本文作者:小思

高中英语名词性从句笔记

小思 09-19 5
高中英语名词性从句笔记摘要: 高中英语八大从句笔记文档英语八大从句类型与用法总结是如下:1、When he was still a little boy,Jack London wrote some c...

高中英语八大从句笔记文档

英语八大从句类型与用法总结是如下:

1、When he was still a little boy,Jack London wrote some compositions which were praised by his teachers.

读为:杰克·伦敦还是小孩时,他写的一些作文就受到老师的赞赏。(不宜读为:他就写受到老师赞扬的作文)。

2、I met the boatman who then took me across the ferry.

读为:我遇到了那位船夫,他将我渡到对岸。(不宜读为:我遇到那位将我渡到对岸的船夫)。

3、While they were waiting there,a dog from one of the houses down the road began a wild,hoarse howl that continued until a voice called out and hushed him.

读为:他们正在那儿等时,从路边一幢房屋窜出的一条狗开始狂吠不止,直到有人出来喝住,它才停下来。(不宜读为:一条狗开始了直到有人出来喝住才停止的狂吠)。

4、 In the torchlight,he caught sight of a figure whom he immediately recognized as Bill Wilkines,our local grocer.

读为:借着电筒的亮光,他看见一个人影,马上认出是当地杂货商比尔·威尔金斯。(不宜译为:他看见马上认出的是当地杂货商比尔·威尔金斯的影子)。

5、The snake catches the toad that eats the insect that nibbles the green leaves that grow on the branches.

遇到这种一个从句扣一个从句的句子,汉语只有以简驭繁:断句。读为:蛇吃癞蛤蟆,癞蛤蟆吃虫子,虫子吃生长在树枝上的绿叶子。

从句分类:

1.主语从句(Subject Clause)

用作主语的从句叫主语从句。引导主语从句的关联词有从属连词、疑问代词、疑问副词、缩合连接代词、缩合连接副词等。

2.表语从句(Predicative Clause)

用作表语的从句叫做表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的.关联词很多都一样。

3.宾语从句(Object Clause)

在句子中起宾语作用的从句叫做宾语从句.宾语从句分为三类:动词的宾语从句、介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。

4.同位语从句

是名词性从句(主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句、同位语从句)中的主要从句之一,从句作同位语表示与之同位的名词(短语)的实际内容,它的作用相当于名词,对前面的名词(短语)加以补充说明或进一步解释,相当于一个表语从句,它们之间的关系就是同位关系,即主表关系。

5.定语从句

是由关系代词或关系副词引导的从句,其作用是作定语修饰主句的某个名词性成分,相当于形容词,所以又称为形容词性从句,一般紧跟在它所修饰的先行词后面。

6.状语从句

可分为:

时间状语从句(adverbial clause of time)

地点状语从句(adverbial clause of place)

原因状语从句(adverbial clause of cause)

条件状语从句(adverbial clause of condition)

目的状语从句(adverbial clause of purpose)

让步状语从句(adverbial clause of concession)

比较状语从句(adverbial clause of comparison)

方式状语从句(adverbial clause of manner)

结果状语从句(adverbial clause of result)

一、关系代词引导的定语从句

1、that 指人或物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语

which 指物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语(作宾语时可以省略)

who 指人在从句中作主语,宾语或表语

whom 指人在从句中作宾语

whose 指人或物在从句中作定语

as 指人或物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语

but 指人或物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语

注意:指物时,whose+名词=the+名词+of which或 of which+the+名词

2、as 的用法

(1)常用于下列结构:such?as; so?as;the same?as; as?as

注意:the same?as 表示同一类,不同一个

the same?that 表示同一个

(2)as与which的区别

a、位置不同

as可放在主句后,主句前或主句中间;which只能放在主句后。

b、as起连接作用,表达说话人的观点、看法,并指出主句内容的根据或出处,意为“正如,正像”。

Which相当于并列句,可以用and this来代替,意为“这一点,这件事’”。

注意:as常用于下列结构:as we know/ as is known to all, as we all can see, as has been said before/above,

as might be excepted, as is often the case, 一般不能用which代替as。

c、在从句中作主语时,which既可作系动词be的主语也可作实义动词的主语,而as只可作系动词be的主语。

二、只用that不用which的情况

1、.先行词为 all , much, everything, nothing , something ,anything, nothing, none, the one等不定代词时

2、先行词被only, any, few, little, no , all, just , very ,right等修饰时.

3、 当先行词是最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。

4、 当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。

5、当先行词是数词时.

6、 当先行词既指人又指物时。

7、如有两个定语从句,其中一个关系代词已用which,另一个关系代词则宜用 that。

8、主句是There be结构,修饰其主语的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词。

9、被修饰成分为表语,或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时,该关系代词宜用that。

10、先行词为what,关系代词用that。

11、有时为了避免重复而使用that引导定语从句。

三、只用which不用that的情况

1、 当介词放在关系代词之前时。

2、 在非限制性定语从句中。

3、 当关系代词指整个主句的概念时。

四、只用who不用that的情况

1、当先行词是one, ones,anyone或those时。

2、there be 结构中。

3、当先行词是人,后面有较长修饰语时。

4、为了避免重复或引起歧义。

5、当先行词是I,you,he,they等时(常用于谚语中)。

6、先行词是指成员的集体名词。

7、who可以引导非限制性定语从句。

8、先行词是拟人化的名词。

9、先行词指特定的人时用who,不指特定的人用that。

五、关系副词引导的定语从句

1、when时间状语

注意:It/Ihis/That + be + the first/ second/ last time that? 只能用that,that可以省略,从句用相应的完成时。

2、where 地点状语

注意:当先行词为模糊的地点时,如point. Situation, case, position, stage, scene, spot, activity, family, job等名词时用where.

3、why 原因状语 先行词为reason。

六、介词与关系代词

1、介词如何确定

(1)依据定语从句中动词的习惯搭配来确定

(2)依据先行词的习惯搭配来确定

(3)根据意思来确定

(4)为了强调某一名词,不定式前加上关系词

2、关系代词作介词的宾语时,介词的位置

(1)whom和which可以和介词一起放在先行词和从句之间,也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面。

(2)含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开,介词仍放在动词的后面。

(3)关系代词that在从句中作介词宾语时,介词不能放在它的前面,只能放在从句中有关动词的后面。

(4)关系代词whose也可以在从句中与它所修饰的名词一起作介词宾语。

3、“名词/数词/代词+介词+关系代词”结构常见的形式有:名词/one/two/some/none/all/both/several/many/most/a few/a little/the+比较级/the+最高级?+of+which/whom。

七、定语从句中的主谓一致

1、关系代词作从句的主语时,从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致,先行词是句子时,从句的谓语动词用单数形式。

2、“one of+复数名词”位于关系代词前作先行词时,关系代词在从句中作主语,从句的动词通常用复数,但当one前有the,the only,the very等修饰时,从句的谓语动词要用单数。

八、注意way和time后接定语从句的情况

1、当先行词是way,且意为“方式、方法”时,引导定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式:that/in which/不填。

注意:关系词在从句中必须作状语。如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语,按正常的定语从句分析。

2、当先行词是time时,若time作“次数”讲,应用that引导定语从句,that可省略;若time作“一段时间”讲,应用关系副词when或介词at/during+which引导定语从句。

高中英语名词性从句笔记

名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。一、引导名词性从句的连接词分类引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类: 连词(5个):that (宾语从句或表语从句中that有时可以省略) whether,if (均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性) as if ,as though (均表示“好像”,“似乎”) 以上在从句中均不充当任何成分 连接代词(9个):what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, which, whichever 连接副词(7个):when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however 不可省略的连词: 1. 介词后的连词 2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。 That she was chosen made us very happy. We heard the news that our team had won. 比较whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。 但在下列情况下,只可用whether: 1. whether引导主语从句并在句首 2. 引导表语从句 3. whether从句作介词宾语 4. 常与 "or not" 连用;if 则不可。 5. 引导同位语从句 Whether he will come is not clear. 大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末,用 it充当形式主语。 It is not important who will go. It is still unknown which team will win the match. 二. 主语从句作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether,if,as if和because等连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever,whom等以及连接副词how,when,where,why等词引导。that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。because引导表语从句。注:whom、who指人,what指物,whatever,whoever表示泛指意义。例如: What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。 Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。 It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。 有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下: (1) It + be + 名词 + that从句 (2)It + be + 形容词 + that从句 (3)It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句 (4)It + 不及物动词 + that 从句 另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”,常用的句型有: It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that … It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that… 三、宾语从句名词从句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。 1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句 由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如: He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。 We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。 注意:在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command, doubt等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+ 动词原形”。例如: I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。 The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。 2. 用who,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如: I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。 She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。 She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。 3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if: a. 引导主语从句并在句首时;b. 引导表语从句时;c . 引导从句作介词宾语时;d. 从句后有“or not”时;e. 后接动词不定式时。例如: Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。 I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。 Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留? 4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应,当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用 不同时态。例如: I know (that) he studies English every day. (从句用一般现在时) I know (that) he studied English last term. (从句用一般过去时) I know (that) he will study English next year. (从句用一般将来时) I know (that) he has studied English since 1998. (从句用现在完成时) 当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。例如: The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America. 5. think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如: We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。 I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。 四、表语从句在复合句中,位于系动词之后作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用as if引导。其基本结构为:主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如: The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。 That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。 This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。 That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。 It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。 需要注意的,当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如: The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning . 【注意】whether 可引导表语从句,但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。 五、同位语从句同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导,可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如: The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。 I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。 The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。 同位语从句和定语从句的区别: that作为关系代词,可以引导定语从句,充当句子成分,在从句中作宾语时可以省略; that引导同位语从句时,起连词的作用,没有实际意义,不充当句子成分,一般不能省略。 试比较下面两个例句: I had no idea that you were here.(that引导同位语从句,不能省略) Have you got the idea(that)this book gives you of life in ancient Greece?(that引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略) 六、名词性that-从句(1)由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。That只起连接主句和从句的作用,在从句中不担任任何成分,本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语,例如: 主语:That she is still alive is her luck. 她还活着全靠运气。 宾语:John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday. 约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。 表语:The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他。 同位语:The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office. 近来谁也没有见过他,这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。 形容词宾语:I am glad that you are satisfied with your job. 你对工作满意我感到很高兴。 2)That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词,而将that-从句置于句末,例如: It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 很清楚,整个计划注定要失败。 It's a pity that you should have to leave. 你非走不可真是件憾事。 用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系: a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句 It is necessary that… 有必要…… It is important that… 重要的是…… It is obvious that… 很明显…… b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句 It is believed that… 人们相信…… It is known to all that… 众所周知…… It has been decided that… 已决定…… c. It + be +名词+ that-从句 It is common knowledge that… ……是常识 It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是…… It is a fact that… 事实是…… d. It +不及物动词+ that-从句 It appears that… 似乎…… It happens that… 碰巧…… It occurred to me that… 我突然想起…… 七、名词性wh-从句1)由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外,还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等,例如: 主语: How the book will sell depends on its author. 书销售如何取决于作者本人。 直接宾语:In one's own home one can do what one likes. 在自己家里可以随心所欲。 间接宾语:The club will give whoever wins a prize. 俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。 表语: My question is who will take over president of the Foundation. 我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。 宾语补足语:She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。 同位语: I have no idea when he will return. 我不知道他什么时候回来。 形容词宾语:I'm not sure why she refused their invitation. 我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。 介词宾语: That depends on where we shall go. 那取决于我们去哪儿。 2)Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语,而将wh-从句置于句末,例如: It is not yet decided who will do that job. 还没决定谁做这项工作。 It remains unknown when they are going to get married. 他们何时结婚依然不明。 八、if, whether引导的名词从句 1)yes-no型疑问从句从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的,因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句,其功能和wh-从句的功能相同, 例如: 主语:Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 这一计划是否可行还有待证实。 宾语:Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday. 请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。 表语:The point is whether we should lend him the money. 问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。 同位语:They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy. 他们调查他是否值得信赖。 形容词宾语: She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come. 她怀疑我们是否能够前来。 介词宾语: I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness. 我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。 2)选择性疑问从句选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether…or或whether…or not构成,例如: Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish. 请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。 I don't care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。 if和whether的区别: 1、 在动词不定式之前只能用whether 。如: 例8 I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。 2、 在whether …… or not 的固定搭配中。如: 例9 I want to know whether it’s good news or not . 我想知道是否是好消息。 3 、在介词后,只能用whether。如: 例10 His father is worried about whether he lose his work . 他的父亲担心是否会失去工作。 4、宾语从句放在句首表示强调时,只能用whether 。如: Whether this is true or not, I really don’t know. 这是否真的,我真的不知道。 (例11 Whether they can finish the work on time is still a problem . 他们是否能准时完成这项工作还是个问题。--此例为主语从句,有误,感谢指出) 5、用if会引起歧义时,只用whether。如: 例12 Could you tell me if you know the answer ? 这句话有两种意思:“你能告诉我是否知道答案吗?”或“如果你知道答案,请告诉我,好吗?”。如用whether可避免歧义. 九、否定转移1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。 I don't think I know you. 我想我并不认识你。 I don' t believe he will come. 我相信他不回来。 注意:若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。 I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。 2) 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。 It doesn't seem that they know where to go. 看来他们不知道往哪去。 It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow. 看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。 3) 有时将动名词,介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。 I don't remember having ever seen such a man. 我记得从未见过这样一个人。 (not否定动名词短语 having…) It's not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street. 在这里,人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。 (anyone 作主语,从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。) 4) 有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。 The ant is not gathering this for itself alone. (否定状语) 蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。 He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. (否定because状语) 他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何,就轻信此事。 She had not been married many weeks when that man's younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty. (否定状语many weeks) 她结婚还不到几个星期,这个人的弟弟就看见她了,并对她的美貌着了迷。

名词性从句相当于名词,可分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此,名词性从句可分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。

一、引导名词性从句的连接词

1. 连接代词:who, whose, whom, what, which.有词义,在从句中担任成分,如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等。

2. 连接副词:when, where, why, how.有词义,在从句中担任成分,作状语。

3. 连接词:that, whether, if, as 无词义,在从句中不担任成分,有时可省略;if (whether), as if虽有词义,但在从句中不担任成分。

注意:连接代词与连接副词在句中不再是疑问句,因而从句中谓语不用疑问式。连接代词与连接副词在从句充当句子成分,连接词whether 和if(是否),as if(好像)在从句中不充当句子成分,只起连接作用。根据句义,如果连接代词与连接副词,whether、if 和as if都用不上时,才用that作连接词(that本身无任何含义)。

二、主语从句

1. 主语从句在复合句作主语。

. Who will go is not important.

2. 用it作形式主语,主语从句放在句末。

. It doesn‘t matter so much whether you will come or not.

3. that引导主语从句时,不能省略。

. That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised.

三、表语从句

1. 表语从句在复合句中作表语,位于系动词之后。

. The question was who could go there.

2. 引导表语从句的连接词that有时可省去。

. My idea is (that) we can get more comrades to help in the work.

四、宾语从句

1. 宾语从句在复合句中作宾语。引导宾语从句的连词that一般可省略。

. I hope (that) everything is all right.

2. 介词之后的宾语从句,不可用which或if连接,要分别用what或 whether.

. I’m interested in whether you‘ve finished the work……

I’m interested in what you‘ve said.

3. whether与if都可以引导宾语从句,常可互换。但下面情况不能互换。

(1)宾语从句是否定句时,只用if,不用whether.

. I wonder if it doesn’t rain.

(2)用if 会引起误解,就要用whether.

. Please let me know whether you want to go.(此句如果把whether改成if,容易当成条件句理解)

(3)宾语从句中的whether 与or not直接连用,就不能换成if;不直接连用,可换。

. I don‘t know whether or not the report is true.

I don’t know whether/ if the report is true or not.

(4)介词后的.宾语从句要用whether引导。whether 可与不定式连用。whether也可引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句,还可引导让步状语从句,以上均不能换成if.但引导条件从句时,只能用if,而不能用whether.

. It depends on whether we have enough time.

They don‘t know whether to go there.

Please come to see me if you have time.

五、同位语从句

同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语,一般位于该名词(如:news, fact, idea, suggestion, promise等)之后,说明该名词的具体内容。

. I have no idea when he will be back.

The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.

高中英语基础语法知识:名词性从句

一、名词性从句的基本概念

在复合句中起名词作用的从句叫名词性从句,包括作主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位语从句。

(1)主语从句

就是在复合句中作主语的从句。主语从句常用that, whether, who, whom, whose, what, which, when, where, how, why, whatever, whoever等引导。如:

Whether he will be able to come remains a question. 他是否来还是问题。

That China is a great socialist country is well known. 众所周知,中国是一个伟大的社会主义国家。

注:为避免头重脚轻,使句子平衡,常用it作形式主语,而将主语从句后置。如上述第二例常说成:

It is well known that China is a great socialist country.

但是,由连接代词what, whatever, whoever等引导的主语从句一般不能用形式主语。如:

What he found surprised me greatly. 他的发现使我非常吃惊。

Whoever is finished may rest. 凡是做完工的人都可以休息。

(2)表语从句

就是在连系动词之后作表语的从句。引导表语从句的连接除与引导主语从句的连接词外,还有as if, as though。如:

The question is whether he is able to do it alone. 问题是他能否单独做这件事。

It looks as if (though) it is going to snow. 天好像要下雪似的。

注意:要区分以下句式:

1. that’s why+结果;that’s because+原因。2. the reason why /for…is that…

He is absent. That’s because he is ill. 他缺席,这是因为他生病了。

He is ill. That’s why he is absent. 他病了,这就是他缺席的原因。

The reason why he is absent is that he is ill. 他缺席的.原因是他生病了。

(3)宾语从句

就是在复合句中作宾语的从句。引导这宾语从句的连接词与引导主语从句的连接词基本相同。如:

They didn’t say which they wanted. 他们没有说他们想要哪一个。

I am sure (that) no harm will ever come to you. 我肯定你永远不会受伤害。

I was surprised at what has happened.我对发生的事感到惊讶。

注意:当think, believe, suppose等的疑问式后面跟连接代词或连接副词引导的宾语从句时,习惯上将这些连接词置于句首,即“连接代/副词+do you think /believe /expect+宾语从句的其余部分?”如:

Who do you think is the best player this year? 你认为今年谁是最佳运动员?

What do you suppose you will do after school? 你想放学后干什么?

(4)同位语从句

就是在句中作同位语的从句。它通常有放在thought, idea, news, word(=news), plan, doubt, question, fact, suggestion, belief等抽象名词的后面,说明这些词的具体内容或含义。同位语从句大多由that引导,也可由whether, how, when, where, why等引导,但不能由which引导。如:

The idea that the earth is round is not a new one. “地球是圆的”这种观点并不新鲜。

He must answer the question whether he agrees to it or not. 他必须回答他是否同意此事这们一问题。

I have no idea when he will set out. 我不知他什么时候出发。

注:有时,同位语从句并不紧跟在它所说明的词的后面。如:

The whole truth came out at last that he was a wolf in sheep’s clothing. 真相终于大白了,他原来是一只披羊皮的狼。

高中英语宾语从句笔记整理

宾语从句知识点笔记有:

1.从句为陈述句,常选择引导词that,that引导宾语从句无意义,不充当句子成分常省略。

2.从句为一般疑问句,常选择引导词if或whether,表示“是否”。

3.从句为特殊疑问句,常选择what,when,where,which,who,how等的疑问代词、副词作引导词。

4.主句是一般现在时,从句可以为各种时态。

5.主句是一般过去时,从句要用相应过去时态。

四种非谓语动词:动词不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词。

五种简单句:主语+谓语;主语+谓语+宾语;主语+谓语+双宾语;主语+谓语+宾语+宾补;

主语+系动词+表语。

六种复合句:定语从句、状语从句、四种名词性从句

(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)

强调句、倒装、省略、虚拟语气、情态动词、冠词、形容词和副词、连词、介词。

以上就把语法概括差不多了。另外再自己整理一下做题遇到的短语、句型和生词等就完美了。你根据我列出来的知识要点分类整理一下笔记,一般来讲收集整理80道单选题以后,笔记就应该有一定规模了,就是说重复内容就出现了,把同一类型的考题放在一起观察异同点,必有所获。

特点

宾语从句可以作及物动词、介词及形容词的宾语。

宾语从句的语序一律用陈述句语序。

连接词that引导宾语从句在句中无词义,不充当句子成分,口语中一般可以省略。

whether 和 if 都可引导宾语从句,但 whether后可紧跟or not;whether从句可作介词的宾语。当if/whether引导宾语从句时,在从句中不做任何成分,但有具体的含义,意为“是否”。if/whether不能省略。

如果从句太长,可以用形式宾语it。

1、宾语从句是名词性从句的一种。在主从复合句中充当宾语,位于及物动词、介词或复合谓语之后的从句称为宾语从句。2、用来充作宾语的句子叫做宾语从句。3、在宾语从句中须注意:(1)that在口语中常被省略,但在正式的文体中,不能省;并且它一般不能引导介词的宾语从句,但可引导except,but,in等少数介词的宾语从句。(2)宾语从句之后带有补足语成分时,一般须用it作形式宾语,把宾语从句放到句末,此时的that不能省。(3)动词advise,ask,demand,desire,insist(坚决主张),order,propose,request,suggest(建议)等代的宾语从句须用虚拟语气,即:(should)do的形式。(4)宾语从句的时态与主句的时态须呼应。当主句谓语动词的时态是现在时或将来时,从句的谓语动词可用任何所需要的时态表示。当主句谓语动词的时态为过去时,从句的谓语动词须用响应的过去时。但当从句的内容是客观真理或客观事实,而不受时间的限制时,即使主句谓语动词为过去时,从句仍用一般现在时。

高中英语定语从句笔记整理

定语从句

1.由一个句子作定语,修饰句中一个名词或代词,有时也可以修饰整个句子或句中的部分内容,这样的从句就是定语从句,被其修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。

2.关系词分为两大类,即关系代词和关系副词,其作用一是引出一个定语从句,二是代替其所修饰的`先行词,三是在句中充当某个句子成分。

关系词的分类和基本用法

表一

分类指代引导词

关系代词人who, whom, that, as

事物which, that, as

人或物(表所属关系)Whose

关系副词地点Where

时间When

原因Why

表二

关系代词指代例句解释

who人The man who helped you is Mr White.在定从中作主语

whomThat is the person(whom/who/that) you want to see.在定从中作宾语,可省略

whoseHe is the father whose son studies very well in our class.在定从中作定语

thatIm not the fool that you thought me to be.在定从中作表语

asHe is such a lazy man as nobody wants to work with.在定从中作宾语

that事物The only thing that we can do is to give you some advice.在定从中作宾语

whichA dictionary is a useful book which tells us the meaning of words在定从中作主语

whoseHe lives in a room whose window faces south在定从中作定语

asIt is such a big stone as nobody can lift.在定从中作宾语

整句内容As is known to all, he is the best student.在定从中作主语

表三

关系副词指代例句解释

when时间Would you suggest a time when we can have a talk?在定从中作状语

where地点The house where they live is not very large.在定从中作状语

why原因This is the reason why he did not came to the meeting.在定从中作状语

下面就是我给大家带来的高中英语语法知识 总结 :定语从句,希望能帮助到大家!

高中英语语法知识总结:定语从句

易错点1 关系代词与关系副词的混用

1.定语从句相当于一个形容词,起定词作用, 修饰名词或代词

2.定语从句的引导词的三种功用:( 1)引导定语从句(2)替代先行词(3)在定语从句中充当一定的成分。

3.解题要领:根据定语从句中所缺成分来确定是用关系代词还是关系副词,决不要因先行词是时间名词就用when,是地点名词就用where。

易错点2 关系代词who、whom、whose的误用

对于定语从句关系词的考查,首先要确定从句是什么类型的从句,然后再分析关系词在从句中的成分,最后选择正确的词。要求考生具有一定的 句子 分析能力,和理解能力。如果缺少主宾表,要用that或which,缺少状语用关系副词when,where,why,缺少定语用whose。

易错点3 关系代词that和which的误用

只用which,不能用that的情况

(1) 在介词提前到关系代词之前形成"介词+关系代词"结构来修饰表事物的先行词时, 关系代词必须用which.如:

☞The house in which we live is very large. 我们住的房子非常大。

这就是老师正在谈及的那本参考书。

注意:如果介词不放在修饰事物的限定性定语从句的句首, which就可换为that, 如:

☞This is the question which/that we’ve had so much discussion about. =This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion. 这就是我们已经多次讨论过的问题。

(2) 先行词为"those+表事物的复数名词"时, 关系代词通常只用which而不用that。如:

☞Students should keep in mind those regulations which restrict their behavior.

学生应牢记那些规范自己的行为准则。

☞A bookshop should deal with a variety of those best sellers which are newly published.

书店应该经营新出版的各种畅销书。

(3)当先行词指物,关系词在句中作主语或宾语,引导非限制性定语从句的关系词只能用which,而不用that。

易错点4 介词后接关系代词的误用

●使用"介词+关系代词"要注意以下几点:

(一)选用介词的依据:

(1) 根据定语从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯(即固定 短语 )。

(2) 根据先行词的搭配习惯(约定俗成,不一定是短语)。

(3) 根据句子的意思来选择。

(4) 表示"所有"关系或"整体中的一部分"时,通常用介词of。

(二)在定语从句中,含介词的短语动词不可拆开使用(短语拆开后含义发生变化),如look after, look for等。

(三)"of which / whom"有时可以用"whose+名词"结构来改写。

(四)当先行词为way并且定语从句中缺少状语时,通常用in which或that引导定语从句(in which或that可省略);如果定语从句中不缺少状语,则用关系代词引导(that 或which 可省略)。

(五)in that不可以引导定语从句,但可以引导原因状语从句。

二、"介词+关系代词"与关系副词的转化

(1)当先行词表示地点,定语从句中缺少地点状语时,通常用关系副词where引导,此时也可选用表示地点的介词+which来代替关系副词where。

(2) 当先行词表示时间,定语从句中缺少时间状语时,通常用关系副词when引导,此时也可选用表示时间的介词+which来代替关系副词when。

(3) 当先行词为reason,定语从句中缺少表示原因状语时,通常用关系副词why引导,此时也可以用for which来代替关系副词why。

易错点5 定语从句与同位语从句的区别

定语从句与同位语从句的区别:

1. 被修饰的词不同:同位语从句的前面一般是数量有限的、表示抽象意义的名词;而定语从句的先行词是无数的指人或物名词。

2. 从句的作用不同:同位语从句表示同位名词的具体内容,而定语从句是对先行词的限制、描绘或说明。

3. 引导词不同:what, how, whether等不能用引导定语从句,但可用于引导同位从句。

4. 引导词的作用不同:引导同位语从句的that是连词,在从句中不充当任何成分;而引导定语从句的that为关系代词,在从句中充当一定的句子成分。

5. 判定定语从句和同位语从句的 方法 :由于同位语从句是用以说明被修饰名词的具体内容的,所它可以转换同位名词的表语;而定语从句则不能作这种转换。

易错点6 定语从句与强调句型的区别

定语从句对名词或代词的修饰和限制,关系词可能是that, which, as, who, but, 另一方面,句子中的It有所指;而强调句型是对某部分加强语气,强调语气的连接词只能是that, who,并且句子中的It 没有任何意义;一般比较明显,而有时就难以区别,还需要根据上下文的语境来判断。

它究竟是强调句型还是定语从句,就要从语境上来考查。如果它是用来回答What is this / that? 这样的问题,意思是:它是一本他想要的书。句子显然是定语从句。如果是用来回答What does he want? 这样的问题,那么意思是:他想要的是一本书。显然,句子是强调句型。

易错点7 关系代词as和which的区别

关系代词as和which引导定语从句的不同点

1. as可以放在主句前后,也可插入主句之中;而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句之后。

2. 在非限制性定语从句中,which后的be动词不可省;而as后的be动词可以省略。

3. which在非限制性定语从句中作主语时可用各类动词作谓语;而as作主语时,谓语常用系动词,如be,seem,become等,一般不用其他行为动词。

4. as常用"正如"含义,常用的结构有as we know(众所周知);as often happens(正如常发生的那样);as is often the case(情况常常如此);as we all can see(正如我们看到的);be announced / expected / known / imagined / mentioned / said / shown / reported等。这些结构常放句首,偶尔也可以放句中或句末。

5. 非限制性定语从句中,which可指代主句中的某一个单词,as不可以。

6. "介词+关系代词(介宾代物)"中关系代词只能用which。

7. 从句中的谓语动词是否定形式时,常用which。

一、关系代词和关系副词基本用法

根据关系词在定语从句中的不同用法,可分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词主要有who, whom, which, that, whose等,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语等;关系副词主要有when, where, why等,在定语从句中作状语。具体用法如下:

1.关系代词的用法

当先行词指人时,若它在从句中作主语,则用who;若它在从句作宾语,则用whom或who;若它在从句中作定语,则用whose。如:

☛The man who told me this refused to tell me his name. 告诉我这事的人不肯告诉我他的名字。

☛The woman whose umbrella you took is very angry about it. 你拿了那个女人的伞,她非常生气。

当先行词指物时,若在定语从句中作主语或宾语,则用which;若它在定语从句中作定语用,则用of which或whose。如:

☛I saw something in the paper which might interest you. 我在报上看到一样可能使你感兴趣的东西。

☛He’s written a book the name of which (whose name) I’ve forgotten. 他写了一本书,书名我给忘了。

2.关系副词的用法

关系副词主要有when, where, why等,在定语从句中作状语,分别表示时间、在点和原因。when主要放在time, day, years, season, age, occasion等时间的名词后;where主要放在place, city, town, village, house等地点名词后;why则通常只放在reason后。如():

☛Wednesday is the day when the shops are not open in the afternoon. 星期三下午商店不开门。

☛Give me one reason why we should help you. 给我举出一个我们应当帮助你的理由。

要特别注意,activity, case, point, even, situation, job, organization, position等抽象名词后接where引导定语从句的用法(这是近几年高考的一个新 热点 )。如:

☛I don’t want a job where I’m chained to a desk all day. 我不想找一份整天坐办公桌前的工作。

☛Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language properly. 今天,我们将讨论一些英语初学者对英语使用不当的问题。

☛The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point where he can walk correctly and safely. 治疗将会持续到病人可以正常且安全地行走。

☛If you risk something important, you cause it to be in a dangerous situation where you might lose it. 你如果拿重要的东西去冒险,那你就是将它置于一种可能会失去它的危险境地。

二、使用非限制性定语从句的情况:

1. 关系代词指代整个主句时,使用非限制性定语从句。

☛You did a lot for me, for which I was grateful. 你为我做了许多,对此我很感激。

☛The Diaoyu Island belongs to China, as is known to us. 众所周知,钓鱼岛属于中国。

☛A middle-aged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very much. 一个中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫,这令我十分恐惧。

2. 当先行词指的是世界上独一无二的事物或人名地名等专有名词时,使用非限制性定语从句。

☛China, which is my motherland, is developing fast. 中国是我的祖国,正在快速发展。

☛Eason, who was a pop star, got married last year. 伊森去年结婚了,他是明星。

☛Last Sunday they reached Nanjing , where a conference was to be held. 他们上周日到达南京,有个会议要在那里举行。

3. 当先行词指的是某人只有一个亲属(son,daughter等)时,使用非限制性定语从句。

☛He has a daughter, who is studying in London. 他有个女儿,现在正在伦敦学习。(只有一个女儿)

☛This is my teacher, who has something to tell you. 这是我的老师,他有一些事情要告诉你。

三、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别

1. 形式不同

限制性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开,口语中使用时也不停顿;而非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开,口语中使用时有停顿。

2. 功能不同

限制性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别,如果去掉,就会造成句意不完整或概念不清;而非限制性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用,如果省略,句意仍然清楚、完整。

☛People who take physical exercise live longer. 进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义)

☛His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女儿现在在波士顿,下星期回来。(若把从句去掉,句子意义仍然完整)

3. 翻译不同

在翻译定语从句时,一般把限制性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前,而把非限制性定语从句与主句分开。

☛He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽车被窃的那个人。

☛I’ve invited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我邀请了吉姆,他就住在隔壁。

4. 含义不同

比较下面的两个句子:

☛I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一个医生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一个)

☛I have a sister, who is a doctor. 我有一个姐姐,她是当医生的。(只有一个姐姐)

5. 先行词不同

限制性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词,而非限制性定语从句的先行词则可以是名词或代词,也可以是短语或句子;另外,当先行词为专有名词或其他具有独一无二性的普通名词时,通常要用非限制性定语从句,而不用限制性定语从句。

☛Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得开车很快,这是很危险的。(which指drive too fast)

☛He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改变了主意,这使我很生气。(which指整个主句)

☛Mr. Smith, who is our boss, will leave for Japan next week. 我们的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。(先行词为专有名词,要用非限制性定语从句修饰)

☛Her father, who has a lot of money, wishes her to study abroad. 她父亲很有钱,希望她 出国 学习。(先行词为表独一无二意义的普通名词,要用非限制性定语从句修饰)

6. 关系词不同

关系词that和why可用于限制性定语从句中,通常不用于非限制性定语从句;另外,在限制性定语从句中,关系词有时可以省略,而在非限制性定语从句中关系词一律不能省略。

四、"介词+关系代词"引导的定语从句:

●"介词+关系代词"的用法

当关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时,我们通常用"介词+关系代词"引导定语从句。如果指"人",用"介词+whom";如果指"物",用"介词+which"。

●"介词+关系代词"结构中介词的选用

1.一般来说,确定关系代词前的介词,可以从以下三方面入手:①先行词的意义;②从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配;③句子的意思。

☞I’ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.

我永远不会忘记孩童时代我在乡村度过的时光。

2.表示"整体和部分关系",介词常用of。在some,any,few,none,all,both,neither,most,each等代词或数词的前、后可以用of which/whom。

☞John invited about 40 people to his wedding,most of whom are family members.

约翰邀请了大约40人参加他的婚礼,他们当中绝大部分是家庭成员。

3.有时"介词+where"可以引导定语从句,此时要和"介词+which"引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。

☞His head soon appeared out of the window,from where he saw nothing but trees.

他的头很快从窗口探了出来,从那里除了树木他什么也看不到。(from where相当于from out of the window,而不是from the window)

●在定语从句中,含介词的短语动词不可拆开使用(短语拆开后含义发生变化),如look after, look for等。

●"of which / whom"有时可以用"whose+名词"结构来改写。

●当先行词为way并且定语从句中缺少状语时,通常用in which或that引导定语从句(in which或that可省略);如果定语从句中不缺少状语,则用关系代词引导(that 或which 可省略)。

五、关系代词只用that而不用 which的情况

1.先行词是all,something,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,few等不定代词或先行词被all,any,every,no,little,much,some等词修饰。

☞All the people that come from the country work much harder.

所有来自农村的人工作都更努力得多。

2.先行词被序数词、 形容词最高级、 the only, the very, the last等修饰时, 关系代词通常只用that, 不用which.如:

☞The first English novel that I read was Cities.

我读的第一本英文小说是《城市》。

☞This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.

这是我见过的最激动人心的 足球 比赛之一。

☞This is the only thing that we can do now.

这是我们现在惟一能做的事情。

3.先行词既有人又有物时,关系代词只用that,不用which.如:

☞The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.

我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。

☞The foreign visitors spoke highly of the pioneers and their performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace.

外国游客高度赞扬了他们在少年宫所看到的少先队员以及他们的表演。

4.关系代词在限定性定语从句中作表语并带有类比含义时,通常只用that,不用which.如:

☞He is no longer the star that he was.

他不再是过去的那位明星了。

☞Our school is no longer the school that it used to be.

我们的学校不再是以前的那所学校了。

5.句中其他位置已出现which,为避免重复,不用which而用that引导限定性定语从句。如:

☞Which is the car that has overtaken us?超过我们的是哪辆车?

【篇一】高考英语定语从句知识点

概念引入

欣赏含有定语从句的名言:

Laughter is the sun that drives winter from the human face.

笑是太阳,它从人们的脸上赶走冬天。

Don’t trust the first sign that you see.

不要相信你看见的第一个迹象。

All is not gold that glitters.

发光的未必都是金子。

Nothing is impossible to the man who has will.

世上无难事,只怕有心人。

God helps those who help themselves.

自助者天助。

【篇二】高考英语定语从句知识点

一、定语从句的功用和结构

在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词,定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词和关系副词。

This is the present that he gave me for my birthday.

这是他给我的生日礼物。

Do you know everybody who came to the party?

你认识来宴会的每一位吗?

This is the place where Chairman Mao once lived.

这是毛主席曾经居住的地方。

二、各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法

1. who 指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。

I prefer singers who can write their own lyrics.

我更喜欢能写自己歌词的歌唱家。

These are musicians who make us happy.

这些是能让我们高兴的音乐家。

People who eat a balanced diet are healthier.

平衡饮食的人是健康的。

2. whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语。

Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate?

你认识我们在门口遇到的那个年轻人吗?

Mr. Lee (whom) you want to see has come.

你想见的李先生已经来了。

3. whose 指人,在定语从句中作定语。

The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today.

她妈妈病了的那个女孩今天呆在家。

I know the boy whose father is a professor.

我认识他的父亲是教授的那个男孩。

4. which指物,在定语从中作主语或宾语。

A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.

字典是给单词释义的一本书。

Here is the book (which) the teacher mentioned yesterday.

这是老师昨天提到的那本书。

5. that多指物,有时也指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。

I prefer music that has great lyrics. 我喜欢具有优美歌词的音乐。

Carmen likes music that’s loud. Carmen喜欢大声的音乐。

I like music that I can dance to. 我喜欢能伴舞的音乐。

6. when 指时间,在定语从句中作状语。

I’ll never forget the time when we worked on the farm.

我从来不会忘记我们工作在农场的那个时光。

He arrived in Beijing on the day when I left.

在我离开的那天他到的北京。

7. where 指地点,在定语从句中作状语。

This is the house where we lived last year.

这是我们去年居住的那个房子。

The factory where his father works is in the east of the city.

他的父亲工作的工厂是在城市的东边。

三、关系代词和关系副词的功用

关系代词和关系副词用来引导定语从句,在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用,使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分,关系代词可作主语、宾语或定语,关系副词可作状语。

1. 作主语:关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词一致。

I don’t like people who talk much but do little.

我不喜欢说话多做事少的人。

The cars which are produced in Hubei Province sell very well.

在湖北省生产的汽车销量好。

2. 作宾语

She is the person that I met at the school gate yesterday.

她是我昨天在校门口遇到的那个人。

The book that my grandmother gave me is called The Great Escape.

我奶奶给我的那本书叫做《胜利大逃亡》。

3. 作定语:关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语。

What’s the name of the young man whose sister is a doctor?

他的妹妹是医生的那个年轻男士叫什么名字?

The girl whose father is a teacher studies very hard.

她的父亲是一位老师的那个女孩学习非常努力。

4. 作状语

I’ll never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.

我从来不会忘记我第一次来北京的那天。

This is the house where I was born.

这是我出生的那个房子。

四、具体使用时还要注意下列问题:

1. 只能使用that,不用which 的情况:

1)先行词被序数词或形容词级所修饰,或本身是序数词、形容词级时,只能用that,而不用which。

He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。

2)被修饰的先行词为all,any,much,many,everything,anything,none,the one等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用which。

Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?在商店里你有什么东西要买吗?

3)先行词被the only,the very,the same,the last,little,few 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which。

This is the same bike that I lost. 这就是我丢的那辆自行车。

4)先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that, 而不用which.

I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.

我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。

5)以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that.

Who is the girl that is crying?正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?

6)主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which.

There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。

2. 只能用which,不用that的情况:

1)先行词为that,those时,用which,而不用that.

What’s that which is under the desk?在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?

2)关系代词前有介词时,一般用which,而不用that.

This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。

3)引导非限制性定语从句,用which,而不用that.

Tom came back,which made us happy. 汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。

3. 关系代词 whom,which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时,可以和介词一起放在先行词与定语从句之间,有时为了关系紧凑也可以将 whom 或 which 放先行词后,而将介词置于定语从句的后面。

That was the room in which we had lived for ten years.

= That was the room which we had lived in for ten years.

那是我们居住了十年的房子。

【篇三】高考英语定语从句知识点

I. 用关系代词或关系副词将下列每对句子连成一个复合句。

1. The boy is my younger brother. He was here a minute ago.

___________________________________________

2. The old man is a professor. He teaches chemistry in a college.

_____________________________________________

3. Beijing Hotel is near Tian An Men Square. The foreign visitors live there.

_____________________________________________

4. The woman is here now. You were talking about her just now.

_____________________________________________

5. This is the hall. We listened to the report in it the other day.

_____________________________________________

6. The car was going 90 miles an hour. The car just passed us.

_____________________________________________

7. The man waved to us. The man was my uncle.

_____________________________________________

8. I enjoyed reading the book. You gave me a book last week.

_____________________________________________

9. I prefer the subject. The subject is science.

_____________________________________________

10. I spoke to the man. The man is a singer.

_____________________________________________

II. 用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空。

1. The house _______ we live in is very big.

2. The boy ______ is wearing the black jacket is very clever.

3. This is the present _______ he gave me for my birthday.

4. The man _______ talked to you just now is an engineer.

5. He talked about the teachers and schools _______ he had visited.

6. There is nothing in the world _______ can frighten him.

7. She wears a gold ring, _______ is very uncommon in our class.

8. We visited a factory _______ makes toys for children.

9. Is this the place _______ your father once lived?

10. I’ll never forget the days _______ I joined the League.

III. 单项填空。

1. —Who is the man _______ was talking to our English teacher?

—Oh! It’s Mr. Baker, our maths teacher.

A. he B. that C. whom D. which

2. I hate the people ________ don’t help others when they are in trouble.

A. who B. which C. they D. where

3. This is the place ______ I have ever visited.

A. there B. when C. where D. which

4. The moon is a world ______ there is no life.

A. that B. which C. where D. why

5. Watch carefully everything _____ the teacher will do.

A. that B. which C. what D. who

6.I love the place ____ the weather is always cool.

A. that B. where C. why D. which

7. The man and the dog ____ were hurt in the accident were sent to the hospital.

A. which B. who C. that D. whom

8.The reason ____ I was late for the class was my oversleeping.

A. why B. which C. that D. when

9. Jane is one of the students in the class ______have ever been to China.

A. who B. whose C. which D. whom

10. He lived in a small village, ______ was a long way from the railway station.

A. that B. which C. where D. when

【真题链接】

1. The womanis the most important in my life is my mother.

A. which B. who C. whom D. what

2. People ______ overweight need more water than thin people.

A.who is B.which are C.that is D.who are

3. After Mandela was free (自由的) in 1990, he chose to shake hands with the people ________ wanted to kill him.

A. whose B. which C. / D. who

4. He likes low-carbon life. He lives in the house ________ he built himself out of trash.

A. where B. what C. which D. in which

参考答案

I. 用关系代词或关系副词将下列每对句子连成一个复合句。

1. The boy who/that was here a minute ago is my younger brother.

2. The old man who/that teaches chemistry in a college is a professor.

3. Beijing Hotel where the foreign visitors live is near Tian An Men Square.

4. The woman (who/whom/that) you were talking about just now is here now.

5. This is the hall where we listened to the report the other day.

6. The car which/that just passed us was going 90 miles an hour.

7. The man who/that waved to us was my uncle.

8. I enjoyed reading the book (that/which) you gave me last week.

9. The subject (which/that) I prefer is science.

10. The man (who/whom/that) I spoke to is a singer.

II. 用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空。

1. that/ which  2. who/ that

3. that/ which 4. who/ that

5. that 6. that 7. which

8. which/ that 9. where 10. when

III. 单项填空。

1. B 句子的先行词是the man,所以that引导,且that在定语从句中作主语。

句子的先行词是the people,所以用who引导,且who在定语从句中作主语。

本句先行词是物,关系代词在定语从句中作visit的宾语,所以选D。

本句先行词是表示地名的world,且关系副词在定语从句中作地点状语,所以选C。

本句是考查定语从句的引导词。由于先行词是不定代词,它的引导词只能是that。

本句是考查定语从句的引导词。由于先行词是表示地点名词,所以它的引导词应该用where,且引导词在定语从句中作地点状语。

本句的先行词既有人也有物,所以引导词只能用that,that在定语从句中作主语。

本句的先行词是表示原因的名词,所以引导词用关系副词why。

考查关系代词的用法。此句是定语从句,先行词是students,且在定语从句中作主语,因此用关系代词who。

10. B 本句属于非限制性定语从句,所以用which引导,且which在从句中作主语。

【真题链接】

1. B。此题考查定语从句,先行词是人,引导词用who,在定语从句作主语,故选B。

2. D。句意:超重的人需要的水比瘦的人多。定语从句的先行词是people,且关系词在从句中作主语,故答案为D项。

3. D。句意:在曼德拉1990获得自由后,他选择了与想杀他的人握手。先行词指人且在定语从句中作主语,故选who。

4. C。本句意为:他喜欢低碳生活,他在垃圾之外建立了自己的房子。本题考查which的用法,which在后置的定语从句中代替上文出现的事物或情况。

高中英语名词性从句笔记整理

名词性从句相当于名词,可分别作主句的主语、表语、宾语和同位语。因此,名词性从句可分为主语从句、表语从句、宾语从句和同位从句。

一、引导名词性从句的连接词

1. 连接代词:who, whose, whom, what, which.有词义,在从句中担任成分,如主语、表语、宾语、或定语等。

2. 连接副词:when, where, why, how.有词义,在从句中担任成分,作状语。

3. 连接词:that, whether, if, as 无词义,在从句中不担任成分,有时可省略;if (whether), as if虽有词义,但在从句中不担任成分。

注意:连接代词与连接副词在句中不再是疑问句,因而从句中谓语不用疑问式。连接代词与连接副词在从句充当句子成分,连接词whether 和if(是否),as if(好像)在从句中不充当句子成分,只起连接作用。根据句义,如果连接代词与连接副词,whether、if 和as if都用不上时,才用that作连接词(that本身无任何含义)。

二、主语从句

1. 主语从句在复合句作主语。

. Who will go is not important.

2. 用it作形式主语,主语从句放在句末。

. It doesn‘t matter so much whether you will come or not.

3. that引导主语从句时,不能省略。

. That he suddenly fell ill last week made us surprised.

三、表语从句

1. 表语从句在复合句中作表语,位于系动词之后。

. The question was who could go there.

2. 引导表语从句的连接词that有时可省去。

. My idea is (that) we can get more comrades to help in the work.

四、宾语从句

1. 宾语从句在复合句中作宾语。引导宾语从句的连词that一般可省略。

. I hope (that) everything is all right.

2. 介词之后的宾语从句,不可用which或if连接,要分别用what或 whether.

. I’m interested in whether you‘ve finished the work……

I’m interested in what you‘ve said.

3. whether与if都可以引导宾语从句,常可互换。但下面情况不能互换。

(1)宾语从句是否定句时,只用if,不用whether.

. I wonder if it doesn’t rain.

(2)用if 会引起误解,就要用whether.

. Please let me know whether you want to go.(此句如果把whether改成if,容易当成条件句理解)

(3)宾语从句中的whether 与or not直接连用,就不能换成if;不直接连用,可换。

. I don‘t know whether or not the report is true.

I don’t know whether/ if the report is true or not.

(4)介词后的.宾语从句要用whether引导。whether 可与不定式连用。whether也可引导主语从句、表语从句、同位语从句,还可引导让步状语从句,以上均不能换成if.但引导条件从句时,只能用if,而不能用whether.

. It depends on whether we have enough time.

They don‘t know whether to go there.

Please come to see me if you have time.

五、同位语从句

同位语从句在句中作某一名词的同位语,一般位于该名词(如:news, fact, idea, suggestion, promise等)之后,说明该名词的具体内容。

. I have no idea when he will be back.

The fact that he had not said anything surprised everybody.

【 #高三# 导语】高三的日子是苦的,有刚入高三时的迷茫和压抑,有成绩失意时的沉默不语,有晚上奋战到一两点的精神肉体双重压力,也有在清晨凛冽的寒风中上学的艰苦经历。在奋笔疾书中得到知识的快乐,也是一种在巨大压力下显得茫然无助的痛苦。 高三频道为你整理《高三英语必修四知识点归纳:名词性从句的辨别方法》希望对你有帮助! 主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句,通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。 1. It 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较。 It 作形式主语代替主语从句,主要是为了平衡句子结构,主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调的是什么成分,都可用连词that。被强调部分指人是也可用who/whom。 例如: It is a pity that you didn’t go to see the film. It doesn’t interest me whether you succeed or not. It is in the morning that the murder took place. It is John that broke the window. 2. 用it 作形式主语的结构。 (1) It is +名词+从句 It is a fact that … 事实是… It is an honor that …非常荣幸 It is common knowledge that …是常识 (2) it is +形容词+从句 It is natural that… 很自然… It is strange that… 奇怪的是… (3) it is +不及物动词+从句 It seems that… 似乎… It happened that… 碰巧… (4) it +过去分词+从句 It is reported that… 据报道… It has been proved that… 已证实… 3. 主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况。 (1) if 引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 (2) It is said , (reported) …结构中的主语从句不可提前。 例如: It is said that President Jingo will visit our school next week. (right) That President Jiang will visit our school next week is said. (wrong) (3) It happens…, It occurs… 结构中的主语从句不可提前。 例如: It occurred to him that he failed in the examination. (right) That he failed in the examination occurred to him. (wrong) (4) It doesn’t matter how/whether …结构中的主语从句不可提前。 例如: It doesn’t matter whether he is wrong or not. (right) Whether he is wrong or not doesn’t matter. (wrong) (5) 含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时,主语从句不可提前。 例如: Is it likely that it will rain in the evening? (right) Is that will rain in the evening likely? (wrong) 4. What 与that 在引导主语从句时的区别。 What 引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语.宾语.表语,而that 则不然。 例如: 1) What you said yesterday is right. 2) That she is still alive is a consolation. 宾语从句 宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句,通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。 1. 作动词的宾语。 (1) 由that引导的宾语从句(that 通常可以省略) 例如: I heard that be joined the army. (2) 由what, whether (if) 引导的宾语从句 例如: 1) She did not know what had happened. 2) I wonder whether you can change this note for me. (3) 动词+间接宾语+宾语从句 例如: She told me that she would accept my invitation. 2. 作介词的宾语。 例如: Our success depends upon how well we can cooperate with one another. 3. 作形容词的宾语。 例如: I am afraid (that) I’ve made a mistake. That 引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语: Anxious, aware, certain, confident, convinced, determined, glad, proud, surprised, worried, sorry, thankful, ashamed, disappointed, annoyed, pleased, hurt, satisfied, content 等。也可以将此类词后的that 从句的看作原因状语从句。 4. It 可以作为形式宾语。 It 不仅可以作为形式主语,还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that 从句则放在句尾,特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。 例如: We heard it that she would get married next month.. 5. 后边不能直接跟that 从句的动词。 这类动词有Allow, refuse, let, like, cause, force, admire, condemn, celebrate, dislike, love, help, take, forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语,但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。 例如: I admire their winning the match. (right) I admire that they won the match. (wrong) 6. 不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词。 有些动词不可用于“动词+间接宾语+that从句“结构中,常见的有Envy, order, accuse, refuse, impress, forgive, blame, denounce, advise, congratulate等。 例如: He impressed the manager as an honest man. (right) He impressed the manager that he was an honest man. (wrong) 7. 否定的转移 若主句谓语动词为Think, consider, wuppose, believe, expect, fancy, guess, imagine等,其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义,一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上,从句谓语用肯定式。 例如: I don’t think this dress fits you well.(我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。) 表语从句 表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句,放在系动词之后,一般结构是“主语+连系动词+表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be, look, remain, seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外,常用的还有the reason is that… 和It is because 等结构。 例如: 1) The question is whether we can make good preparation in such a short time. 2) This is why we can’t get the support of the people 3) But the fact remains that we are behind the other classes. 4) The reason he is late for school is that he missed the early bus. 同位语从句 同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。 1. 同位语从句的功能。 同位语从句对于名词进一步解释,说明名词的具体内容,一般由that引导。 例如: 1) The king’s decision that the prisoner would be set free surprised all the people. 2) The order that all the soldiers should stay still is given by the general. 2. 同位语在句子中的位置。 同位语从句有时可以不紧跟在它所说明的名词后面,而是被别的词隔开。 例如: He got the news from Mary that the sports meeting was put off. 3. 同位语从句与定语从句的区别。 (1) 定语从句中的that既代替先行词,同时以在从句中作某个成分(主语或宾语),而同位语从句中的that是连词,只起连接主句与从句的作用,不充当句中任何成分。 (2) 定语从句是形容词性的,其功能是修饰先行词,对先行词加以限定,描述定的性质或特征;同位语从句是名词性的,其功能是对名词进行补充说明。例如: 1) The news that he told me is that Tom would go abroad next year.(他告诉我的消息是汤姆明年将出国。)(第一个that引导的从句是定语从句,that在从句中作宾语) 2)The news that Tom would go abroad is told by him.(汤姆将出国的消息是他讲的。)(同位语从句,that在句中不作任何成分) 。

名词性从句的功能相当于名词词组, 它在复合句中能担任主语、宾语、表语、同位语、介词宾语等,因此根据它在句中不同的语法功能,名词性从句又可分别称为主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句和同位语从句。一、引导名词性从句的连接词分类引导名词性从句的连接词可分为三类: 连词(5个):that (宾语从句或表语从句中that有时可以省略) whether,if (均表示“是否”表明从句内容的不确定性) as if ,as though (均表示“好像”,“似乎”) 以上在从句中均不充当任何成分 连接代词(9个):what, whatever, who, whoever, whom, whomever, whose, which, whichever 连接副词(7个):when, where, how, why, whenever, wherever, however 不可省略的连词: 1. 介词后的连词 2. 引导主语从句和同位语从句的连词不可省略。 That she was chosen made us very happy. We heard the news that our team had won. 比较whether与if 均为"是否"的意思。 但在下列情况下,只可用whether: 1. whether引导主语从句并在句首 2. 引导表语从句 3. whether从句作介词宾语 4. 常与 "or not" 连用;if 则不可。 5. 引导同位语从句 Whether he will come is not clear. 大部分连接词引导的主语从句都可以置于句末,用 it充当形式主语。 It is not important who will go. It is still unknown which team will win the match. 二. 主语从句作句子主语的从句叫主语从句。主语从句通常由从属连词that,whether,if,as if和because等连接代词what,who,which,whatever,whoever,whom等以及连接副词how,when,where,why等词引导。that在句中无词义,只起连接作用;连接代词和连接副词在句中既保留自己的疑问含义、又起连接作用,在从句中充当从句的成分。because引导表语从句。注:whom、who指人,what指物,whatever,whoever表示泛指意义。例如: What he wants to tell us is not clear. 他要跟我们说什么,还不清楚。 Who will win the match is still unknown. 谁能赢得这场比赛还不得而知。 It is known to us how he became a writer. 我们都知道他是如何成为一名作家的。 Where the English evening will be held has not yet been announced. 英语晚会将在哪里举行,还没有宣布。 有时为避免句子头重脚轻,常用形式主语it代替主语从句作形式主语放于句首,而把主语从句置于句末。主语从句后的谓语动词一般用单数形式。常用句型如下: (1) It + be + 名词 + that从句 (2)It + be + 形容词 + that从句 (3)It + be + 动词的过去分词 + that从句 (4)It + 不及物动词 + that 从句 另注意在主语从句中用来表示惊奇、不相信、惋惜、理应如此等语气时,谓语动词要用虚拟语气“(should) +do”,常用的句型有: It is necessary (important, natural, strange, etc.) that … It is suggested (requested, proposed, desired, etc.) that… 三、宾语从句名词从句用作宾语的从句叫宾语从句。引导宾语从句的关联词与引导主语从句表语从句的关联词大致一样,在句中可以作谓语动词或介词及非谓语动词的宾语。 1. 由连接词that引导的宾语从句 由连接词that引导宾语从句时,that在句中不担任任何成分,在口语或非正式的文体中常被省去,但如从句是并列句时,第二个分句前的that不可省。例如: He has told me that he will go to Shanghai tomorrow. 他已经告诉我他明天要去上海。 We must never think (that) we are good in everything while others are good in nothing. 我们决不能认为自己什么都好,别人什么都不好。 注意:在demand、order、suggest、decide、insist, desire, request, command, doubt等表示要求、命令、建议、决定等意义的动词后,宾语从句常用“(should)+ 动词原形”。例如: I insist that she (should) do her work alone. 我坚持要她自己工作。 The commander ordered that troops (should) set off at once. 司令员命令部队马上出发。 2. 用who,whom, which, whose, what, when, where, why, how, whoever, whatever, whichever等关联词引导的宾语从句相当于特殊疑问句,应注意句子语序要用陈述语序。例如: I want to know what he has told you. 我想知道他告诉了你什么。 She always thinks of how she can work well. 她总是在想怎样能把工作做好。 She will give whoever needs help a warm support. 凡需要帮助的人,她都会给予热情的支持。 3. 用whether或if引导的宾语从句,其主语和谓语的顺序也不能颠倒,仍保持陈述句语序。此外,whether与if 在作“是否”的意思讲时在下列情况下一般只能用whether,不用if: a. 引导主语从句并在句首时;b. 引导表语从句时;c . 引导从句作介词宾语时;d. 从句后有“or not”时;e. 后接动词不定式时。例如: Whether there is life on the moon is an interesting question. 月球上有没有生命是个有趣的问题。 Everything depends on whether we have enough money. 一切要看我们是否有足够的钱。 I wonder whether he will come or not. 我想知道他来还是不来。 Can you tell me whether to go or to stay? 你能否告诉我是去还是留? 4. 注意宾语从句中的时态呼应,当主句动词是现在时,从句根据自身的句子情况,而使用 不同时态。例如: I know (that) he studies English every day. (从句用一般现在时) I know (that) he studied English last term. (从句用一般过去时) I know (that) he will study English next year. (从句用一般将来时) I know (that) he has studied English since 1998. (从句用现在完成时) 当主句动词是过去时态(could, would除外),从句则要用相应的过去时态,如一般过去时,过去进行时,过去将来时等;当从句表示的是客观真理,科学原理,自然现象,则从句仍用现在时态。例如: The teacher told us that Tom had left us for America. 5. think, believe, imagine, suppose等等动词引起的否定性宾语从句中,要把上述主句中的动词变为否定式。即将从句中的否定形式移到主句中。例如: We don’t think you are here. 我们认为你不在这。 I don’t believe he will do so. 我相信他不会这样做。 四、表语从句在复合句中,位于系动词之后作表语的从句叫表语从句。引导表语从句的关联词与引导主语从句的关联词大致一样,表语从句位于连系动词后,有时用as if引导。其基本结构为:主语 + 系动词 + that从句。例如: The fact is that we have lost the game. 事实是我们已经输了这场比赛。 That’s just what I want. 这正是我想要的。 This is where our problem lies. 这就是我们的问题所在。 That is why he didn’t come to the meeting. 那就是他为什么不到会的原因。 It looks as if it is going to rain. 看上去天要下雨了。 需要注意的,当主语是reason时,表语从句要用that引导而不是because。例如: The reason why he was late was that he missed the train by one minute this morning . 【注意】whether 可引导表语从句,但与之同义的if却通常不用于引导表语从句。 五、同位语从句同位语从句说明其前面的名词的具体内容。同位语从句通常由that引导,可用于同位语从句的名词有advice、demand、doubt、fact、hope、idea、information、message、news、order、problem、promise、question、request、suggestion、truth、wish、word等。例如: The news that we won the game is exciting. 我们赢得这场比赛的消息令人激动。 I have no idea when he will come back home. 我不知道他什么时候回来。 The thought came to him that Mary had probably fallen ill. 他想到可能玛丽生病了。 同位语从句和定语从句的区别: that作为关系代词,可以引导定语从句,充当句子成分,在从句中作宾语时可以省略; that引导同位语从句时,起连词的作用,没有实际意义,不充当句子成分,一般不能省略。 试比较下面两个例句: I had no idea that you were here.(that引导同位语从句,不能省略) Have you got the idea(that)this book gives you of life in ancient Greece?(that引导定语从句,作宾语,可以省略) 六、名词性that-从句(1)由从属连词that引导的从句叫做名词性that-从句。That只起连接主句和从句的作用,在从句中不担任任何成分,本身也没有词义。名词性that-从句在句中能充当主 语、宾语、表语、同位语和形容词宾语,例如: 主语:That she is still alive is her luck. 她还活着全靠运气。 宾语:John said that he was leaving for London on Wednesday. 约翰说他星期三要到伦敦去。 表语:The fact is that he has not been seen recently. 事实是近来谁也没有见过他。 同位语:The fact that he has not been seen recently disturbs everyone in his office. 近来谁也没有见过他,这一事实令办公室所有的人不安。 形容词宾语:I am glad that you are satisfied with your job. 你对工作满意我感到很高兴。 2)That-从句作主语通常用it作先行词,而将that-从句置于句末,例如: It is quite clear that the whole project is doomed to failure. 很清楚,整个计划注定要失败。 It's a pity that you should have to leave. 你非走不可真是件憾事。 用it作形式主语的that-从句有以下四种不同的搭配关系: a. It + be +形容词+ that-从句 It is necessary that… 有必要…… It is important that… 重要的是…… It is obvious that… 很明显…… b. It + be + -ed 分词+ that-从句 It is believed that… 人们相信…… It is known to all that… 众所周知…… It has been decided that… 已决定…… c. It + be +名词+ that-从句 It is common knowledge that… ……是常识 It is a surprise that… 令人惊奇的是…… It is a fact that… 事实是…… d. It +不及物动词+ that-从句 It appears that… 似乎…… It happens that… 碰巧…… It occurred to me that… 我突然想起…… 七、名词性wh-从句1)由wh-词引导的名词从句叫做名词性wh-从句。Wh-词包括who, whom,. whose, whoever, what, whatever, which, whichever等连接代词和where, when, how, why等连接副词。Wh-从句的语法功能除了和that-从句一样外,还可充当介词宾语、宾语补语和间接宾语等,例如: 主语: How the book will sell depends on its author. 书销售如何取决于作者本人。 直接宾语:In one's own home one can do what one likes. 在自己家里可以随心所欲。 间接宾语:The club will give whoever wins a prize. 俱乐部将给得胜者设奖。 表语: My question is who will take over president of the Foundation. 我的问题是谁将接任该基金会主席职位。 宾语补足语:She will name him whatever she wants to. 她高兴给他起什么名字就取什么名字。 同位语: I have no idea when he will return. 我不知道他什么时候回来。 形容词宾语:I'm not sure why she refused their invitation. 我尚不能肯定她为什么拒绝他们的邀请。 介词宾语: That depends on where we shall go. 那取决于我们去哪儿。 2)Wh-从句作主语也常用先行词it做形式主语,而将wh-从句置于句末,例如: It is not yet decided who will do that job. 还没决定谁做这项工作。 It remains unknown when they are going to get married. 他们何时结婚依然不明。 八、if, whether引导的名词从句 1)yes-no型疑问从句从属连词if, whether引导的名词从句是由一般疑问句或选择疑问转化而来的,因此也分别被称为yes-no型疑问句从句和选择型疑问从句,其功能和wh-从句的功能相同, 例如: 主语:Whether the plan is feasible remains to be proved. 这一计划是否可行还有待证实。 宾语:Let us know whether / if you can finish the article before Friday. 请让我们知道你是否能在星期五以前把文章写完。 表语:The point is whether we should lend him the money. 问题在于我们是否应该借钱给他。 同位语:They are investigating the question whether the man is trustworthy. 他们调查他是否值得信赖。 形容词宾语: She's doubtful whether we shall be able to come. 她怀疑我们是否能够前来。 介词宾语: I worry about whether he can pass through the crisis of his illness. 我担心他是否能度过疾病的危险期。 2)选择性疑问从句选择性疑问从句由关联词if/whether…or或whether…or not构成,例如: Please tell me whether / if they are Swedish or Danish. 请告诉我他们是瑞典人还是丹麦人。 I don't care whether you like the plan or not.我不在乎你是否喜欢该计划。 if和whether的区别: 1、 在动词不定式之前只能用whether 。如: 例8 I can’t decide whether to stay. 我不能决定是否留下。 2、 在whether …… or not 的固定搭配中。如: 例9 I want to know whether it’s good news or not . 我想知道是否是好消息。 3 、在介词后,只能用whether。如: 例10 His father is worried about whether he lose his work . 他的父亲担心是否会失去工作。 4、宾语从句放在句首表示强调时,只能用whether 。如: Whether this is true or not, I really don’t know. 这是否真的,我真的不知道。 (例11 Whether they can finish the work on time is still a problem . 他们是否能准时完成这项工作还是个问题。--此例为主语从句,有误,感谢指出) 5、用if会引起歧义时,只用whether。如: 例12 Could you tell me if you know the answer ? 这句话有两种意思:“你能告诉我是否知道答案吗?”或“如果你知道答案,请告诉我,好吗?”。如用whether可避免歧义. 九、否定转移1) 将think, believe, suppose, expect, fancy, imagine等动词后面宾语从句的否定词转移到主句中,即主句的谓语动词用否定式,而从句的谓语动词用肯定式。 I don't think I know you. 我想我并不认识你。 I don' t believe he will come. 我相信他不回来。 注意:若谓语动词为hope,宾语从句中的否定词不能转移。 I hope you weren't ill. 我想你没有生病吧。 2) 将seem, appear 等后的从句的否定转移到前面。 It doesn't seem that they know where to go. 看来他们不知道往哪去。 It doesn't appear that we'll have a sunny day tomorrow. 看来我们明天不会碰上好天气。 3) 有时将动名词,介词短语或整个从句的否定转变为对谓语动词的否定。 I don't remember having ever seen such a man. 我记得从未见过这样一个人。 (not否定动名词短语 having…) It's not a place where anyone would expect to see strange characters on the street. 在这里,人们不会想到在街上会碰上陌生的人。 (anyone 作主语,从句中的谓语动词不能用否定形式。) 4) 有时状语或状语从句中否定可以转移到谓语动词前。 The ant is not gathering this for itself alone. (否定状语) 蚂蚁不只是为自己采食。 He was not ready to believe something just because Aristotle said so. (否定because状语) 他并不因亚里斯多德说过如何如何,就轻信此事。 She had not been married many weeks when that man's younger brother saw her and was struck by her beauty. (否定状语many weeks) 她结婚还不到几个星期,这个人的弟弟就看见她了,并对她的美貌着了迷。

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