近十年英语四级作文规律

英语四级作文近几年规律

英语四级考试的做题规律是建议做题顺序应该是这样：作文→听力→仔细阅读→长篇阅读→选词填空。

在四级考试时，一般的做题规律是先把听力完成，然后按照自己擅长的题型做，可以先写作文，也可以先做阅读。

对于很多第一次报考英语四级的同学来说，可能对于考试期间的一些技巧不是很了解，我觉得最重要的技巧莫过于做题，应该懂得取舍和分值原则。

大学英语四级考试（简称cet4）中作文部分每年出题并没有遵循一年命题一年漫画的规律。只是现在的英语四级作文更倾向于考研类的图画作文，其实不管大学英语四级作文是以漫画或者其他的形式出现，做好复习，打好基础才是王道。下面是新东方在线分享的英语四级作文预测系列，大家看看，仅作参考。 继李代沫，柯震东等明星因吸毒入狱之后，被誉为“情歌王子”的毛宁也于上周五因吸食冰毒被抓，毒品问题又一次被提了上来。吸食毒品不仅严重损害身体健康，而且可能会感染艾滋，甚至会害的妻离子散，家破人亡。作文题目：你校将开展禁毒宣传， 请你根据下面的表格内容和饼状图写一篇短文。短文内容需包括青少年吸毒原因分析、毒品危害，并给同学们提出建议，以便让同学们懂得如何远离毒品。1.毒品交易日益泛滥，每年浪费8000亿美元;2.严重危害健康，加速死亡，导致和诱发犯罪。3 远离毒品的建议参考范文：In modern society, drugs are becoming a more and more serious problem in the world. The trade of drugs is widespread, which costs up to $800 billion every we all know, drugs do great harm to our health, not only causing people to die at an early age,but also directly contributing to the happening of crimes. As is shown on the chart above, 30% of the teenagers taking drugs are cheated into doing it, and 50% are driven by curiosity. Another 15% just seek excitements or try to get rid of their anxieties, and the rest try it for some other my opinion, in order to protect us students from drugs, we should be careful to make friends and stay away from those who always behave badly. Also, it's very important for us to lead a healthy lifestyle and hold positive attitudes towards life.

近十年英语四级作文规律

英语四级考试的做题规律是建议做题顺序应该是这样：作文→听力→仔细阅读→长篇阅读→选词填空。

强烈建议:在文章第一段(开头)用一长一短，且先长后短;在文章主体部分，要先用一个短句解释主要意思,然后在阐述几个要点的时候采用先短后长的句群形式，定会让主体部分妙笔生辉!文章结尾一般用一长一短就可以了。

国有其君，家有其主，文章也要有其主。否则会给人造成“群龙无首”之感!相信各位读过一些破烂文学，故意把主体隐藏在文章之内，结果造成我们稀里糊涂!不知所云!所以奉劝各位一定要写一个主题句，放在文章的开头(保险型)或者结尾，让读者一目了然，必会平安无事!

写作中注意 条理清楚

写作时，尤其是在考试时，如果使用短语，有两个好处:

其一、用短语会使文章增加亮点，如果老师们看到你的文章太简单，看不到一个

自己不认识的短语，必然会看你低一等。相反，如果发现亮点-精彩的短语，那

么你的文章定会得高分了。

其二、关键时刻思维短路，只有凑字数,怎么办?用短语是一个办法!

在四级考试时，一般的做题规律是先把听力完成，然后按照自己擅长的题型做，可以先写作文，也可以先做阅读。

对于很多第一次报考英语四级的同学来说，可能对于考试期间的一些技巧不是很了解，我觉得最重要的技巧莫过于做题，应该懂得取舍和分值原则。

近10年英语四级作文出题规律

下面主要从三个方面介绍一下四级写作的命题特点，即题材，体裁和命题形式。　　1. 题材　　四级写作的话题，具有很强的实用性和时事性，涉及校园生活、现代科技、社会问题以及对他们的简单理由分析、方案提出。　　校园话题：校园浪费、学生会主席竞选、名校校园旅游、选择课程或教师等;　　社会问题：当代妇女、淡水资源紧缺、环境、交通、住房、假冒伪劣商品等;　　现代科技：电脑之类的现代科技发明等。　　2. 体裁　　从体裁上讲，写作部分考察的形式有议论文、说明文、记叙描述文和书信演讲类情景应用文。　　1)议论文主要分为提纲式议论文和标题式议论文两类。　　提纲式议论文根据题材可分为正反观点对比类型和原因现象解释类型。如2006年12月真题就属于正反观点对比类型：　　1. 许多人喜欢在除夕夜观看春节晚会;　　2. 但有些人提出取消春节晚会;　　3. 你的看法。　　而2007年12月的真题却属于原因现象解释型的议论文。　　1. 各大学开设了各种各样的选修课　　2. 学生因为各种原因选择了不同的选修课　　3. 以你自己为例…　　标题式议论文的主要特点是论证说理，通常以某一名言警句或谚语为题目，要求考生们对其客观真理性加以阐述和论证。如1997年1月真题：　　Practice makes perfect　　2)说明文主要可以分为阐述主题型、利弊分析型、解决问题型:　　阐述主题型的如1991年1月真题：　　Bicycles----An Important Means of Transport in China.　　1. 为什么自行车在中国这样普及。　　2. 和汽车比较。　　3. 自行车在中国的前途。　　利弊分析型的如1998年1月真题：　　Harmfulness of Fake Commodities.　　1. 目前社会上有不少假冒伪劣商品(fake commodities)。为什么会有这种现象?　　2. 举例说明假冒伪劣商品对消费者个人、社会等的危害。　　解决问题型的如2001年1月真题：　　How to Succeed in a Job Interview?　　1. 面试在求职过程中的作用　　2. 取得面试成功的因素：仪表、举止谈吐、能力、专业知识、自信、实事求是. . .　　3)应用文写作主要包括演讲词，导游解说词、求职求学信、投诉信和公告通知等(2004年6月的导游词，2005年1月的竞选演说词)。　　3. 命题形式　　四级作文的命题形式是六种：中英文提纲式、情景式、图表式、段首句式、关键词式及标题式。在所有这六种形式中，提纲式所占比例最高，在80%以上;其次是情景式，2003年6月开始，情景作文大量出现，命题人设定一个情景，让学生用所学的英语去处理一件假定的事情。(如2003年6月的车祸见证书，2003年9月的同学生病)，图表式作文只考过两次(1991年6月 Changes in People's Diet 和 2002年6月Student Use of Computers)。　　考生们应在平素的练习中针对每一种体裁和形式作相应的练习以便熟悉各种命题的写作套路和方法。下面以2006年6月大学英语四级考试的作文为例，从审题、段落、句式和选词四个方面探讨英语四级作文的写作方法。　　Directions: For this part, you are allowed 30 minutes to write a composition on the topic Students Selecting their Lecturers. You should write at Least 120 words following the outline given below in Chinese:　　1. 有些大学允许学生自由选择某些课程的任课教师;　　2. 学生选择教师时所考虑的主要因素;　　3. 学生自选任课老师的益处和可能产生的问题。　　[范文]　　On Students Selecting their Lecturers　　With the remarkable reform of higher education, students in some universities are entitled to choose their lecturers for certain designated courses for the flexibility and efficiency of their learning practice. This move has been welcomed by some students and has become the focus of students' and teachers' concern as well.　　Obviously, there are some factors that students take into consideration when choosing lecturers. First and foremost, the teacher should have a diverse academic background and excel at what he or she teaches. It is because a learned teacher can give students much knowledge in a specific field, help them widen their horizon and at the same time cultivate their potential. Moreover, quite a few students think it is essential that the teacher is humorous and passionate in teaching. The reason is that students will learn quickly and thoroughly when the class is enjoyable and when they are motivated to learn. In addition, a teacher who gives students high marks in exams and papers is preferred.　　Students' free choosing of lecturers may have many advantages, such as encouraging students to take an active part in classes and promoting lecturers to improve their teaching quality. Good as selecting lecturers is, it also gives rise to many problems. For one thing, the management of classes may be in a disorder. Some teachers can be so warmly welcomed that the number of the students in his class may be too large while other courses may have few participants. For another thing, schools might end up with lecturers who teach interesting classes and give high scores without much real content. Therefore further attention should be paid to this phenomenon.　　解析：　　1) 审题。　　2006年6月作文的题材是考查校园话题--学生选择任课教师及其利弊分析;就体裁来说是经常考到的提纲式论说文，它要求考生们根据给出的题目(on the topic of students selecting lecturers)和提纲(1. 有些大学允许学生自由选择某些课程的任课教师;2. 学生选择教师时所考虑的主要因素;3. 学生自选任课老师的益处和可能产生的问题)，确定文章的中心思想，然后分段展开论述，表达提纲的主旨。　　2) 段落安排。　　提纲式论说文仍然符合四级写作的布局要求三段式作文，提纲可以看作是分段点，即：第一段写第一点，第二段写第二点，第三段完成第三点。第一段是引言段，引出现在大学中存在的现象――有些大学允许学生自由选择某些课程任课老师，描述现状，引出主题。With the remarkable reform of higher education, students in some universities are entitled to choose their lecturers for certain designated courses for the flexibility and efficiency of their learning practice.　　第二段是主体段，解释学生选择老师时所考虑的主要因素，即他们选择什么样的老师和为什么做出这样的选择。根据前面提到的段落写作技巧，第一句话是这一段的主题句，可以对中文提纲进行翻译，并且稍加改动，如Obviously, there are some factors that students take into consideration when choosing lecturers. 然后列举出几个较有代表性的理由，注意一定要在列举的几条理由前面加上表示层次关系的连接词来使文章思路清晰，逻辑层次清楚。如：First and foremost, the teacher should have a diverse academic background and excel at what he or she teaches. It is because…, 接着阐述其它理由，如：Moreover, quite a few students think it is essential that the teacher is humorous and passionate in teaching.　　第三段是结尾段，讨论"学生选择老师"这样一个校园话题的好处以及可能产生的问题。先写益处，如Students' free choosing of lecturers may have many advantages, such as…, 然后话题转折提出弊端 Good as selecting lecturers is, it also gives rise to many problems. For one thing …最后一句是结论句Therefore further attention should be paid to this phenomenon　　3) 句型变换。　　全文长短句交错，句型富于变化。采用以简单句为基础，同时配以复杂句，如定语从句a teacher who gives students high marks…，主语从句 It is essential that… 倒装句Good as selecting lectures is… 分词结构 when choosing lecturers…　　4) 词汇运用。　　全文用词准确、规范，丰富，如"选择"可以用choose 和 select;使用一些精彩的固定搭配，使文章增色不少，如 end up with, give rise to; 巧用过渡词，使文章衔接自然、紧凑，如first and foremost, moreover, in addition, as, therefore，for one thing等。

2016年6月英语四级作文真题如下：作文一：Forthispart，youareallowed30minutestowritealettertoexpressyourthankstooneofyourfriendswhohelpedyoumostwhenyouwereindifficulty。Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words。作文二：Forthispart，youareallowed30minutestowritealettertoexpressyourthankstooneofyourschoolteachersuponenteringcollege。Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words。作文三：Forthispart，youareallowed30minutestowritealettertoexpressyourthankstoyourparentsoranyfamilymembersuponmakingmemorableachievement。Youshouldwriteatleast120wordsbutnomorethan180words。

2020年写好英语四级作文20字诀：

Agreement: 主语和谓语在人称、数上的一致，关系代词与先行词的一致。

Ambiguity: 尽量不去使用可能引起歧义的词语或句子。

Brief: 文章"简为贵"，要抓住要点，简明扼要。

Coherence: 文理通顺，前后连贯。

Development: 主题的发挥应当充分、合理、正确。

Division: 词汇、句子、段落要分配使用得当，划分要清楚，避免使用重复字句和种子片段。

Figures: 正确合理使用各类修辞格式。

Inflated diction: 不使用做作的语言。

Key: 用适当的关键词突出主题，每段都应有主题句。

Logical: 内容要符合逻辑。

Message: 信息要新鲜、确实、可信。

Omit: 合理删除多余的不必要部分。

Proposition: 主张、观点、论述要清楚肯切、合情入理。

Punctuation: 正确适时使用标点符号。

Relevant: 文章一定要要题。

Sentence pattern: 句型要尽量多样化。

Strait: 开门见山，直来直去。

Style: 文体恰切，适合内容要求。

Tense: 动词时态要正确、一致、变化合理。

Theme: 选题得当，主题突出。

以上就是青藤小编为大家分享的英语四级作文自诀，希望对各位考生有所帮助，想要了解更多相关内容，欢迎及时关注本平台!

大学英语新四级考试写作 　　一.四级考试对写作的要求 　　《大学英语教学大纲》和《大学英语课程教学基本要求》都对培养学生的英语写作能力做了明确规定，即学生能在半小时内完成120字左右的短文，包括书信等应用问题写作，要求文理基本通顺，表达思想清楚，无重大语法错误。通过分析历年的真题，我们不难发现：英语作文考查的类型基本包括议论文(一般为三段论式的论说文字)，说明文(目前侧重于这方面的写作训练)，图表作文(要求描述性的语言要贴近图表信息，真实反映语言水平)和应用文写作(包括书信、便条、通知、海报等)。 　　二.四级改革和写作变化 　　2005年1月的作文题目是要求学生以导游的身份写一篇演讲稿，不仅包含欢迎辞(表态)行程安排，(说明)，而且包含安排的理由(说理)。2005年6月作文题目是校园文化旅游，要求学生就此阐述不同的观点。2006年1月是个竞选演说，如果我当选学生会主席，我会给大家做点什么事情(说明)。2006年6月17日的四级考试则是一个海报，要求考生构想一个招募志愿者的海报，其中包括应聘人必备的资历和应准备的材料等(说明)。2006年6月24日新题型的作文是传统的议论文形式，讨论大学生选择任课老师相关的问题。2007年1月作文也是传统的议论文形式，探讨对春节晚会所持的不同观点。2007年6月份是欢迎同学加入俱乐部的海报(应用文)。 　　从上面的题目变化趋势看，描述现象、分析原因、个人看法仍是四、六级考试写作部分主要考查的重点，在今后相当长的时间内，英语写作教学和辅导的主要突破口应集中在说明文、议论文和应用文上。 　　此外，仔细研究06年6月24日以后的四级试卷，我们还可发现，新四级的写作题目与校园生活密切相关，学生普遍感觉亲切，体裁包括两篇议论文，一篇应用文。不仅如此，新四级写作题中提供的文章框架清晰，思路比较明确，绝大多数考生都能利用“经典句型”或“万能模板”写出及格的作文。尽管新四级前两次都考查了议论文，但这并不能说明写作的重心有任何偏移。根据考试改革方案和课程教学要求的相关规定，应用文写作、说明文和议论文仍将是新四级作文的主攻方向。 　　三.四级写作高分策略 　　新四级考试并没有改变对写作的测试标准和要求，但在出题顺序上却做了明显的调整：写作作为第一项考查的内容，被提到新四级试卷的最开头，这令许多考生感觉不适应，部分网友甚至认为这是在折腾考生。其实，提高写作能力虽然较难，但写作教学却是一片大有可为的沃土。在过去十多年的英语写作辅导中，笔者坚持认为：考生如果坚持做到如下几点，就不难在规定的时间内写出一篇成功的英语作文。 　　1.了解英语写作的测试目的，准确把握题目的要求 　　英语写作测试，其实主要还是要考查学生组织英语语言的能力，和用英语表达思想的能力，体裁不外乎议论文，说明文和应用文，主题也是在大学生熟知话题基础上的翻新或扩展。 综观历年的四级作文真题，变化趋势是从三段论的议论文向实用性更强的应用文体，尤其是书信写作方面倾斜。考生平时应有意识地就他们感兴趣的一些话题进行思考和拓展，争取在实践中磨练敏锐的审题能力。 　　2.迅速梳理写作的思路，列出并借助提纲进行写作 　　到了大学阶段，学生还是非常善于思考的，他们不仅想象力非常丰富，晚上做梦，还经常daydream, 各有独特的思维和写作思路。但是，如何将千头万绪的思路梳理清楚，学生则必须有真工夫。为此，在进行四级写作时，考生一定要首先形成自己的观点，之后合理运用一些手段，如常用的有四种：陈述理由、举例说明、提供数据、下定义等，之后充分就此展开论说。这样通过高效思考，严密组织，再辅以提纲形式的文章架构，考生一定会写出较符合规范的文章。 　　3.扩展写作提纲，草拟文稿，表述主要观点 　　在利用提纲展示个人写作思路的基础上，学生还应充分利用现有的英语水平，按照一定的逻辑思路，充分表达个人的观点。写作之初，学生不必字斟句酌，只要脉络清楚，具备轮廓就可以了。草拟文章的过程实际是把思维结果外在化的过程，学生应力争使文章具有连贯性和流畅性。草拟过程的顺利与否，在很大程度上取决于平时训练所达到的水平。许多考生畏惧作文，经常懒于动笔；还有一些考生认为写作很难提高，干脆放弃平时的训练。这些想法都是错误的。为真正提高写作水平，笔者建议大家从开始准备四级的那天起，就应有针对性地分体裁、分话题、分阶段地进行实战模拟，强迫自己一气呵成将文章写完，不必追求完美，不必在乎自己的文稿到底语言有多么不地道或出现多少语法错误。熟能生巧。只要坚持多写、多练，平时注意扩大阅读，写作的水平自然就会提高。 　　4.在反复揣摩的基础上，完善文章的草稿 　　自己修改作文是个好习惯，从训练之初就应注重在这个方面下功夫。修改作文必须从下面几个方面把握：注意句式结构的变化(要背诵一定的经典句型，而且要能够注意套改这样的优美句型)。例如：Not because I love Caesar less, but because I love Rome more(不是我不爱凯撒，而是我更爱罗马)。需要指出的是，虽然习作中应注意使用优美或地道的句子，但不可简单地堆砌；句子长短也要错落有致，应包含一些相对复杂的句式，同时避免犯一些基础性的语言错误。 　　另外，学生还要注意文中运用的英语表达必须是简单且地道的(即easy but right English)。实际上，所谓这类的表达法界于词汇与句子之间，可称为语汇(英语中可用chunk来表达)。为了提高书面语言表达的地道性，学生应经常记忆这样的语汇，如an effective system for environmental protection和an effective system to protect the environment等。笔者在此处提出这个概念，且希望同学们加强这方面语汇的记忆，是因为太多的中国考生经常使用汉语的语法、英语的单词来组合一些中式(chinglish)表达。例如：高手(high hand)地道的英语表达是master hand; 老手(old hand)地道的英语表达则是seasoned hand；能手(can hand)的地道表达则是skillful hand, 以及you go me go, you no go me no go 等。 　　至于如何做到语言表达地道，笔者认为只有一种办法，那就是大量阅读，分类摘抄，在具体的语境中有针对性地体验英语表达。 　　5. 正确把握遣词造句的原则 　　正确选择词汇非常重要，考生切不可盲目地追求大词、生词。其实，四级作文要求考生选词范围尽可能灵活宽泛，但非常忌讳以辞害义，如果能够用decrease，就别用plummet(也是下降的意思)。那么考生到底怎样才能利用有限的词汇资源，写出比较鲜活的英语作文呢？笔者在此推荐如下使用词汇技巧： 　　(1)尽量使用同义词避免简单重复 　　如“增加”可用 increase, rise, grow, climb, go up, soar等；“重要”可用 important, critical, vital, significant, crucial等。 　　(2)尽量使用词性变化来丰富自己的表达手段 　　和汉语一样，变化词性也是丰富英语表达的重要途径，是学习者提高英语水平的重要标志。英语学习者如果能够用to voice some different opinions 来替代to give/express some different opinions; 或to double/triple 来表示翻倍或增加三倍则会使文章在表达上更为形象而生动。 　　(3)尽量使用派生形式来点缀文章亮点 　　英语的构词特点就是使用前缀、后缀来完成灵活多变的语言特色。例如，it is of great importance／help/use/significance 来替代 it is very important/significant/helpful/useful 本身就是英语水平的一个综合展示。另外，考生作文如果能够出现not unnecessary/not unimportant 来表达非常重要或者必要，则更能显示考生的英语功底。 　　6. 灵活运用句式变化的规则 　　前面也提过，四级作文长度要求不少于120个词，按考生作文句子的平均长度11个词估算，一般需要10—12 个句子。在四级作文评分标准里，对于句子长度虽然没有具体描述和量化给分，但是阅卷老师一般都会给文章里使用正确的长句子加上印象分，也会给错落有致的句式变化以奖励分数，如果考生能够在作文中恰当地使用一定难度的复杂句子，则更能起到锦上添花的作用。在写作训练中，考生其实可以欣赏范文，摘录名句，改装结构，模仿使用，直到熟练运用。笔者认为只要努力，下面的策略可以帮助立志争取作文高分的学生可以通过下面的几个措施来提高作文水平。 　　(1)欣赏范文，但不要囫囵吞枣式地整篇背诵。准备一个写作专用的笔记本，从范文欣赏中摘抄自己喜欢的、老师讲评的、值得推荐的句式结构。比如：I love you not because who you are, but because who I am when I am with you.(我爱你，并不是因为你是谁，而是因为我跟你在一起时的感觉。) Few People today, if any at all, would risk their lives swimming across the river dominated by flesh-eating crocodiles.(今天已经很少有人，如果还有的话，愿意冒生命危险游过那条鳄鱼出没的河流。), If you fail to plan, you plan to fail.(如果你没能做计划，你就是计划着去失败。) 　　(2)模仿名句，但不要生搬硬套。准备足够的草稿纸，把自己摘抄来的名句，(如有不懂，应当向明白人求教)拆卸八块，然后重新组合，如是反复数次，直到熟练，甚至于可以自如组装，灵活运用。比如：上面的句子学生就可以在熟练掌握的基础上分别演绎出：I suggest that you choose English as your major not because it is easier to learn, but because it is promising when you take better prospect of employment into account.(我建议你选择英语专业，并不是因为她学起来更容易，而是因为她更有前景，如果你考虑到更好的就业机会。)；Most of the students, if not all, are likely to be absorbed in PC games such as counterstrike, which is more frequently known as CS(大多数学生，如果不是所有的学生，很可能被诸如反击这样的电脑游戏所吸引，这种游戏经常被更多的人叫做CS。). 　　(3)巧用心思，套用经典句型。鼓起勇气，说出自己想说的话，如果是母语，可能还好办，换成英语，大家最怕的是出错，出错扣分当然不好。但是利用经典句型组装一些长句子、靓句子和复杂句子对作文高分非常有帮助。比如作文开头常用句型：It is undoubted that …; there is no doubt that…; undoubtedly, there is…; It is beyond doubt that …. 　　(4) 写作是学生英语运用水平的具体体现，写作的功夫又是通过阅读、欣赏、模仿等具体手段训练出来的。写作过程中间很多实用技巧，需要读者舍得花时间、花精力、花心思去挖掘、去发现，只要你定期阅读我们的辅导专栏，相信你一定会收获N多的惊喜。

近几年四级英语作文

【篇一】2021年下半年大学英语四级经典写作范文

Write a composition entitled Getting to Know the World outside the Campus. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese.

1.大学生了解社会的意义;

2.了解社会的途径(如: 大众媒介、社会服务等);

3.你打算怎么办?

Getting to Know the World outside the Campus

了解校园之外的世界

It is necessary for college students to know the world outside the campus. For one thing, it can make students know themselves better so that they will be highly motivated in studies. For another, it will lay a solid foundation for their future career. Finally, they can practice their abilities in management, organization and so on.

对大学生来说，有必要去了解校园外的世界。一方面，这能使学生更好地了解自己，这样他们会在学习上有高度的进取心。另一方面，这会为他们将来的职业奠定坚实的基础。最后，他们能锻炼自己的管理、组织等能力。

There are many ways for students to get to know the outside world. First, they can know the world from mass media, such as newspapers, TV, radio, magazines and advertisements. By these means, they can grow from ill-informed students to knowledgeable ones. Second, they can know the world through social practices, such as working part time in a company and taking up some social work, which offer students the opportunities to know the society. Third, students can also conduct some surveys in factories and villages to get to know people's lives and experiences.

学生了解外部世界有许多途径。第一，他们可以通过大众媒体了解世界，比如报纸、电视、广播、杂志和广告。通过这些工具，他们能从消息匮乏的学生成长为博识的人。第二，他们可以通过社会实践来了解世界，比如在公司做兼职以及参加一些社会工作，这会给学生提供了解社会的机会。第三，学生还可以对工厂和村庄进行调研，以了解人们的生活和经历。

As a student, I think the first thing I should do is to obtain enough knowledge for my future job. The other thing I can do is to expose myself to the social life to gain personal experience about the world outside the campus.(193 words)

作为一名学生，我认为我首先应该做的是为我将来的工作获取足够的知识。另外我能做的，就是使自己与社会生活接触，以得到在校园外的世界的个人经历。

motivate ['moutiveit] v.剌激，激发

massmedia 大众传播媒体

lay a solid foundation for 为……打下坚实的基础

ill-informed [,ilin'fɔ:rmd] adj.消息不灵通的

expose myself to 使某人接触……

【篇二】2021年下半年大学英语四级经典写作范文

Write a composition entitled On College Graduates Being Village Officials. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese.

1.有人支持大学生作“村官”;

2.有人反对大学生作“村官”;

3.你认为……

On College Graduates Being Village Officials

关于大学生村官

There is a great discussion on college graduates being village officials. Some people think it can bring benefits. On the one hand, it can offer employment opportunities for college graduates, which can help to solve the graduates' employment problems. On the other hand, college graduates are full of energy and knowledge and they will try their best to contribute to the village.

对于大学生当村官的讨论很热烈。有些人认为这能够带来好处。一方面，可以为大学生提供就业机会，这样就可以帮助解决大学生就业问题。另一方面，大学生充满精力，饱含知识，他们将尽其所能为村庄做贡献。

However, on the contrary, some people coosider it does more harm than good. To begin with, college graduates lack experience, so they can be confused about what and how to do. Second, huge hope and worry can result in deep pressure, which can prevent them from continuing working on their plans. Last but oot least，they may find it difficult applying knowledge to practice, because it's just book knowledge, often not matching the fact. As a result，they will give up to the difficulties.

但是，相反，有些人认为这样做坏处大于好处。首先，大学毕业生缺乏经验，所以他们会在要做什么以及如何去做方面有疑惑。其次，巨大的期望和担忧会导致深深的压力，这会阻碍他们按照自己的计划继续工作。最后，他们也许会发现把知识应用到实践中很困难，因为那些只是书本知识，通常和现实不相符。结果，他们会在困难面前放弃。

From my point of view, it's beneficial for college graduates to work as vi1lage officials, but they should be brave enough to face the possible difficulties and resist various temptation.(176 words)

【篇三】2021年下半年大学英语四级经典写作范文

Write a composition entitled Social Responsibility. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese.

1.大学生参加社区服务、暑期志愿者服务、援助西部等是否能培养大学生的社会责任感;

2.人们对此观点不一，有的支持，有的反对;

3.谈谈你的看法。

Social Responsibility

社会责任

Now many college students enthusiastically participate in community service, volunteer work and the westem aid service. There has been a discussion recently about whether this kind of action is helpful for cultivating the social responsibility of college students. People have different opinions about it. Some are in favor of it, while some take an opposite side.

如今许多大学生很有激情地参加社会服务、志愿者工作和西部支援服务。最近，人们已经在讨论，这种行为对培养大学生的社会责任感是否有用。人们就这一问题有不同观点。有些人支持，也有些人站在反对立场上。

As for me, it is helpful for the growth of the students and the cultivation of social responsibility. In the first place, it helps students understand what the needs of the country are. In the second place, it offers students the opportunity to play their own roles in the society. Finally, it enables students to understand what social responsibility is by paying close attention to other people, our society and state.

对我来说，这种行为有助于学生的成长和社会责任感的培养。首先，它帮助学生理解国家需要什么。其次，这种行为为学生提供机会，来发挥他们自己在社会中的作用。最后，通过密切关注他人、社会和国家，这种行为能使学生理解什么是社会责任感。

Based on the above discussions, I can easily forecast that more and more students will actively participate in these meaningful activities.(148 words)

基于以上讨论，我很容易就能预测到，越来越多的学生会积极参与到这些有意义的活动中去。

enthusiastically [in,θju:zi'æstrikli] adv.热心地;满腔热情地

take an opposite side 采取相反的一面

play one's own role in 在……上扮演自己的角色

cultivate ['kʌltiveit] v.培养

in favor of 支持，赞同

forecast ['fɔ:rkæst] v.预测，预言

【篇四】2021年下半年大学英语四级经典写作范文

Write a composition entitled On line Education. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese.

1.目前网络教育形成热潮;

2.我认为这股热潮的原因是……

3.我对网络教育的评价。

On line Education

Surfing online is no longer something strange in our life. Except for searching information and communicating with friends, another online activity has become popular recently. That is online education.

网上冲浪在我们的生活中已经不再是一件陌生的事情了。除了搜索信息，与朋友交流，最近其他线上活动已变得很流行了。这是网络教育。

Why could online education be accepted by the public within such a short period of time? Among other reasons, the quick development of the intemet should be an essential one, which makes all our dreams of attending class in the distance possible. Another underlying reason is the quick development of both society and technology. Today, modern science and technology is developing with lightening speed. To catch up with this development we all feel an urgent and strong desire to study. However, due to the great pace of modern society, many people are too busy to study full time at school. Online education just comes to their aid.

为什么在这么短的时间内网络教育就被公众所接受了呢?在这些原因中，互联网的快速发展应该是必不可少的，这使得我们在远距离上课的所有梦想都变得可能。另一个根本原因是社会和技术的快速发展。现在，现代科学技术以闪电般的速度发展。为了赶上这方面的发展，我们都感到一种迫切而强烈的求学欲 望。然而，由于现代社会的飞速进步，很多人都太忙了以至于没有充分的时间在学校学习。网络教育给他们带来了福音。

As far as I'm concerned, I appreciate this new form of education. It's indeed a helpful complement to the traditional educational means. It provides different learners with more flexible and versatile ways of learning. Most of all, with online education, we can seek our jobs and at the same time study and absorb the latest knowledge. (192 words)

就我而言，我很欣赏这一新的教育形式。这对传统教育方式的确是一个有益的补充。它为不同的学习者提供了更灵活和更丰富的学习方式。最重要的是，由于有网上教育，我们可以找工作，同时还可以学习和获取最新的知识。

in the distance 在远处

complement ['ka:mpliment] n.补充

underlying [ʌndər'laiiŋ] adj.潜在的，根本的

flexible ['fleksəbl] adj.灵活的

catch up with 赶上，追上

【篇五】2021年下半年大学英语四级经典写作范文

Directions:

Write a composition entitled On Internet in Our Life. You should write at least 120 words according to the outline given below in Chinese.

l.近几年人们一直在热议该不该实行网络实名制;

2.有些人认为应该实名制，有些人认为不应该实名制;

3.谈谈你的看法。

On Internet in Our Life

The Intemet has become more and more common and prornised to change our life dramaticalJy beyond emails and online shopping.

互联网已变得越来越普遍，除了电子邮件和网'止购物，它有可能给我们的生活带来巨大变化。

Its benefits can be well illustrated in the following aspects. In the first place，the Internet provides an easy access to all kinds of information, which contributes to relieve us of laborious work, save our time, facilitatc our lives. In the second place, the Internet has extensively reached evey corner of the world，thus people are connected closely. For example, an on-line conference saves businessmen the trouble of running all over the world to have a meeting. Furthermore, the Intemet offers us entertainment and other ways of relaxation, such as on-line games and on-line shopping.

它的好处可以通过以下几个方面得以很好地说明。首先，互联网提供了便于获取各种信息的途径，这有利于把我们从吃力的工作中解放出来，节约我们的时间，并且为我们的生活提供便利。其次，互联网广泛遍及世界各个角落，这样可以把人们紧紧联结起来。比如，在线会议就省去了商人满世界跑去参加会议的麻烦。另外， 互联网为我们提供娱乐及其他放松方式，例如在线游戏和网上购物。

However, on the other hand, some people debate that it is also inconvenient and a waste of time as well as isolating us from real life only with the company of computers. Some people fix the most sophisticated computer but can't mend a pair of socks. Yet in fat computer reduces the distances and demolishes all boundaries. Whether computer is a blessing or a curse depends on different circumstance and the way you use it.(190words)

不过，从另一方面来说，有些人争论说互联网同时也不方便，浪费时间，而且只有电脑的陪伴，会使我们与现实生活隔离。一些人可以修理最复杂的计算机，却不能修补一双袜子。然而，电脑其实缩短了距离，打破了所有的隔阂。电脑是福还是祸，有赖于不同的环境以及你如何使用它。

dramatically [drə'mætikli] adv.戏剧地， 惹人注目地

sopbisticated [sə'fisukeitid] adj.精密的，高度发展的

laborious [lə:riəs] adj.困难的，费力的

demolish [di'ma:liʃ] v.摧毁，拆除

faciljtate [fə'siliteit] v.侠便利，减轻困难

boundary ['baundri] n.界限，范围

extensively [ik'stensivli] adv.广阔地

blessing ['blesiŋ] n.幸事

isolate from 隔离，孤立

curse [kə:rs] n.痛苦的事

写作作为英语教学的一个重点与难点一直为师生所关注。但在实际的英语学习过程中,一些学生将更多的时间投入到见效较快的词汇、英语阅读等部分,而忽略了英语写作问题。下面，是我为你整理的英语作文范文100字及译文，希望对你有帮助!

Many traditional arts are losing nowadays, because some of them have been replaced by the new machines and the scientific products. I feel so sorry about the losing arts, in my opinion, they are so classic and their charm will never fade away. Take my grandma for example. She is good at paper-cut which was inherited from her mother. But when comes to my mother’s generation, paper-cut seems to be kicked out, there are less people need it, so my mother doesn’t learn this skill. The paper-cut art is losing in my family. When I found my grandma had this skill, I was so surprised and curious about it. I asked my grandma to teach me this skill. During the process, I found this art was so great, I was attracted by it. Some traditional arts like paper-cup should be kept.

如今很多传统艺术正在消失,因为一些传统已经被新的机器和科学的产品所替代。对于正在消失的艺术，我感到抱歉,在我看来,他们是如此经典和有魅力,将永远不会消失。以我奶奶为例。她擅长剪纸，继承了她母亲。但是当到我母亲这一代,剪纸似乎被淘汰了,越来越少的人需要它,所以我的母亲不学习这个技能。剪纸艺术在我家中逐渐失去。当我发现我奶奶有这个技能的时候,我是如此的惊讶和好奇。我叫奶奶教我这个技能。在这个过程中,我发现这门艺术是如此之大,我被它吸引住了。一些传统艺术像剪纸应该被保持。

High school students are under great pressure, they want to do best in the exams, because it means so much for them, if they do well, it means they can enter a good college and have a bright future. But most students are confused with their study, even they work so hard on it, they just couldn’t get the better result. The ways to improve study is very important, students must learn them, so that they can learn in the sufficient way. First, students must foster their interest, they should have interest in the subjects, so that they are willing to learn and won’t treat the subjects as the burden. Second, they need to practice more. As the saying that practice makes perfect, so students must take more exercise, in that case, they will master the knowledge. Improving the study is not easy, so it should move step by step.

高中生面临很大的压力，他们想要在考试中做得最好，因为这对他们来说意味着很多，如果他们考好了，就意味着能够上大学，前途将会一片光明。但是很多学生对他们的学习感到困惑，即使他们很用功去学习，但是没有得到理想的效果。提高学习的方法很重要，学生应该掌握，这样就能够学得有效率。第一，学生应该培养兴趣，他们应该对学习的科目感兴趣，这样才会愿意去学习，不会把科目当成是一种负担。第二，他们应该多练习。正如有句方言“熟能生巧”， 因此学生必须要多练习，这样的话，他们才能掌握知识。提高成绩不容易，应该要步步来。

When we are very small, we dream to be the great person in the future, such as the scientist, the policeman and so on. It is good for the children to own the big dream, so that they will study hard and fight for their future. But the fact is that not all the person can become the great person, most people are doing the ordinary jobs. In my opinion, ordinary is beautiful, too. Though they are not doing the fine jobs, they find their own place and make a contribution to the world. Take the cleaner for example. They wake up early and do the cleaning work. People dare not to do the job because it is so dirty, but the cleaners decorate the city with their hard work. The cleaners are the ordinary people while doing the great job.

在我们很小的时候，梦想将来成为伟大的人，比如科学家，警察等等。孩子有伟大的梦想是好的，这样他们就会努力学习，为他们的将来奋斗。但是事实上，并不是所有的人都能成为伟大的人，大部分人都是做着普通的工作。在我看来，平凡也是美丽的。虽然他们没有做着体面的工作，但是他们找到了自己的位置，为社会做贡献。就拿清洁工来说。他们早早起来做清洁。人们不敢做这份工作，因为脏，但是清洁工通过努力工作去装饰了这个城市。清洁工虽然普通，但是他们却做着伟大的工作。

对于考英语四级的朋友来说，英语作文这一块是高分题，只有把握好了才能得分。以下是我收集的四级英语作文范文，欢迎阅读参考!希望对大家有帮助。

第一篇

On June 14, Friday, a volunteer activity where many students took an active part in visiting the local Nursing House was organized by the Student Union and it turns out to be a big success.

The activity was aimed at encouraging students to visit the elderly at the Nursing House and help elderly people deal with their troubles both physical and psychological. Many students volunteered to participate in this good deed and were engaged in helping the elderly here out by making their meals, washing their clothes and chatting with them. When asked about those volunteers’ feelings about such an experience, all of them responded with a smile, saying “what a wonderful practice and I really appreciate this experience, for it makes me learn to care more for others in need.”

All in all, the activity turns out to be a success not only for the visited elderly but for those students involved.

第二篇

A volunteer activity was organized by the Student Union in our University on 5th June last week. The activity was designed to visit and help the elderly people in the neighborhood.

Twenty students actively took part in the activity and contributed to giving care and love to the elderly. They helped to clean up the houses and chatted with the senior people in the morning. In addition, they played games with the elderly people and delivered a series of art programs to the welcoming seniors.

This volunteer activity is meaningful and valuable. With the activity, we can cultivate mutual trust, understanding and good relationship between us and the elderly. The society and family must give priority to helping the elderly, which is indispensable for not only their mental and physical health but also for the long-term development of the society.

第三篇

Sample:

Moral Building on Campus

Recently, if you search the internet or other media, you would see reports on demoralization now and then. Universities are no exception. These demoralization shows in the following aspects: theft, lack of credibility, cheating in examinations, plagiarism in papers, improper interaction with the opposite sex etc. In sum, moral building on campus is of critical importance in students’ all-round development.

On one hand, this requires the universities to attach great importance to natural environment planning and building. A good campus environment plays an active role in cultivating students’ ideology and moral education. On the other hand, the staff in the university should find the best in both Chinese and Western culture to educate the students. Students can learn important lessons from Western cultures, adding to our profound morality.

We, as students in the university, should be aware of the importance of moral building. We should do something to support the moral building work, starting from little things around us. Students Union should organize some activities for students to take part in, highlighting the importance of moral building.

第四篇

Ideals

Everyone has his ideals. A businessman wishes to make greater profit; a farmer expects plumper harvests; a student tries to learn more and better.

And However, one should be sensible about whether his ideal is well founded or not. If it is, one has to plan and work hard for its realization. Effort, skill and persistence are all necessary. And very often, one has to get help from others, including advice and support in one form or another.

My ideal is to become a doctor. It is said that the field of medicine is a well-paid profession, but I take it as a lofty profession entrusted with saving people’s lives. To realize my ideal I have concentrated on laboratory work to develop the analytical skills necessary to become a qualified doctor.

第五篇

Fast Food

Fast food is becoming more and more popular in China, especially among children and teenagers. Today, nothing is more representative of the fast pace of modern society than fast food. There are several reasons for its popularity. First, it is quick and convenient. Go into a fast food restaurant, and your food will be ready in a minute. You can satisfy your hunger instantly. Precious time won't be wasted in waiting-in-line to order or waiting at your table for your food to arrive. Second, its popularity is also attributed to the clean food, the excellent service and the comfortable environment of the fast food restaurant.

However, I think that fast food isn't healthy enough because it does not compose a balanced diet and is low in nutrition. Doctors suggest that people should avoid eating too much fast food. Although home cooking is time-consuming and following washing-u p tiresome, it offers healthy and delicious meals your body likes and needs.

一、用于作文开头的万能模板

1、Many people insist that... 很多人(坚持)认为……

这句话乍看没亮点，但将众人皆知的"think"换为"insist"有没有觉得高大上了许多?

2、With the development of science and technology, more and more people believe that... 随着科技的发展,越来越多的人认为……

这个可是我当年的"杀手锏"啊，虽谈不上洋气，但正确率百分百啊，还超好记!

3、A lot of people seem to think that... 很多人似乎认为……

"think"终于闪亮登场，但"seem to"为整个句子增添了点婉转之感，这种客观的方式貌似较受老外(尤其腐国人)喜爱。

二、引出不同观点的万能模板

1、People's views on... vary from person to person. Some hold that... . However, others believe that.... 人们对……的观点因人而异。有些人认为.....然而其他人却认为……

看这个长度就已然鹤立鸡群。其实，也是一个蛮简单也好记的模板。

2、Attitudes towards (drugs) vary from person to person. 人们对待吸毒的态度因人而异。

乍一看，跟上句的开头神似，其实就是省略掉了"people's"，不仅清爽而且好像高端了一些。

3、People may have different opinions on... 人们对……可能会有不同的见解。

又是一个婉转的句子，展示其客观性。

4、There are different opinions among people as to... 关于……人们的观点大不相同。

"different"虽拉低了水准，但"as to"又拯救了回来。

5、Different people hold different attitudes toward (failure). 对(失败)人们的态度各不相同。

这句话貌似亮点不多，顶多一个"hold"，但也是安全牌，容易理解。

三、得出最终结论的万能模板

1、Taking all these factors into consideration, we naturally come to the conclusion that... 把所有这些因素加以考虑，我们自然会得出结论……

很完全的答法，"take sth into consideration"短语的应用，加分。

2、Taking into account all these factors, we may reasonably come to the conclusion that... 考虑所有这些因素，我们可能会得出合理的结论……

"Take into account sth"短语似乎又比上句的"take sth into consideration"提升了一个层次。

3、Hence/Therefore, we'd better come to the conclusion that... 因此，自然我们得出以下结论。。。

"Hence"一词用在文章中大气吧，但别平时口语中用，否则即使老外也用一种看老古董的眼神看你。。。

再特意提一句："we'd better"在这里不是“不得不”或“最好”的意思，而是一种自然而然，水到渠成的得出结论。

4、There is no doubt that (job-hopping) has its drawbacks as well as merits. 毫无疑问，跳槽有优点也有缺点。

短语"there is no doubt that"上线，同时运用我们的老朋友"as well as"增加看点。

5、All in all, we cannot live without... But at the same time we must try to find out new ways to cope with the problems that would arise. 总之，我们没有……是无法生活的。但同时，我们必须寻求新的解决办法来对付可能出现的新问题。

这句话一般用于作文结尾，属万能句式，句式较为简单，方便操作。

英语四级作文规律

英语四级考试的做题规律是建议做题顺序应该是这样：作文→听力→仔细阅读→长篇阅读→选词填空。

英语四六级考场上，作文和听力的顺序我们是无法选择的。只能先写作文，后写听力。其他题目答题的先后顺序，可以自己来选择。

四级考试的题型主要有作文，听力，阅读理解和翻译四大部分。可以根据自己的优劣来决定先做哪一块，当然听力肯定是随听即做。

大学英语四级写作要求

大家都苦恼于英语四级作文不会写，英语四级作文要求是什么?该怎么写?下面是我分享的英语四级作文要求和写作技巧，希望能帮到大家!

英语四六级作文的要求是：

文章切题，条理清楚语言准确和字数符合要求，所谓切题就是要求考生紧扣文章大纲;条理则要求考生词汇、语法运用不出错误;四六级作文的字数要求一般是不少于120字。

要想在30分钟内达到这些要求，要掌握一定的技巧才行。

我们为大家提供四级写作的一般技巧。

一、审题

1.审体裁(议论文，说明文，描述文)

审题就是要审作文的题材和体裁。因为什么样的体裁就会用什么样的题材去写。那么体裁包括那些呢?它包括议论文，说明文和描述文。从近些年看，四六级作文不是单一的体裁，而是几种体裁的糅合体。

2.确定相应的写作方法

我们审题的目的就是根据不同体裁确定不同的写作方法。通过审题，我们可以看出四六级作文大都是三段式。如上例第一段为议论体，第二段为说明体，第三段为描述体。而各种文体又有不同的写作方式：议论文：要有论点和论据，而且往往从正反两方面来论述。例如上面第一段的思路是：做合格大学生，会怎么样(这是从正面论述);不能做合格的大学生，又会怎么样(从反面论述);所以我们要做合格的大学生(结论)。说明文：可以从几方面来说明一个问题，可以从德智体三方面来说明合格大学生的必要性。描述文：以“人”为中心描述一个“做”的过程。与上两段相比，本段的主语多为人称代词，他要与第二段相呼应进行描述。

二、确定主题句

审完题后，接下来就是如何写的问题。第一步就是确定主题句，主题句既能保证你不跑题，又能帮助你制定写作思路。

What I will do in the future is the following.(描述体的主题句)

三、组织段落

确定主题句后，接下来的工作就是展开论述。许多考生真正犯难的也是这一步。最基本的.解决办法是扩大词汇量，丰富自己的语法存储。在写作时，语法和词汇都是最基本的。然而，组织段落的能力也是尤为重要的(接下来的连贯与衔接部分，我们更为详细的为大家讲解)。

四、连贯与衔接

1.列举法

列举的模式通常是

主题句

----example 1

----example 2

----example 3

列举时常用for example, for instance, such as, like,thus, take?as an example, to illustrate 等词语.

Nonverbal communication, or "body language，" is communication by facial expressions, head or eye movements, hand signals, and body postures. It can be just as important to understanding as words are. Misunderstandings are often amusing but sometimes serious ones can arise between people from different culture if they misinterpret nonverbal signals. Take for example, the differences in meaning of gesture are very common in the United States: a circle made with the thumb and index finger. To an American, it means that everything is Ok. To a Japanese, it means that you are talking about money. In France, it means that something is worthless, and in Greece, it is an obscene gesture. Therefore, an American could unknowingly offend a Greek by using that particular hand signal.

2.分类法

一般是在主题句之后，依次罗列段落指示词所表达的几个部分或几个方面。然后，选用丰富的事例对所罗列的各个部分或各个方面进行具体地说明或解释。

There are three basic kinds of materials that can be found in any good library.

First, there are books on all subjects, both in English and in many other languages. These books are organized according to subject, title, and author in a central file canned the card catalog. Books can generally be checked out of the library and taken home for a period of two to four weeks.

Second, there are reference works, which include encyclopedias, dictionaries, bibliography, atlases, etc., and which generally must be used in the library itself.

Third, there are periodicals- magazines, newspapers, pamphlets-which are filed

alphabetically in racks, or which have been filmed to conserve space. Like reference works, periodicals cannot usually be removed from the library. 分类时常用：most of all， next，moreover， in addition，besides，furthermore，to begin with，to start with，first of all，first，second，third?

3. 因果关系

在段落一开头，就用主题句点明其因果关系，然后选用有关材料，客观的罗列某些原因或结果，以阐述中心思想。

Growing numbers of well-to-do Americans are making the decision to move abroad. They find it impossible in America to walk the streets at night without fear of being raped, mugged, or murdered, nor do they see a way to escape the poisonous air of the cities. They maintain that even American food has become increasingly dangerous to eat. Last but not least, they insist that they are sick of the pace of American life, a pace that leaves no time for relaxation or pleasure.

因果关系常用语汇:

because of, so, owing to, thanks to, thus, as a result of, hence, for this reason, consequently, is caused by, lead to, result in

4.比较法

主题句必须明确表明所要比较的对象和所要比较的范围，实际上就是罗列两个或两个以上比较对象的相同点。

Learning English is like building a house. Laying a solid foundation is the first and most important step. In other words, you should read and speak English every day. Memorizing new words and phrases is also helpful. Like building a house, learning English takes some time.

So don’t be impatient. Remember, Rome wasn’t built in a day.

常用语汇：at the same time, similar to, accordingly, both, show a degree of similarity, similarly, the same as, and? too, in the same way, in a like manner

5.举例法

列举事实或举出实例来说明中心思想, 是简单易行、具有说服力的写作方法。

Communicating with other people by telephone is very convenient,

especially when you have something urgent. For example, if one of your family members is seriously

ill at night, and you don’t know how to deal with it and where to find a doctor, what can you do? A telephone is the answer. Dial 120 and you will get services from the hospital very soon.

五、保证作文符合字数要求的十二句作文法

考生一般都希望作文达到字数而又不至于写得太多，因为写得太多一方面暴露自己语言上的弱点，另一方面又会占用过多的时间。写得太多还易跑题，一个有效的方法就是十二句作文法。

我们知道，四级作文都是三段式。我们算一下，如果我们在每一段中写上四句，即主题句加两三句扩展句和一个结论句就可以了。这样全篇在十二句左右，每一句十多个词，就又120-150个字。大家可以试图找一些作文题练一练。