERNOON (1932), 《非洲的青山》，THE GREEN HILL OF AFRICA (1935), 《有的和没有的》，TO HAVE AND HAVE NOT (1937)《过河入林》， ACROSS THE RIVER AND INTO THE TREES (1950).___________________________补充___________________________________ 小说 (1925) 春潮（The Torrents of Spring） (1926) 太阳照样升起（The Sun Also Rises） (1927) Fiesta (Fiesta is the Spanish title for The Sun Also Rises) (1929) 战地春梦（A Farewell to Arms） (1937) 虽有犹无（To Have and Have Not） (1940) 战地钟声（For Whom the Bell Tolls） (1950) 渡河入林（Across the River and Into the Trees） (1952) 老人与海（The Old Man and the Sea） (1970) 岛之恋（Islands in the Stream） (1986) 伊甸园（The Garden of Eden） (1999) 初见即真（True At First Light） (2005) Under Kilimanjaro 非小说 (1932) 午后之死（Death in the Afternoon） (1935) 非洲的青山（Green Hills of Africa） (1962) Hemingway, The Wild Years (1964) 流动的飨宴（A Moveable Feast） (1967) By-Line: Ernest Hemingway (1970) Ernest Hemingway: Cub Reporter (1981) Ernest Hemingway Selected Letters 1917-1961 (1985) 危险夏日（The Dangerous Summer） (1985) Dateline: Toronto 短篇小说集 (1923) 三个故事和十首诗（Three Stories and Ten Poems） (1925) 雨中的猫（Cat in the Rain） (1925) 在我们的时代里（In Our Time） (1927) 没有女人的男人（Men Without Women） (1932) 乞力马扎罗的雪（The Snows of Kilimanjaro） (1933) 胜者一无所获（Winner Take Nothing） (1938) 第五纵队（The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories） (1972) 尼克·亚当斯故事集（The Nick Adams Stories） (1987) 海明威短篇故事全集（The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway） (1995) 海明威故事选集（Everyman's Library: The Collected Stories） 搬上萤幕的作品 (1932) 战地春梦（A Farewell to Arms） (starring Gary Cooper) (1943) 战地钟声（For Whom the Bell Tolls） (starring Gary Cooper and Ingrid Bergman) (1944) 虽有犹无（To Have and Have Not） (starring Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall) (1946) 杀人者（The Killers） (starring Burt Lancaster) (1952) 乞力马扎罗山的雪（The Snows of Kilimanjaro） (starring Gregory Peck) (1957) 战地春梦（A Farewell to Arms） (starring Rock Hudson) (1957) 太阳照样升起（The Sun Also Rises） (starring Tyrone Power) (又译：妾似朝阳又照君) (1958) 老人与海（The Old Man and the Sea） (starring Spencer Tracy) (1962) 一个年轻人的冒险（Adventures of a Young Man） (1964) 杀人者（The Killers） (starring Lee Marvin) (1965) 战地钟声（For Whom the Bell Tolls） (1977) 河流中群岛（Islands in the Stream） (starring George C. Scott) (1984) 太阳照样升起（The Sun Also Rises） (1990) 老人与海（The Old Man and the Sea） (starring Anthony Quinn) (1996) 爱情与战争（In Love and War） (starring Chris O'Donnnell)
小说(1925) 春潮（The Torrents of Spring） (1926) 太阳照样升起（The Sun Also Rises） (1927) Fiesta (Fiesta is the Spanish title for The Sun Also Rises) (1929) 战地春梦（A Farewell to Arms） (1937) 虽有犹无（To Have and Have Not） (1940) 战地钟声（For Whom the Bell Tolls） (1950) 渡河入林（Across the River and Into the Trees） (1952) 老人与海（The Old Man and the Sea） (1970) 岛之恋（Islands in the Stream） (1986) 伊甸园（The Garden of Eden） (1999) 初见即真（True At First Light） (2005) Under Kilimanjaro 非小说(1932) 午后之死（Death in the Afternoon） (1935) 非洲的青山（Green Hills of Africa） (1962) Hemingway, The Wild Years (1964) 流动的飨宴（A Moveable Feast） (1967) By-Line: Ernest Hemingway (1970) Ernest Hemingway: Cub Reporter (1981) Ernest Hemingway Selected Letters 1917-1961 (1985) 危险夏日（The Dangerous Summer） (1985) Dateline: Toronto 短篇小说集(1923) 三个故事和十首诗（Three Stories and Ten Poems） (1925) 雨中的猫（Cat in the Rain） (1925) 在我们的时代里（In Our Time） (1927) 没有女人的男人（Men Without Women） (1932) 乞力马扎罗的雪（The Snows of Kilimanjaro） (1933) 胜者一无所获（Winner Take Nothing） (1938) 第五纵队（The Fifth Column and the First Forty-Nine Stories） (1972) 尼克·亚当斯故事集（The Nick Adams Stories） (1987) 海明威短篇故事全集（The Complete Short Stories of Ernest Hemingway） (1995) 海明威故事选集（Everyman's Library: The Collected Stories） 搬上萤幕的作品(1932) 战地春梦（A Farewell to Arms） (starring Gary Cooper) (1943) 战地钟声（For Whom the Bell Tolls） (starring Gary Cooper and Ingrid Bergman) (1944) 虽有犹无（To Have and Have Not） (starring Humphrey Bogart and Lauren Bacall) (1946) 杀人者（The Killers） (starring Burt Lancaster) (1952) 乞力马扎罗山的雪（The Snows of Kilimanjaro） (starring Gregory Peck) (1957) 战地春梦（A Farewell to Arms） (starring Rock Hudson) (1957) 太阳照样升起（The Sun Also Rises） (starring Tyrone Power) (1958) 老人与海（The Old Man and the Sea） (starring Spencer Tracy) (1962) 一个年轻人的冒险（Adventures of a Young Man） (1964) 杀人者（The Killers） (starring Lee Marvin) (1965) 战地钟声（For Whom the Bell Tolls） (1977) 河流中群岛（Islands in the Stream） (starring George C. Scott) (1984) 太阳照样升起（The Sun Also Rises） (1990) 老人与海（The Old Man and the Sea） (starring Anthony Quinn) (1996) 爱情与战争（In Love and War） (starring Chris O'Donnnell)
(1958) 老人与海（The Old Man and the Sea）(1926) 太阳照样升起（The Sun Also Rises）(1925) 在我们的时代里（In Our Time） (1927) 没有女人的男人（Men Without Women） (1933) 胜者无所得（Winner Take Nothing） 永别了，武器（A Farewell to Arms） 丧钟为谁而呜( For Whom The Bell Tolls) (1932)死在午后 ( Death In The Afternoon )(1935)非洲的青山The Green Hill Of Africa (1937)有的和没有的(To Have And Have not )(1950)过河入林 (Across The River And Into The Tress )
海明威作品英文
2.The sun also rises4.A Farewell to Arms9.For Whom the Bell Tolls11.The old man and The sea
·《非洲的青山》- Green Hills of Africa·《太阳照常升起》- The Sun Also Rises·《战地钟声》- For Whom The Bell Tolls·《永别了，武器》- A Farewell to Arms·《第五纵队·西班牙大地》- The Fifth Column and Four Stories of the Spanish Civil War·《曙光示真》- A Clean, Well-Lighted Place·《不固定的圣节》·《过河入林》- Across the River and into the Trees·《危险的夏天》- The Dangerous Summer·《老人与海》- The Old Man and the Sea·《伊甸园》- The Garden of Eden·《丧钟为谁而鸣》- For Whom the Bell Tolls（和《战地钟声》是一本）·《死在午后》- Death in the Afternoon·《岛在湾流中》- Islands in the Stream·《有钱人和没钱》- To have and have not·《乞力马扎罗的雪——海明威短篇小说精选集》- The Snows of Kilimanjaro
作者作品:·《非洲的青山》·《太阳照常升起》·《战地钟声》·《永别了，武器》·《第五纵队·西班牙大地》·《曙光示真》·《不固定的圣节》·《过河入林》·《丧钟为谁而鸣》·《危险的夏天》·《老人与海》·《伊甸园》·《丧钟为谁而鸣》·《死在午后》·《岛在湾流中》·《有钱人和没钱》·《乞力马扎罗的雪——海明威短篇小说精选集》·《非洲的青山》- Green Hills of Africa·《太阳照常升起》- The Sun Also Rises·《战地钟声》- For Whom The Bell Tolls·《永别了，武器》- A Farewell to Arms·《第五纵队·西班牙大地》- The Fifth Column and Four Stories of the Spanish Civil War·《曙光示真》- A Clean, Well-Lighted Place·《不固定的圣节》·《过河入林》- Across the River and into the Trees·《危险的夏天》- The Dangerous Summer·《老人与海》- The Old Man and the Sea·《伊甸园》- The Garden of Eden·《丧钟为谁而鸣》- For Whom the Bell Tolls（和《战地钟声》是一本）·《死在午后》- Death in the Afternoon·《岛在湾流中》- Islands in the Stream·《有钱人和没钱》- To have and have not·《乞力马扎罗的雪——海明威短篇小说精选集》- The Snows of Kilimanjaro《老人与海》是The old man and the sea.
《老人与海》是The old man and the sea.
