初中英语过去完成时讲解
过去完成时用法讲解 1、概述 过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作.它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”.表示过去某一时间可用by, before等构成的短语,也可用when, before等引导的从句或通过上下代表示. His eyes shone brightly when he finally received the magazine he had long expected. 当她终于收到她盼望已久的杂志时,她兴奋得两眼闪光. By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by 岁时,爱迪生就开始自己谋生. 2、构成 过去完成时由“助动词had+过去分词”构成.其否定式、肯定式、疑问式如下表: 肯定式 否定式 疑问式 I(we) I(We) you You had read it. had not read it Had they read it? He(She, They) He(She ,They) he 注意:had not 常简略为hadn't. They asked me to have a drink with them and said it was at least ten years since I had enjoyed a good drink. 他们请我和他们一起喝酒,并说我自上次喝酒到现在至少十年了. We had learnt 30 lessons by the end of last month.到上个月末为止,我们已经学了30课. He said we hadn’t seen each other since I left Beijing.自从我离开北京,我们还没见过面. 3、过去完成时的用法 过去完成时的主要用法和现在完成时一样.不同的是,过去完成时把时间推移到了过去某一时间之前,与现在无关. (1)过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成了的动作.这个过去的时间状语有by, before等介词短语或when, before等引导的从句. Helen had left her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband came home. 海伦把钥匙忘到办公室里了,因此她不得不等她丈夫回来. When we got to the cinema, the film had already begun.当我们到达电影院时,电影已经开始了. He told me that he had visited the Great Wall before.他告诉我他以前参观过长城. By the end of the match, they had kicked 2 goals, and we had kicked 4.比赛结束时,他们踢进了2个球而我们踢进了4个球. When Jack arrived he learned Mary had been away for almost an hour.杰克到达后得知玛丽走了近一个小时了. (2)表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始,一直延续到过去的这一时间,而且还可能继续下去的动作,常和for, since构成的短语或引导的从句连用. The news came as no surprise to me. I had known for some time that the factory was going to shut down. 听到这个消息我并不感到吃惊.工厂要倒闭这件事我早就知道了. By the time I left the school, he had taught the class for 3 years.到我毕业时,他已经教那个班三年了. He said he had made great progress since he came here.他说自从他来这里他已经取得了很大进步. (3)用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件从句或as if从句中表示与过去事实相反 If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it.假如他昨天看到你,他就会问你这件事了. I should have called you if I had known your telephone number.假如我过去知道你的电话号码,我就给你打电话了. He described the scene as if he had been there.他描绘的景色如同他去过那里一样. Had I known that you wanted the book, I would have sent it.如果我知道你要这本书,我会送来的. (4)表示假设的宾语从句 放在像said,told,asked,thought,wondered等过去时动词的后面,表示在这些动作发生之前已经发生了的事情. My friend told me that he had passed the exam.我的朋友告诉我,他已通过了考试. He asked me whether I had seen the film the night before.他问我头一天晚上是否看过那部电影. She wondered who had left the door open.她想知道谁敞着门的. (5)用在 "It was the first/second/third…time that…”句型中 在此句型中,主句用了一般过去时,that引导的定语从句要用过去完成时. This was the first time they had met in thirty-nine years. 这是39年里他们第一次见面. It was the first time we had spoken together. 这是我们第一次在一起说话. (6)intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等动词的过去完成时可以表示一个本来打算做而没有做的事 这种结构也可以表示过去未曾实现的设想、意图或希望等,含有某种惋惜. I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.我本来昨天打算要去看你,但我来了个不速之客. We had meant to tell her the news but found that she wasn’t in.我们本想把这个消息告诉她的,但发现她不在家. (7)过去完成时常用结构有“hardly, scarcely, barely … when, no sooner… than等副词的句子里. She hardly had gone to bed when the bell rang.他刚睡下铃就响了. No sooner had they left the building than a bomb exploded.他们刚刚离开大楼,一颗炸弹就爆炸了. (8)当before , after, as soon as 等引导的从句里的动作与主句的动作紧接时,由于这些连词本身已经说明了两个动作发生的先后关系,因此两个动作均可用一般过去时表示. We had breakfast after we did morning exercises.做完早操之后,我们吃早饭. The train started to move just before we reached the station.我们到车站时火车刚开动. As soon as they got there, they started to study.他们一到那里就开始学习了.
过去完成时,是初中英语七大必考时态之一。它表示的是,到过去某时为止或者在过去某时之前已经发生或完成的动作,简单的说就是“过去的过去”。下面就和我一起了解一下,供大家参考。
基本结构:主语+had+过去分词.
①肯定句:主语+had+过去分词.
②否定句:主语+had+not+过去分词.
③一般疑问句:Had+主语+过去分词?肯定回答:Yes,主语+had.否定回答:No,主语+had not.
④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句(Had+主语+过去分词)?
1.过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束,即发生在"过去的过去"。
如:When I woke up, it had stopped raining.我醒来时,雨已经停了。(主句的动作发生在"过去的过去")
2.过去完成时是一个相对的时态,表示的是"过去的过去",只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。
如:He told me that he had written a new book.(had written发生在told之前)
3.过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用,它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与already,yet,still,just,before,never等时间副词及by,before,until等引导的短语或从句连用。
如:Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.
Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.
4.过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始,一直延续到这一过去时间,而且动作尚未结束,仍然有继续下去的可能。
如: By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.(had worked已有了20年,还有继续进行下去的可能)
虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,但在使用时应注意以下几点:
1.时间状语不同:过去完成时在时间上强调"过去的过去";而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。
试比较:They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.
2.在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时,谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断:先发生的用过去完成时,后发生的则用一般过去时。
如:She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.
3.当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时,按时间顺序,只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时;另外,在 before , after , as soon as 引导的从句中,由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后,因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。
如:He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.
I (had) called her before I left the office.
1、定义:表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作,对过去的某一点造成的某种影响或是结果,用来指在另一个过去行动之前就已经完成了的事件。2、用法如下:(1)表示由过去的某一时刻开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态,常和for,since构成的时间状语连用。如:Ihadbeenatthebusstopfor20minuteswhenabusfinallycame。(2)叙述过去发生的事情,在已叙述了过去发生的事情后,反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时,常使用过去完成时。如:。(3)在含有定语从句的主从复合句中,如果叙述过去的事,先发生的动作常用过去完成时。如:IreturnedthebookthatIhadborrowed。
高中英语过去完成时讲解
英语语法关于过去完成时的详细讲解
过去完成时:表示发生在过去的两个动作在前的那一个,它表示句子中描述的动作发生在“过去的过去”。
基本形式:过去完成时由had+过去分词构成,因此无人称变化
肯定式:I had/I'd worked等
否定式:I had not/hadn't worked等
疑问式:had I worked等
否定疑问式:had I not/hadn't I worked等
时态用法:
1.过去完成时是与现在完成时相当的过去式:
现在完成时:Ann has just left.If you hurry you’ll catch her.(安刚刚走。如果你快一点,就能追上她。)
过去完成时:When I arrived Ann had just left.(我到的'时候,安刚刚离开。)
但是,过去完成时不像现在完成时那样限于表达未指明时间的动作,因此可以说:He had left his case on the 4∶40 train.(他把手提箱丢在4点40分的火车上了。)
2.现在完成时可以和since/for/always等词连用,表示一个开始于过去并仍在继续或刚刚结束的动:
与此同理,过去完成时也可以用来表示在所说的过去某一时刻之前就已开始的动作。
1)在该时刻仍然在继续。
例如:Bill was in uniform when I met him.He had been a soldier for ten years.(我遇到比尔的时候,他身穿军服。那时他已经当了十年兵了。)
2)在该时刻停止或刚刚停止。
例如:The old oak tree,which had stood in the churchyard for 300 years,suddenly crashed to the ground.(屹立在教堂墓地上已300百年之久的老橡树突然间哗啦一声巨响倒在地上。)
但应注意,过去完成时还可以用来表示:
3)在所说时刻之前某一时候停止的动作。
例如:He had served in the army for ten years;then he retired and married.(他在军队里服役十年,后来退伍并结了婚。)
3.过去完成时也是一般过去时的过去时,用来表示叙述者或主语在过去的某一时刻回顾更早的动作:
例如:He met her in Paris in 1977.He had last seen her ten years before.Herhair had been grey then;now it was white.(1977年他在巴黎遇见了她。他上一次见到她是十年之前。那时她的头发是灰白的,这时已经全白了。)
过去完成时是英语中的一种时态,用于描述在过去某一时间点或动作之前已经发生或已经完成的动作或状态。
它通常由"had + 过去分词"构成。过去完成时强调在过去某时之前所发生的动作或状态,它可以与过去简单时或过去进行时配合使用,以表达时间顺序或完成程度。例如,句子"I had already finished my homework when my friend called me."(当我朋友给我打电话时,我已经完成了作业。)中的"had already finished"就是过去完成时的形式。它表达了在朋友打电话之前已经完成的动作。过去完成时常用于以下情况:1. 描述在过去某一时间点之前已经发生的动作: - She had lived in Paris before she moved to London.(她在搬到伦敦之前住在巴黎。)2. 表示过程中已经完成的动作或状态: - He had already eaten dinner by the time I arrived.(我到达的时候他已经吃过晚饭了。)3. 使用过去完成时可清楚地表示时间顺序: - I had finished cooking when the guests arrived.(客人到达时,我已经做好了饭。)
请注意,对于已经过去的行动或状态,过去完成时与过去简单时的区别在于强调先后顺序和完成程度。
关于the+序数词+名词+to do如下:
the+序数词+名词后面+todo。过去完成时是指动作发生在过去的某一时间之前,持续到过去的这一点,有可能延续到将来。动作在过去的某一时间已经完成。动作常用于间接引语中,表示某事在我们过去所谈话或者所思考的时间以前已经发生了。
过去完成时,表示过去某一时间前就已经发生或完成了的动作,对过去的某一点造成的某种影响或是结果,用来指在另一个过去行动之前就已经完成了的事件。在英语时态中,“时“指动作发生的时间,态指动作的样子和状态。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”,侧重事情的结果。
拓展知识:
英语(英语:English)属于印欧语系日耳曼语族西日耳曼语支,最早被中世纪的英国使用,并因其广阔的殖民地而成为世界使用面积最广的语言。英国人的祖先盎格鲁部落是后来迁移到大不列颠岛地区的日耳曼部落之一,称为英格兰。
这两个名字都来自波罗的海半岛的Anglia。该语言与弗里斯兰语和下撒克森语密切相关,其词汇受到其他日耳曼语族语言的影响,尤其是北欧语北日耳曼语,并在很大程度上由拉丁文和法文撰写。
传播
到18世纪后期,英国已通过其殖民地和地缘政治统治地位传播了英语。商业、科学技术、外交、艺术和正规教育都使英语成为第一种真正的全球语言。英语还促进了世界范围的国际交流。英格兰继续形成新的殖民地,后来这些殖民地发展了自己的言语和写作规范。
北美部分地区,非洲部分地区,大洋洲和许多其他地区都采用英语。当他们获得政治独立时,一些拥有多种土著语言的新独立国家选择继续使用英语作为官方语言,以避免将任何一种土著语言都推崇为另一种土著语言所固有的政治和其他困难。
高考英语语法:过去完成时的用法 1、过去完成时的基本用法 过去完成时与现在完成时相似,也有“已完成”和“未完成”两种用法,所不同的是,过去完成时将时间推移到过去某一时间之前,即所谓的“过去的过去”。具体地说,它既可表示在过去某一时间之前已完成的动作,也可表示从一个较早的过去持续一个较迟的过去的动作: He had left when I arrived. 当我到达时他已经离开。 By six o’clock he had worked twelve hours. 到6点钟时他就已工作了12小时。 2、如何正确运用过去完成时 正确运用过去完成时最重要的是要正确理解“过去的过去”。“过去的过去”是一个相对时间,即它相对于一个过去时间而言,并在其过去。这种相对的“过去的过去”有时通过一定的时间副词(状语)体现出来,有时则可能是通过一定的上下文来体现: I found the watch which I had lost. 我找到了我丢失的表。 The house was quiet. Everybody had gone to bed. 屋子里很安静,大家都睡觉了。 "Was Jack at the office?" "No, he’d gone home." “杰克在办公室吗?”“不在,回家了。” 【注】有些通常与现在完成时连用的词语,由于在一定的语境中,谓语动作移到了“过去的过去”,也应用过去完成时。比较: We haven’t seen each other since we left Paris. 自从离开巴黎后我们一直没见过面。 I saw Mr Smith last Sunday. We hadn’t seen each other since we left Paris. 上周星期天我见到史密斯先生了,自从离开巴黎后我们还一直没见过面。 3、表示过去未曾实现的想法 过去完成时可表示过去未曾实现的想法和打算,通常连用的动词是 want, think, hope, plan, mean, expect, intend, suppose 等: I had meant to come, but something happened. 我本想来,但有事就没有来。 I had intended to speak, but time did not permit. 我本想发言,但时间不允许。 We had hoped that you would come to see us, but you didn’t. 我们本想你来看我们的,但你没有来。 4、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别 从用法上说,一般过去时表示过去某时发生的动作或存在的状态,而过去完成时则表示过去某一时间以前(即过去的过去)发生的动作或存在的状态。但有时某个动作虽然发生在“过去的过去”,但却也可用一般过去时,如: (1) 当几个过去的动作用and, then, but等连接,且按照动作发生的先后顺序表达时,几个动作均可用一般过去: I bought a radio but lost it. 我买了一部收音机,但丢了。 He stood up, took his coat and went out. 他站起身来,拿起外套,然后就出去了。 (2) 由after, before, as soon as 等连词引导时间状语从句,由于这些连词已经清楚地表明了主从句谓语动词的先后顺序,所以对于先发生的动作也可用一般过去时表示: I told them the news after you (had) left. 你走后我把这消息告诉了他们。 As soon as I (had) put the phone down it rang again. 我刚把电话一放下,它又响了。 (3) 在一定的语境中,表示过去未曾实现想法或打算的过去完成时也可用一般过去时表示: He hoped to come with us, but he was too busy. 他本想同我们一起来的,但他太忙了。 I thought I could go, but I can’t. 我原认为我能去,但我(现在)去不了。 【注】若没有明确的语境,则宜用过去完成时表示过去未曾实现的想法,否则可能有歧义,如说I hoped to pass the examination. 它只表明过去想通过考试,但并未说明通过与否。如说 I had hoped to pass the examination,则表示过去想通过考试,但实际上未通过。不过在过去式后接不定式的完成式也可明确表示过去未曾实现的想法,如 I hoped to have passed the examination。
初三英语过去完成时视频讲解
had+过去分词(done)
过去完成时用法讲解1、概述过去完成时表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示动作发生的时间是“过去的过去”。表示过去某一时间可用by, before等构成的短语,也可用when, before等引导的从句或通过上下代表示。His eyes shone brightly when he finally received the magazine he had long expected. 当她终于收到她盼望已久的杂志时,她兴奋得两眼闪光。By the time he was twelve, Edison had begun to make a living by 岁时,爱迪生就开始自己谋生。2、构成过去完成时由“助动词had+过去分词”构成。其否定式、肯定式、疑问式如下表:肯定式 否定式 疑问式 I(we) I(We) youYou had read it. had not read it Had they read it?He(She, They) He(She ,They) he注意:had not 常简略为hadn't。They asked me to have a drink with them and said it was at least ten years since I had enjoyed a good drink. 他们请我和他们一起喝酒,并说我自上次喝酒到现在至少十年了。We had learnt 30 lessons by the end of last month.到上个月末为止,我们已经学了30课。He said we hadn’t seen each other since I left Beijing.自从我离开北京,我们还没见过面。3、过去完成时的用法过去完成时的主要用法和现在完成时一样。不同的是,过去完成时把时间推移到了过去某一时间之前,与现在无关。(1)过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作以前已经完成了的动作。这个过去的时间状语有by, before等介词短语或when, before等引导的从句。Helen had left her keys in the office so she had to wait until her husband came home. 海伦把钥匙忘到办公室里了,因此她不得不等她丈夫回来。When we got to the cinema, the film had already begun.当我们到达电影院时,电影已经开始了。He told me that he had visited the Great Wall before.他告诉我他以前参观过长城。By the end of the match, they had kicked 2 goals, and we had kicked 4.比赛结束时,他们踢进了2个球而我们踢进了4个球。When Jack arrived he learned Mary had been away for almos t an hour.杰克到达后得知玛丽走了近一个小时了。(2)表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始,一直延续到过去的这一时间,而且还可能继续下去的动作,常和for, since构成的短语或引导的从句连用。The news came as no surprise to me. I had known for some time that the factory was going to shut down. 听到这个消息我并不感到吃惊。工厂要倒闭这件事我早就知道了。By the time I left the school, he had taught the class for 3 years.到我毕业时,他已经教那个班三年了。He said he had made great progress since he came here.他说自从他来这里他已经取得了很大进步。(3)用于表示与过去事实相反的虚拟条件从句或as if从句中表示与过去事实相反If he had seen you yesterday, he would have asked you about it.假如他昨天看到你,他就会问你这件事了。I should have called you if I had known your telephone number.假如我过去知道你的电话号码,我就给你打电话了。He described the scene as if he had been there.他描绘的景色如同他去过那里一样。Had I known that you wanted the book, I would have sent it.如果我知道你要这本书,我会送来的。(4)表示假设的宾语从句放在像said,told,asked,thought,wondered等过去时动词的后面,表示在这些动作发生之前已经发生了的事情。My friend told me that he had passed the exam.我的朋友告诉我,他已通过了考试。He asked me whether I had seen the film the night before.他问我头一天晚上是否看过那部电影。She wondered who had left the door open.她想知道谁敞着门的。(5)用在 "It was the first/second/third…time that…”句型中在此句型中,主句用了一般过去时,that引导的定语从句要用过去完成时。This was the first time they had met in thirty-nine years. 这是39年里他们第一次见面。It was the first time we had spoken together. 这是我们第一次在一起说话。(6)intend, mean, hope, want, plan, suppose, expect, think等动词的过去完成时可以表示一个本来打算做而没有做的事这种结构也可以表示过去未曾实现的设想、意图或希望等,含有某种惋惜。I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.我本来昨天打算要去看你,但我来了个不速之客。We had meant to tell her the news but found that she wasn’t in.我们本想把这个消息告诉她的,但发现她不在家。(7)过去完成时常用结构有“hardly, scarcely, barely … when, no sooner… than等副词的句子里。She hardly had gone to bed when the bell rang.他刚睡下铃就响了。No sooner had they left the building than a bomb exploded.他们刚刚离开大楼,一颗炸弹就爆炸了。(8)当before , after, as soon as 等引导的从句里的动作与主句的动作紧接时,由于这些连词本身已经说明了两个动作发生的先后关系,因此两个动作均可用一般过去时表示。We had breakfast after we did morning exercises.做完早操之后,我们吃早饭。The train started to move just before we reached the station.我们到车站时火车刚开动。As soon as they got there, they started to study.他们一到那里就开始学习了
英语语法关于过去完成时的详细讲解
过去完成时:表示发生在过去的两个动作在前的那一个,它表示句子中描述的动作发生在“过去的过去”。
基本形式:过去完成时由had+过去分词构成,因此无人称变化
肯定式:I had/I'd worked等
否定式:I had not/hadn't worked等
疑问式:had I worked等
否定疑问式:had I not/hadn't I worked等
时态用法:
1.过去完成时是与现在完成时相当的过去式:
现在完成时:Ann has just left.If you hurry you’ll catch her.(安刚刚走。如果你快一点,就能追上她。)
过去完成时:When I arrived Ann had just left.(我到的'时候,安刚刚离开。)
但是,过去完成时不像现在完成时那样限于表达未指明时间的动作,因此可以说:He had left his case on the 4∶40 train.(他把手提箱丢在4点40分的火车上了。)
2.现在完成时可以和since/for/always等词连用,表示一个开始于过去并仍在继续或刚刚结束的动:
与此同理,过去完成时也可以用来表示在所说的过去某一时刻之前就已开始的动作。
1)在该时刻仍然在继续。
例如:Bill was in uniform when I met him.He had been a soldier for ten years.(我遇到比尔的时候,他身穿军服。那时他已经当了十年兵了。)
2)在该时刻停止或刚刚停止。
例如:The old oak tree,which had stood in the churchyard for 300 years,suddenly crashed to the ground.(屹立在教堂墓地上已300百年之久的老橡树突然间哗啦一声巨响倒在地上。)
但应注意,过去完成时还可以用来表示:
3)在所说时刻之前某一时候停止的动作。
例如:He had served in the army for ten years;then he retired and married.(他在军队里服役十年,后来退伍并结了婚。)
3.过去完成时也是一般过去时的过去时,用来表示叙述者或主语在过去的某一时刻回顾更早的动作:
例如:He met her in Paris in 1977.He had last seen her ten years before.Herhair had been grey then;now it was white.(1977年他在巴黎遇见了她。他上一次见到她是十年之前。那时她的头发是灰白的,这时已经全白了。)
1、定义: 表示过去某一时间或动作以前已经发生或完成了的动作,对过去的某一点造成的某种影响或是结果,用来指在另一个过去行动之前就已经完成了的事件。 2、用法如下: (1)表示由过去的某一时刻开始,一直延续到过去另一时间的动作或状态,常和for,since构成的时间状语连用。 如:Ihadbeenatthebusstopfor20minuteswhenabusfinallycame。 (2)叙述过去发生的事情,在已叙述了过去发生的事情后,反过来追述或补述以前发生的动作时,常使用过去完成时。 如:。 (3)在含有定语从句的主从复合句中,如果叙述过去的事,先发生的动作常用过去完成时。 如:IreturnedthebookthatIhadborrowed。
初中英语过去完成时
常见的完成时态有现在完成时态和过去完成时态,请注意掌握:过去完成时过去完成时表示在过去时间里已经完成的动作或状态,即“过去的过去”。这种时态强调过去某一动作的完成,通常和另一稍后发生的过去动作(或某一过去时间)相比。因此,确定两个过去动作的先后或确定某一动作在过去时间前发生是使用过去完成时的关键。I had written the article when they came.他们来时我已经写完了文章。(“写”在“来”之前已经完成,“来”是过去时,则“写”是“过去的过去”)By twelve o’clock we had had lunch.十二点前我们就吃完了午饭。注意:1. It was+时间段+since-从句中的since-从句习惯用过去完成时。 It was three years since he had died.他去世已经三年了。 2.现在完成时的直接引语在变为是过去时的动词的间接引语时,现在完成时要变为过去完成时。She has made much progress since she came here(She said)→She said she had made much progress since she came .表示与过去事实相反的虚拟情况。If you had come yesterday, you would have met him.要是你昨天来的话,你就能遇见他。, expect, think, intend, mean(=intend), want, suppose, imagine等的过去完成时表示未曾实现的愿望或打算。I had intended to come over to see you last night, but someone called and I couldn’t get away.昨天晚上本想来看你的,但有人来找,脱不开身。现在完成时现在完成时表示发生在过去的动作一直持续到现在或对现在造成的影响或结果。这种时态的特点是动作发生在过去,但强调其目前的作用。现在完成时可与just, before, now, today, this morning, until(till, up to) now, so far, in the past(last) few years, all day, since 1990, for a long time, recently, lately, always, often, sometimes, ever, never, once, three times, how long等时间状语连用。但不可与yesterday, last week, when等连用。与一般过去时相比,一般过去时只与过去时间有关,而现在完成时特别强调发生在过去的动作对现在的影响或结果。比较:He’s lived here since 1960.从1960年以来他一直住在这儿。(“居住”这个动作从1960年一直持续在目前,可能刚刚结束,也可能继续持续下去)He lived here.过去他住在这儿。(现在情况不详)He lives here.他住在这儿。(长久动作,不问何时开始,不管何时结束)注意: is the first(second...) time +that-从句,that-从句习惯用现在完成时。It is the second time that I have been here.这是我第二次到这儿来。2.主句+since从句(从句谓语动词是过去时)中的主句通常用现在完成时。I haven’t heard from him since he left for Shanghai.自从他去了上海我就一直没收到他的来信。3.非延续性动词的完成时不可与时间段状语连用。他去世已经三年了。(误)He has died for three years.(正)He has been dead for three years.(正)Three years has passed since he died.(正)He died three years .现在完成时不可与表示确切时间的过去时间状语连用,也不可与when连用,但可与how long连用。 gone to意为“去了某地(现在已经不在说话的地方)”,have been to意为“去过某地(现在已经不在该地)”。He has gone to Beijing.他去了北京(现在不在这儿)。 He has been to Beijing three times.他去过北京三次(现在不在北京)。
摘要: 一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点 概念:过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,即 过去的过去( past-in-the-past ) 。 ----|-------------------------- |----------------------------
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>> 初中英语时态详解及专项练习专题
一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点
概念:过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,即"过去的过去( past-in-the-past )"。
----|-------------------------- |-------------------------------|---------------------------->
那时以前 那时 现在
构成:过去完成时由"助动词 had + 过去分词"构成,其中 had 通用于各种人称。
They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel.
She had finished writing the composition by 10 :00 this morning.
二、过去完成时的判断依据
1. 由时间状语来判定
一般说来,各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有:
( 1 ) by + 过去的时间点。
如: I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night.
( 2 ) by the end of + 过去的时间点。
如: We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term.
( 3 ) before + 过去的时间点。
如: They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday.
2. 由"过去的过去"来判定。
过去完成时表示"过去的过去",是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即动作有先后关系,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在:
( 1 )宾语从句中
当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时,且从句的动作先于主句的动作时,从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如:
She said that she had seen the film before.
( 2 )状语从句中
在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中,主、从句的动作发生有先后关系,动作在前的,要用过去完成时,动作在后的要用一般过去时。如:
When I got to the station, the train had already left.
After he had finished his homework, he went to bed.
注意: before, after 引导的时间状语从句中,由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系,若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连,则主、从句都用一般过去时。如:
Where did you study before you came here?
After he closed the door, he left the classroom.
( 3 )表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"
We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't.
3. 根据上、下文来判定。
I met Wang Tao in the street yesterday. We hadn't seen each other since he went to Beijing.
三、过去完成时的主要用法
1. 过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束,即发生在"过去的过去"。如:
When I woke up, it had stopped raining.
我醒来时,雨已经停了。(主句的动作发生在"过去的过去")
2. 过去完成时是一个相对的时态,表示的是"过去的过去",只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。如:
He told me that he had written a new book. (had written 发生在 told 之前 )
3. 过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用,它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与 already , yet , still , just , before , never 等时间副词及 by , before , until 等引导的短语或从句连用。
如:Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.
Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.
4. 过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始,一直延续到这一过去时间,而且动作尚未结束,仍然有继续下去的可能。
如: By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years. ( had worked 已有了 20 年,还有继续进行下去的可能)
四、过去完成时与现在完成时的区别
现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去,但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响,与现在有关,其结构为"助动词 have (has) + 过去分词";过去完成时则是一个相对的时态,它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去,更强调"过去的过去",只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时,才用到它。试比较:
I have learned 1000 English words so far.
到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。
I had learned 1000 English words till then.
到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。
- I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起,让你久等了。
- Oh, not at all. I have been here only a few minutes.
没什么,我只等了几分钟。("等"的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在)
- John returned home yesterday. 约翰昨天回到家的。
- Where had he been?
他去哪儿了?(答语中使用过去完成时是指约翰在 returned home 之前去了哪些地方,即"过去的过去")
五、过去完成时与一般过去时的区别
虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,但在使用时应注意以下几点:
1. 时间状语不同:过去完成时在时间上强调"过去的过去";而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。试比较:
They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.
2. 在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时,谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断:先发生的用过去完成时,后发生的则用一般过去时。如:
She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.
3. 当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时,按时间顺序,只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时;另外,在 before , after , as soon as 引导的从句中,由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后,因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。如:
He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.
I (had) called her before I left the office.
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过去完成时一、过去完成时的概念与结构特点 概念:过去完成时表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作,即“过去的过去( past-in-the-past )”。----|-------------------------- |-------------------------------|---------------------------->那时以前 那时 现在 构成:过去完成时由“助动词 had + 过去分词”构成,其中 had 通用于各种人称。 They had already had breakfast before they arrived at the hotel. She had finished writing the composition by 10 :00 this morning. 二、过去完成时的判断依据 1. 由时间状语来判定 一般说来,各种时态都有特定的时间状语。与过去完成时连用的时间状语有: ( 1 ) by + 过去的时间点。如: I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night. ( 2 ) by the end of + 过去的时间点。如: We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term. ( 3 ) before + 过去的时间点。如: They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday. 2. 由“过去的过去”来判定。 过去完成时表示“过去的过去”,是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即动作有先后关系,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在: ( 1 )宾语从句中 当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时,且从句的动作先于主句的动作时,从句要用过去完成时。在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如: She said that she had seen the film before. ( 2 )状语从句中 在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中,主、从句的动作发生有先后关系,动作在前的,要用过去完成时,动作在后的要用一般过去时。如: When I got to the station, the train had already left. After he had finished his homework, he went to bed. 注意: before, after 引导的时间状语从句中,由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系,若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连,则主、从句都用一般过去时。如: 现在完成时是英文时态的一种现在完成时的用法 have(has)+过去分词(done) 1.现在完成时用来表示现在之前已发生过或完成的动作或状态,但其结果却和现在有联系,也就是说,动作或状态发生在过去但它的影响现在还存在. I have lost my wallet.(含义是:现在我没有钱花了.) Jane has laid the table.(含义是:已可以吃饭了.) Michael has been ill.(含义是:现在仍然很虚弱) He has returned from abroad. (含义是:现在已在此地) 2. 现在完成时可以用来表示发生在过去某一时刻的,持续到现在的情况,常与for,since连用. Mary has been ill for three days. I have lived here since 1998. 3. 现在完成时往往同表示不确定的过去时间状语连用,如already, yet, just, before, recently, lately等: He has already obtained a scholarship. I haven't seen much of him recently (lately). We have seen that film before. Have they found the missing child yet 4. 现在完成时常常与表示频度的时间状语连用,如often, sometimes, ever, never, twice, on several occasion等: Have you ever been to Beijing I have never heard Bunny say anything against her. I have used this pen only three times. It is still good. George has met that gentleman on several occasions. 5. 现在完成时还往往可以同包括现在时间在内的时间状语连用,如now, up to these few days/weeks/months/years, this morning/week/month/year, now, just, today, up to present, so far等: Peter has written six papers so far. Man has now learned to release energy from the nucleus of the atom. There has bee too much rain in San Francisco this year. The friendly relations and cooperation between our two countries have been enhanced in the past few years. Up to the present everything has been successful. 6. 现在完成时表示现在之前业已完成的动作,虽然其效果或影响仍然存在但已不再继续,但是有一些现在完成时的句子,在后面加上for+一段时间,则现在完成时的动作就表示延续性. Thomas has studied Russian. (现在不再学俄语) Thomas has studied Russian for three years. (=Thomas began to study Russian three years ago, and is still studying it now.(同第2点用法第一个例句) 7. 现在完成时还可以用来表示过去的一个时间到现在这段时间内重复发生的动作. We have had four texts this semester. =================== 现在完成时的“完成用法”和“未完成用法” 1.现在完成时的"完成用法" 现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束,但该动作对现在产生了影响,与现在情况具有因果关系。 例如:He has turned off the light.他已把灯关了。(动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。) 现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续,因此,该时态只能与表示不定的过去时间状语(如:already,yet,before,recently等)、频度时间状语(如:never,ever,once等)、包括现在时刻在内的时间状语(如:this morning / month /year...,today等)连用。 例如: Have you found your pen yet?你已找到你的钢笔了吗? 2.现在完成时的"未完成用法" 现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻,一直延续到现在,或可能还要继续下去。 例如:He has lived here since 1978.自从1978年以来,他一直住在这儿。(动作起始于1978年,一直住到现在,可能还要继续住下去。) I have been in the army for more than 5 years.我在部队已经呆了五年多了。(动作开始于5年前,一直延续至今,有可能还要继续下去。) 此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导),或表示与现在时刻相连的时间状语(如:up to now,so far)等。 例如:I have heard nothing from him up to now.到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。 注意:(1)现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词,不可用于终止性动词,即瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如:come,go,arrive,leave,join,become,die等。 (2)现在完成时常见两种句型: ①主语+have / has been+for短语 ②It is+一段时间+ since从句 例如:He has been in the League for three years.或It is three years since he joined the League. 他入团已三年了 一.have/has been doing sth. 1.现在完成进行时 当后面接有一段时间的词时,或是加表示时间的词时,可以用现在完成时.如果这件事现在还在持续或还在做,则可用 现在完成进行时. 如:I have been skating for 4 hours. I have finished my homework. 2.现在完成时的被动语态. 后接动词的过去分词. 如:The building has been built for 5 years. 二.一般现在时:用动词原形 一般过去时:用动词的过去式 一般将来时:will/shall+do is/am/are going to do 过去将来时:could/would do 现在完成时:have/has done 过去完成时:had done 将来完成时:shall have done 过去将来完成时:would/could have done 现在进行时:is/am/are doing 过去进行时:was/were doing 将来进行时:will/shall be doing 过去将来进行时:would/could be doing 现在完成进行时:have/has been doing 过去完成进行时:had been doing 将来完成进行时:shall have been doing 过去将来完成进行时:would have been doing
过去完成时,是初中英语七大必考时态之一。它表示的是,到过去某时为止或者在过去某时之前已经发生或完成的动作,简单的说就是“过去的过去”。下面就和我一起了解一下,供大家参考。
基本结构:主语+had+过去分词.
①肯定句:主语+had+过去分词.
②否定句:主语+had+not+过去分词.
③一般疑问句:Had+主语+过去分词?肯定回答:Yes,主语+had.否定回答:No,主语+had not.
④特殊疑问句:特殊疑问词或词组+一般疑问句(Had+主语+过去分词)?
1.过去完成时表示一个动作或状态在过去某一时间或动作之前已经完成或结束,即发生在"过去的过去"。
如:When I woke up, it had stopped raining.我醒来时,雨已经停了。(主句的动作发生在"过去的过去")
2.过去完成时是一个相对的时态,表示的是"过去的过去",只有和过去某一时间或某一动作相比较时才使用它。
如:He told me that he had written a new book.(had written发生在told之前)
3.过去完成时需要与一个表示过去的时间状语连用,它不能离开过去时间而独立存在。此时多与already,yet,still,just,before,never等时间副词及by,before,until等引导的短语或从句连用。
如:Before she came to China, Grace had taught English in a middle school for about five years.
Peter had collected more than 300 Chinese stamps by the time he was ten.
4.过去完成时表示某一动作或状态在过去某时之前已经开始,一直延续到这一过去时间,而且动作尚未结束,仍然有继续下去的可能。
如: By the end of last year, he had worked in the factory for twenty years.(had worked已有了20年,还有继续进行下去的可能)
虽然这两种时态都表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态,但在使用时应注意以下几点:
1.时间状语不同:过去完成时在时间上强调"过去的过去";而一般过去时只强调过去某一特定的时间。
试比较:They had arrived at the station by ten yesterday.
They arrived at the station at ten yesterday.
2.在没有明确的过去时间状语作标志时,谓语动词动作发生的时间先后须依据上下文来判断:先发生的用过去完成时,后发生的则用一般过去时。
如:She was very happy. Her whole family were pleased with her, too. She had just won the first in the composition competition.
3.当两个或两个以上接连发生的动作用 and 或 but 连接时,按时间顺序,只需用一般过去时来代替过去完成时;另外,在 before , after , as soon as 引导的从句中,由于这些连词本身已经表示出时间的先后,因此也可以用过去时来代替过去完成时。
如:He entered the room, turned on the light and read an evening paper.
I (had) called her before I left the office.
过去完成进行时英语讲解
过去完成进行时
表示一个动作从过去某时开始,一直延续到另一个过去时刻,到那个时刻,该动作可能刚刚终止,也有可能还在继续。
形式
had been+V-ing形式
用法
1.过去完成进行时所表示的动作与过去的时间的关系,可以用时间状语来表示,也可以通过上下文来表示。例如:
By the end of last month they had been working here for about ten days.到上个月为止,他们在这里工作大约有十天了。
She said that she had been listening to radio after school.她说她放学后一直在听收音机。
2.过去完成时可以表示一个动作已经结束,但其结果仍然影响到过去的某一时刻。例如:
It had been raining and the street was still wet.天一直在下雨,街道仍然很湿。
3.像work、study、stay、sing、teach等延续性动词与表示一段时间的时间状语连用时,用过去完成进行时可以表示一个动作一直延续到过去某一时刻,通常强调动作的`持续性和不间断性。例如:
She had been studying for two hours when her classmate came to visit her.当她的同学来看她的时候,她学习有两个小时了。
4.过去完成进行时与过去进行时的区别。过去进行时主要表示过去某时的一个动作正在进行。例如:
I was writing a letter when she came to see me.当她来看我时我正在写信。
I had been writing a letter for two hours by the time she came to see me.当她来看我的时候,我已经写了两个小时的信了。
5.过去完成进行时与过去完成时的不同。过去完成时表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况,这个过去的时间可以用by,before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示;或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。例如:
They had just had breakfast when Tom came in.汤姆来时,他们刚吃过早饭。
They had been having breakfast for ten minutes when Tom came in.汤姆来时,他们已经吃了十分钟的早饭了。
一、结构形式
过去完成进行时由“had been+现在分词”构成,因此无人称变化。
二、用法归纳
1.过去完成进行时表示持续到过去某时的一个动作(可算是现在完成进行时的过去式):
The ground was wet. It had been raining. 地是湿的。此前一直在下雨。
At last the bus came. I had been waiting for half an hour. 最后公共汽车来了,我已等了半小时。
She was out of breath. She had been running. 她气喘吁吁,她一直在跑来着。
He gave up smoking last year. He’d been smoking for twenty years. 去年他戒烟了。他抽烟已经二十年。
2.过去时间可用一个时间状语表示:
When I first met her, she had been working in the company for ten years. 我第一次见到她时,她在那家公司已工作十年了。
I had not been waiting long when a taxi drew up. 我没等多久就来了一辆出租车。
She had been looking at the parcel for some time before she realized that it was for her mother. 这包裹她看了好一会儿才明白这是寄给她妈的。
Until/Up till then she had been living with her daughter. 到那时为止她一直和她女儿一起住。
3.但在更多情况下过去时间由另一句子表示出来,毋需加上时间状语:
Her eyes were red. It was obvious she had been crying. 她眼睛红红的,显然她是哭了。
Jane was annoyed. Peter had been phoning her every night. 简很不高兴。彼得一直每晚给打电话。
He was very tired. He had been working all day. 他很累。他干了一整天活。
She couldn’t understand him. She hadn’t been learning English long. 她不懂他的话。她学语的时间还不长。
I woke up—I had been having a bad dream. 我醒了,我做了个恶梦。
She was very tired. She had been typing letters all day. 她很累了。她整天都在打信件。
Her eyes were red. It was obvious she had been crying. 她的眼睛红了,显然她刚哭过。
We had been doing business with each other for years before we quarrelled. 在吵翻之前,我们多年来在业务上一直来往。
When I first met Ann, she had been working for Exxon for 15 years. 我第一次遇到安的时候,她已在埃克森公司干了15年了。
Jenny was annoyed. Jim had been phoning her every night for a whole week. 詹妮生气了。整整一星期,吉姆天天晚上都给她打电话。
4.有时上下文可说明是谈过去的事,因此不需要时间状语:
She had been watching TV all day. 她看了一天的电视。
I had been reading your book. 我一直在看你写的书。
The rain had been pouring all night. 倾盆大雨下了一整夜。
We had been travelling in many countries. 我们一直在许多国家旅游。
5.这个时态也可用在某些从句中,这时从句的动作发生在主句的动作之前而对其有影响:
I heard you’d been looking for me. 我听说你一直在找我。
That was just the letter I had been expecting. 这正是我一直期待的信。
That was exactly what we had been trying to do. 这正是我们一直想做的事。
I wanted to know what had been going on. 我想知道一直在发生什么事。
The drive increased the fatigue she had been feeling. 开车增加了她一直感到疲惫感觉。
They said that they had been fighting for their rights all these years. 他们说这些年来他们一直在为他们的权利而斗争。
三、特别补充
1.凡不能用于进行时的动词均不能有这种时态,但动词want (有时还有wish) 除外。如:
The boy was delighted with his new knife. He had been wanting one for a long time. 男孩对新小刀很高兴。他早就想要一把了。
2.过去完成进行时没有被动语态。
过去将来进行时表示在过去将来某一时间正在发生的动作。它常和表过去将来的时间状语连用,但上下文清楚时,时间状语亦可省略。和将来进行时一样,它也常表计划中的事,不表意愿或打算。
■过去将来进行时有一个特点,就常用在宾语从句(尤其是间接引语)中。如:
I thought you’d be sleeping. 我以为你在睡觉哩。
She said she would be looking after you. 她说她会照顾你的。
He didn’t know when he’d be seeing us again. 他不知道什么时候他会再见到们。
I asked her what she would be doing on Saturday. 我问她星期六干什么。
They moved to the main entrance where the car would be waiting. 他们向大门走去,那辆车会在那里等着。
■过去将来进行时有时也可用在其他从句中,如:
The new name he would be using was Jack Jones. 他将用的新名是杰克?琼斯。
He would pay the rest as he would be leaving France. 其余款项,他将在离开法国时付清。
■过去将来进行时也可用在独立句中,如:
Jack said he had found a job. He would be working as a bartender in Detroit. 杰克说他找到了工作。他将在底特律做酒吧间伙计。
I was excited. Next Wednesday we would be flying to Sydney. 我很兴奋。下星期三我们就会飞往悉尼了。
■注意:过去将来进行时都没有被动语态。
I went to the zoo stayed up last night ..
This morning ,I got up early ,went out for a walk ,then came back and cooked for my family .
He worked in the store for 5 years.
be used to doing sth 一直习惯做某事
I used to get up am used to getting up early.
过去进行时⑴ 表示过去某一点时间正在进行的动作或状态.I was watching TV at 11 last night.⑵ 表示过去某一段时间内一直进行的动作或状态,但说话时动作并没有发生.He was writing a book last week.⑶ 表开始,表结束,表移动的瞬间动词(come,go,arrive,leave,start)用在过去进行时中,表示过去的将来即将发生的动作或状态Yesterday he said he was leaving for Shanghai next week.⑷ 过去进行时与always总是,constantly始终,really非常,actually实际上,often经常,usually通常,all the time一直、总是,continually一直,等副词连用时,表示过去反复出现或发生习的惯性动作,此时常表示说话人的`某种感情,如赞扬,遗憾,讨厌或不满等.When he was a boy he was always crying.⑸讲故事时用一般过去时,但描述故事发生的背景时用过去进行时.过去完成时⑴ 动作发生在过去的某一时间之前,持续到过去的这一点,有可能延续到将来.⑵ 动作在过去的某一时间已经完成.⑶ 动作常用于间接引语中,表示某事在我们过去所谈话或者所思考的时间以前已经发生了.过去完成进行时表示动作在过去某一时间之前开始并延续到过去的这个时间,这一动作可能还在进行,也可能已经停止.