六年级英语单选题

英语六级单选题

写作，听力，翻译，阅读。

写作之后就是进行听力，听力分值占整套试卷的35%，也就是248.5分。

听力分成三个部分，A部分共有8道小题，每小题是7.1分。B部分共有7道小题，每小题也是7.1分。C部分共有10个小题，每小题是14.2分。

听力结束后，会先交答题卡1(注意要写好作文和填涂听力的答案)，然后进行翻译和阅读的考试。

考完听力后，还有一小时左右的时间(正常是1小时10分钟)。接下来是先做阅读还是先做翻译就看个人习惯了。

翻译的分值跟写作一样，也是占整套试卷的15%，有106.5分。试卷上会标记翻译的时间是30分钟，但实际考试的时候，翻译根本不可能用30分钟的，不然阅读时间会不够。。当然，英语很厉害的除外。

阅读的分值占整套试卷的35%，也就是248.5分。

扩展资料

大学英语六级考试作为一项全国性的教学考试由“国家教育部高教司”主办，每年各举行两次。从2005年1月起，成绩满分为710分，凡考试成绩在220分以上的考生，由国家教育部高教司委托“全国大学英语六级考试委员会”发给成绩单。2007年1月起，六级考试不再接受非在校生报名。

2020年5月29日，教育部考试中心发布公告，根据党中央、国务院关于新冠肺炎疫情防控工作的有关精神，经研究决定，原定于2020年6月13日举行的全国大学英语四、六级考试延期并分两次举行，考试日期分别为7月11日和9月19日。

参考资料来源：百度百科-大学英语六级考试

英语六级考试内容题型分布：

1.写作：短文写作 15%

2.听力理解:长对话：选择题（单选题），8%；听力篇章：选择题（单选题），7%；讲话/报道/讲座：选择题（单选题），20%

3.阅读理解：词汇理解：选词填空，5%；长篇阅读：匹配，10%；仔细阅读：选择题（单选题），20%

4.翻译：段落翻译，15%

希望我的回答可以帮助到你，望采纳~

英语四六级是没有单选题的。

1.试卷题型分为 写作——听力理解——阅读理解——翻译。

2.考试时间四级考试时间：英 语：上午9：00—11：20六级考试时间：英 语：下午15：00—17：25（要提前15分钟进入考场，大家千万不要迟到！）注意：考生凭准考证、居民身份证按统一规定的时间（考试开考前15分钟）进入考场参加考试，缺一项不准进入考场；正式开考后（四级上午9：00，六级下午15：00），迟到考生不准进入考场。考生准考证请自行在报名网站上下载。特别提醒：因学校教室资源有限，学校决定无故缺考的考生将取消下一次四六级考试的报名资格。

3.考试需要准备的物品

准考证、身份证、学生证三证在手是缺一不可的。需要准备的文具有2B铅笔、橡皮、黑色签字笔两根或以上以及听力用的耳机（记得带好备用电池）、如需要看时间同学们也可以准备好手表，来随时关注考试时间，切记这里是允许带电子表的。考试用的调频的耳机需要在进入考场前调整好收听频道，并在试音期间进行听力测试将耳机调至最好的状态。

最后，希望回答对你有所帮助，平安考过四六级。

四六级考的都一样，就是作文听力阅读和写作，不用太纠结，也不要过于担心，六级比四级难不了多少，好好复习一把就过了。重点就是背单词和做题嘛，单词不要死记硬背，闪过英语《六级词汇闪过》，单词有重点，记起来也省时间。真题可以用巨微英语《六级真题逐句精解》，解析还是一词一句的，我好几个英语渣朋友就是用这本备考的，我也在用，你也可以看一下。

六年级英语单选题

小六总复习（单选题）( )1. There ________ many high buildings in this city.A. is B. are C. have D. has( )2. –Can you come here next Monday? --Sorry, I________.A. can B. don’t C. can’t D. am not( )3. Did you ________ the video last night?A. see B. watch C. look D. read( )4. This room is ours, and that one is ________.A. they B. them C. their D. theirs( )5. Tom is __________ than Daming.A. taller B. tall C. tallest D. the tallest( )6. He often does some washing ________ Sunday.A. at B. in C. on D. by( )7. His mother is __________ nurse.A. a B. an C. \ D. some( )8. Do you want _______ home?A. go B. go to C. to go to D. to go( )9. –Thank you. --- ________.A. No thanks B. You’re welcome C. Thank you( )10. –Give me a ruler, please. --________.A. Here you are B. Here is it C. Here it is( )11.There are three _________ in the office.A. police B. policeman C. policemen D. police officer( )12. ________ people are talking about the film.A. A lot B. Lot of C. Lots of D. Much( )13. –What are these? --_________.A. It’s buses B. They are pencil-boxC. They are apples D. Oh, yes, there are( )14. –How are you? --Fine, thank you. And you? --_________A. How are you? B. I’m fine, too. C. Nice to meet you.( )15. This is _________ book.A. an English B. English C. an english D. a English( )16. – What colour is your ruler? -- __________.A. It’s a white B. A white ruler C. It’s white( )17. ________ mother is a teacher.A. Betty’s B. Betty C. Betty is( )18. –Are these their _________ ? --No, they aren’t. They are _______.A. watch, our B. watch, yours C. watches, ours( )19. Let’s ________ them, please.A. to see B. see C. seeing D. saw( )20. The pencil is in __________.A. the your bag B. you bag C. your bag D. a your bag( )21. The clock is on the desk. Can you see ________?A. one B. it C. clock D. them补充：( )22. Is this ________ watch?A. I B. my C. me D. mine( )23. --________ is it? --- Thirty yuan.A. How B. How many C. How much D. How old( )24. Happy birthday _______ you. This apple is ________ you.A. to, to B. for, to C. to, for D. for, for( )25. --________ is Jim? -- He’s fine.A. How old B. How C. What D. Who( )26. We ________ English.A. are speak B. speak C. listen D. are listen( )27. My shoes ________ blue, How about yours?A. is B. are C. am D. not( )28. He will buy a book _________ me.A. for B. in C. to with( )29. Jim and ________ are in the same class.A. me B. I C. my D. mine( )30. It’s time ________ have dinner.A. on B. to C. \ D. for( )31. The car is coming. Don’t _________ in the street.A. play football B. play with fire C. sing songs D. talk loudly( )32. Is your father a doctor _________ a farmer?A. and B. but C. or D. for( )33. My father ________ to buy a tie (领带) last year.A. wants B. wanted C. want D. wanting( )34. You can get ________ at the third stop.A. off B. on C. in D. of( )35. He likes ______ stamps.A. collect B. collects C. collecting D. collected( )36. Your answer is very good. _________, please.A. Stand up B. Sit C. Stand D. Sit down( )37. He ________ watch TV this evening.A. will B. would C. are going to D. am going to( )38. I am ________.A. first B. the first one C. one first D. one( )39. There ____ some orange juice and some ________ on the table.A. have, oranges B. are, oranges C. is, oranges D. has, oranges( )40. January ________ the first month of a year.A. will be B. are C. can be D. is( )41. I can’t carry _________.A. they B. them C. their D. theirs( )42. We are ________ the supermarket.A. at B. on C. under D. behind( )43. The ______ are falling down the stairs.A. orange B. orangess C. oranges D. an orange

one (序数词) longer (反义词) thin (比较级)tooth (复数) I (同音词) swim (现在分词)have (第三人称单数) read (过去式) buy（过去式）doesn’t （完全形式）二、 选择：15分( ) 1. What_____Amy_____last weekend ? A. did, do B. do, do C. does, do( ) 2. Mike _____his clothes everyday. A. wash B.washes C.washed( ) 3. We ______have a football match tomorrow. A. are going B.are go to C. are going to( ) 4. I failed my English test. I am ______. A. happy B.sad C.excited.( ) 5. How____you feeling?----- I’m feeling better. A. am B. are C. do( ) 6. It’s raining outside. Tom______bored. A. feel B. does C. feels( ) 7. What did you do yesterday? ----- I _____skiing. A. go B.goed C.went( ) 8. How _____are you ? ----- I’m 160 cm tall. A. old B.tall C.heavy( ) 9. My nose______. A. hurt B. hurts C. is hurting( ) 10. ______is it ? -----It’s Tuesday. A. What day B. What colour C. What( ) 11. Look, they are_____the insects carefully. A. watch B.watching C.watched( ) 12. He is an _____, he draws pictures. A. actor B.cleaner C.artist( ) 13. I played ____piano. A. \ B.the C.a( ) 14. I get up ___7:oo___the morning. A. at at B. at in C.in in( ) 15. I like to go ____on Sundays. A. fishing B. to fish C.fish三、连词成句：10分1. likes he listening music to 2. did you there how go3. do you when Beijing to go4. have I throat sore a5. two years I’m than you younger四、 连线：10分1. What did you do yesterday ? A.I feel sick.2. How do you feel ? B.I climbed a mountain.3. What’s the date ? C.October 1st.4. Where did you go ? D.Yes , I did.5. Did you learn English ? E.I went to Xinjiang.五、 情景交际：5分1. 你想约你的朋友周末去滑冰，你可以说：（ ）A．Let's go fishing this weekend. B．Let's go hiking this weekend.C．Let's go ice-skating this weekend.2. 当别人跟你说：May I borrow your dictionary？你回答说：（ ） A．OK，here you are. B．Fine. C．I don't think so.3. 当别人发生不幸的时候你可以问：（ ） A．Not at all. B．I'm sorry to hear that. C．You're welcome. 4. 当你想问别人邮局在哪时，你应先说：（ ） A．I' m sorry. B．Hi. C．Excuse me.5. 当有人对你说Happy birthday to you！时，你应说：（ ） A．You too. B．The same. C．Thank you.六、 阅读短文，选择正确答案：10分Jack and John are twins. They are good at English. They like to swim and ride bikes in their holidays. They like to fly kites too. They often fly kites near the lake. But they not all the same .Jack likes playing football, but John likes playing ping-pong. Jack likes listening to music, but Jonh likes drawing pictures. They often help each other.1. What are they good at ？（ ） A. English B. Math C. Chinese D. Science2. What do they like to do in their holiday ? ( ) A. Play ping-pong and run. B. Swim and ride bikes. C. Swim and play basketball. D. Play ping-pong and ride bikes.3. Where do they fly kites ? ( ) A. Near the lake. B. In the park. C. On the beach. D. Near the river.4.Who likes playing football ? ( ) A. Jack B. John C.Jack and John5. Do they often help each other ? （ ） A. Yes, he does. B. No, he doesn’t. C. Yes, they do. D. No, they doesn’t.七、作文：10分 1、介绍自己上周末的活动：What did you do last weekend ? 2、写一写你自己（内容可以是你; 你的家庭；你的朋友??????） Write about youself (you, your family, your friend???) 要求：1、任选一项。 2、与主题有关、条理清楚、意思连贯、语句通顺、标点正确、书写规范。 3、50个单词左右。听力材料：一、1. I’m washing my clothes now .2. I’m excited, I’m going on a big trip.3. Tom is taller than Amy.4. I went skiing last Saturday.5. You’re bigger and stronger than me.二、1. How old are you ?2. Which animal is heavier,the elephant or the cat ?3. What’s the matter ? 4. Did you read a book ？5. What time is it ?三、Jenny’s family was very busy yesterday, she cleaned the floor, her brother Bob washed his clothes, her mother cooked supper and her father read a newspaper, and the dog played with a small ball.四、Today was a fun day. I did my homework, then I walked to Amy’s home in the morning we read a story book, then we went to a park by bike. We saw some elephants and rowed a boat, we took some pictures. We were happy.听力答案：一、C B B B C二、B A B B C三、× √ √ × ×四、did homework walked read went bike saw rowed boat pictures happy笔试部分答案：一、 first shorter thinner teeth eye swimming has read bought does not二、 A B C B B C C B B A B C B B A三、 1.He likes listening to music. 2.How did you go there ? 3.When do you go to Beijing? 4.I have a sore throat. 5.I’m two years younger than you.四、1B 2A 3C 4E 5D五、C A B C C六、A BA A C

熟读课文.记下知识点 像一些词条什么的的 用固定搭配进行选择.

多做习题，而后准备本子自己归纳好错过的题目，这招非常有效，我英语单项题也是不好的，但是在高考前两个月坚持这样，单项选择题真心的有了很大的提高，非常的明显。但是最重要的是自己对英语本身的重视态度。

六级英语单项选择题库

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大学英语六级考试（又称CET-6，全称为“College English Test-6”）是由国家统一出题的，统一收费，统一组织考试，用来评定应试人英语能力的全国性的考试，每年各举行两次。

是有题库。出考题没必要变题库，但所出的题却肯定是不一样啦。既然是题库，自然里面有成千上万个试题。另外题库还有通过不同试题的组合自动生成不同试卷的功能，大大增加题库功能。功能越大的题库，不仅题目多，而且组合方式多，生成试卷的数量也多，以满足每次考试的需要。如果每次考试出试卷都要有个新题库，那么题库就没意义了。

《英语六级真题》百度网盘免费下载

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简介：英语四六级考试是教育部主管的一项全国性的英语考试，其目的是对大学生的实际英语能力进行客观、准确的测量，为大学英语教学提供测评服务。

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英语六级选择题

4.C in the way挡道，在此不能理解为在路上的意思。

答案为A。A. decline：下降，减少 B. lessen：（数量、程度）减少 C. descend：（位置）下降 D. slip：滑倒 这题是考rate 与哪个词搭配。犯罪率应是降低而不是减少。Blessen与decrease近义。指数目、程度、价值、实力等的减少。如 lessen his stress。

选A) declined 下降lessen 缩小,减少We should be able to lessen the damage to the city here.这道题 总不能说是犯罪率减少吧，应是下降才是

1、 作文：动笔太早

老师发现，很多大学英语六级考试考生拿到作文题目之后直接就动笔开写，这是一个误区。其实作文考试的时间(30分钟)绝对绰绰有余，如果直接开写，很容易会造成跑题，或写到一半发现无话可说的现象。这样会打乱你考试的节奏，对心情也是一个重大打击。建议考生利用前5分钟，用极其精要的词在试卷上列出提纲。

2、快速阅读：不太会“跳读”

在快速阅读环节，很多同学还是全文阅读之后再做题，浪费很多时间。其实应该学会“跳读”，因为即使你看懂了全文，所考的内容才占10%，所以先看问题，再到文中找答案的“定位”能力比较重要。

3、 听力：困难在复合式听写

很多同学发现听力的选择题比较容易把握，但是最后的复合式听写才是“心腹大患”。针对复合式听写前8个单词的考察，建议大家熟记大纲词汇700个中字母数超过10个的长词，而且一边背，一边要熟悉它的正确英语发音。最后三句话建议还是尽量听懂大意，不要急着去写听出来的词，结合大意，用最简单的英语去改写。

4、仔细阅读：抓住32字真言

仔细阅读部分是大学英语六级考试中的重头戏。很多同学读完一篇还是不知所云，或者很容易被干扰选项所打乱阵脚。所以针对这种现象，建议同学们做到以下32个字：跳读全文，抓住中心;阅读选项，词性分类;瞻前顾后，灵活选择;复读全文，谨慎调整。

5、综合部分：要会分配时间

从模拟情况看，很多同学还不能很好地分配大学英语六级考试时间。建议大家做改错题起码留出10分钟，翻译5分钟。对改错，历年的真题中都会出现典型的错误点，出现频率最高的是主谓不一致、名词单复数、词义的正反用错、非谓语动词、词组搭配、故意漏词等等，考生只要把历年的真题改错都做好总结，掌握了这些错误点，做起题来也会容易很多。针对翻译，考生们只要读懂中文大意，选用学过的最简单单词和词组，串连成句，注意时态和单词拼写问题后一般不会有太大差错。

更多关于大学英语六级考试的备考技巧，备考干货，新闻资讯等内容，小编会持续更新。

全国英语六级单项选择题题库

is the only person who can ____ in this case, because the other witnesses were killed mysteriously. 　　A) testify 　　B) charge 　　C) accuse 　　D) rectify 　　 Hawking is ____ as one of the world's greatest living physicists. 　　A) dignified 　　B) clarified 　　C) acknowledged 　　D) illustrated 　　 financial problem of this company is further ____ by the rise in interest rates. 　　A) increased 　　B) strengthened 　　C) reinforced 　　D) aggravated 　　 shall probably never be able to ____ the exact nature of these sub-atomic particles. 　　A) assert 　　B) impart 　　C) ascertain 　　D) notify 　　 the people in the stadium cheered up when they saw hundreds of colourful balloons ____ slowly into the sky. 　　A)ascending 　　B)elevating 　　C)escalating 　　D)lingering 　　 years had ____ before they returned to their original urban areas. 　　A) floated 　　B) elapsed 　　C) skipped 　　D) proceeded 　　 you say now is not ____ with what you said last week. 　　A) consistent 　　B) persistent 　　C) permanent 　　D) insistent 　　 orders are ____ and cannot be disobeyed. 　　A) defective 　　B) conservative 　　C) alternative 　　D) imperative 　　 educators try to put students of similar abilities into the same class because they believe this kind of ____ grouping is advisable. 　　A) homogeneous 　　B) instantaneous 　　C) spontaneous 　　D) anonymous 　　 sensible men do ____ things sometimes. 　　A) abrupt 　　B) absurd 　　C) acute 　　D) apt 　　 commission would find itself ____ at every turn if its members couldn't reach an agreement. 　　A) collided 　　B) savaged 　　C) crumbled 　　D) hampered 　　 production in the world is _____, but still millions go hungry. 　　A) staggering 　　B) shrinking 　　C) soaring 　　D) suspending 　　 developed a ____ attitude after years of frustration in his career. 　　A) sneaking 　　B) disgusted 　　C) drastic 　　D) cynical 　　 believed that this was not the ____ of their campaign for equality but merely the beginning. 　　A) climax 　　B) summit 　　C) pitch 　　D) maximum 　　 guests were waiting in the ____ for the front door to open. 　　A) porch 　　B) vent 　　C) inlet 　　D) entry 　　 the mountains were covered with a _____ of cloud, we couldn't see their tops. 　　A) coating 　　B) film 　　C) veil 　　D) shade 　　 couldn't really afford to buy a house so we got it on hire purchase and paid mothly ____. 　　A) investments 　　B) requirements 　　C) arrangements 　　D) installments 　　 magician made us think he cut the girl into pieces but it was merely an _____. 　　A) illusion 　　B) impression 　　C) image 　　D) illumination 　　 good education is an ____ you can fall back on for the rest of your life. 　　A) asset 　　B) ethic 　　C) inventory 　　D) obligation 　　 a gift can convey a wealth of meaning about your appreciation of their ____ and the importance you place upon the relationship. 　　A) solidarity 　　B) priority 　　C) superiority 　　D) hospitality

A) originated 　　B) speculated 　　C) generated 　　D) manufactured 　　 that the demand for power continues to rise at the current rate,it will not be long before traditional sources become inadequate. 　　A) Concerning 　　B) Ascertaining 　　C) Assuming 　　D) Regarding 　　 jewelry ____ under the spotlights and she became the dominant figure at the ball. 　　A) glared 　　B) glittered 　　C) blazed 　　D) dazzled 　　 was told that if she worked too hard,her health would ____. 　　A) deteriorate 　　B) degrade 　　C) descend 　　D) decay 　　 find that some birds ____ twice a year between hot and cold countries. 　　A) transfer 　　B) commute 　　C) migrate 　　D) emigrate 　　 visiting scholars,they willingly ____ to the customs of the country they live in. 　　A) submit 　　B) conform 　　C) subject 　　D) commit 　　 than 85 percent of French Canada's population speaks French as a mother tongue and ____ to the Roman Catholic faith. 　　A) caters 　　B) adheres 　　C) ascribes 　　D) subscribes 　　 professor found himself constantly ____ the question:"How could anyone do these things?" 　　A) presiding 　　B) poring 　　C) pondering 　　D) presuming 　　 ____ before anyone was arrested in connection with the bank robbery. 　　A) terminated 　　B) elapsed 　　C) overlapped 　　D) expired 　　 order to prevent stress from being set up in the metal,expansion joints are fitted which ____ the stress by allowing the pipe to expand or contract freely. 　　A) relieve 　　B) reconcile 　　C) reclaim 　　D) rectify 　　 much of your country's electrical supply is ____ from water power? 　　A) deduced 　　B) detached 　　C) derived 　　D) declined 　　 had recently left a job and had helped herself to copies of the company's client data,which she intended to ____ in starting her own business. 　　A) dwell on 　　B) come upon 　　C) base on 　　D) draw upon 　　 glass vessels should be handled most carefully since they are ____. 　　A) intricate 　　B) fragile 　　C) subtle 　　D) crisp 　　 slopes are cleared of forests to make way for crops, but this only ____ the crisis. 　　A) accelerates 　　B) prevails 　　C) ascends 　　D) precedes 　　 blew out the candle and ____ his way to the door. 　　A) converged 　　B) groped 　　C) strove 　　D) wrenched 　　 such arguments have the effect of ____ rather than clarifying the issues involved. 　　A) obscuring 　　B) prejudicing 　　C) tackling 　　D) blocking 　　 found it difficult to ____ my career ambitions with the need to bring up my children. 　　A) consolidate 　　B) intensify 　　C) amend 　　D) reconcile 　　 is fortunate for the old couple that their son's career goals and their wishes for him ____. 　　A) coincide 　　B) collaborate 　　C) comply 　　D) conform 　　答案： 　　 参考译文：设计师已为他的新发明申请了专利。 　　 参考译文：玩具商制造了一个空间站的模型，与实物完全一致。 　　 参考译文：能源税可以遏制空气污染，限制石油进口并减少财政赤字。 　　 参考译文：他们决定在所有地方学校中消除体罚现象。 　　 参考译文：宇航员在进入航天器之前需经过各种各样的测试。 　　 参考译文：单项体育运动由370多个独立的管理机构掌管，他们的责任是起草规章制度，举办赛事，选拔国家队，加强国际间的联系。 　　 参考译文：在那之前，他的兴趣几乎全部集中在全面的掌握手艺的技巧上。 　　 参考译文：2000年奥运会所有的仪式都带有一种独特的澳大利亚风情，这表明他们是多元文化的社会。 　　 参考译文：我检查了我的眼睛，检查报告说视力是完好的。 　　 参考译文：他非常赞叹的观赏着科斯林和皇家博物馆联合出版的图片。 　　 参考译文：那时，除了因为不称职而被解雇外，执行官要终生呆在同一家公司直到65岁退休。 　　 参考译文：其他人以谨慎的态度看待这个研究结果，他们注意到癌症和被动吸烟之间的因果关系还有待被发现。 　　 参考译文：1986年挑战者宇宙飞船事故是由于发射前的异常低温引起的。 　　 参考译文：任何产品供大于求时，价格都会下跌。

2017年大学英语六级训练试题

)Some banks may have to merge with others.

B)Many smaller regional banks are going to fail.

C)It will be hard for banks to provide more loans.

D)Many banks will have to lay off some employees.

)It will work closely with the government.

B)It will endeavor to write off bad loans.

C)It will try to lower the interest rate.

D)It will try to provide more loans.

)It won’t help the American economy to turn around.

B)It won’t do any good to the major commercial banks.

C)It will win the approval of the Obama administration.

D)It will be necessary if the economy starts to shrink again.

Questions 23 to 25 are based on the recording you have just heard.

)Being unable to learn new things.

B)Being rather slow to make changes.

C)Losing temper more and more often.

D)Losing the ability to get on with others.

)Cognitive stimulation.

B)Community activity.

C)Balanced diet.

D)Fresh air.

)Ignoring the signs and symptoms of aging.

B)Adopting an optimistic attitude towards life.

C)Endeavoring to give up unhealthy lifestyles.

D)Seeking advice from doctors from time to time.

Part III Reading Comprehension (40 minutes)

Section A

Directions: In this section, there is a passage with ten blanks. You are required to select one word for each blank from a list of choices given in a word bank following the passage. Read the passage through carefully before making your choices. Each choice in the bank is identified by a letter. Please mark the corresponding letter for each item on Answer Sheet 2 with a single line through the centre. You may not use any of the words in the bank more than once.

Questions 36 to 45 are based on the following passage.

According to a report from the Harvard School of Public Health, many everyday products, including some bug sprays and cleaning fluids, could lead to an increased risk of brain and behavioral disorders in children. 　　The developing brain, the report says, is particularly (36) to the toxic effects of certain chemicals these products may contain, and the damage they cause can be(37) .

The official policy, however, is still evolving. Health and environmental(38) have long urged . government agencies to (39) the use of some of the 11 chemicals the report cites and called for more studies on their long-term effects. In 2001, for example, the Environmental Protection Agency (40) the type and amount of lead that could be present in paint and soil in homes and child-care(41), after concerns were raised about lead poisoning. The agency is now (42) the toxic effects of some of the chemicals in the latest report.

But the threshold for regulation is high. Because children's brain and behavioral disorders, like hyperactivity and lower grades, can also be linked to social and genetic factors, it's tough to pin them on exposure to specific chemicals with solid (43)evidence, which is what the EPA requires. Even the Harvard study did not prove a direct (44) but noted strong associations between exposure and risk of behavioral issues.

Nonetheless, it's smart to (45) caution. While it may be impossible to prevent kids from drinking tap water that may contain trace amounts of chemicals, keeping kids away from lawns recently sprayed with chemicals and freshly dry-cleaned clothes can't hurt.

E. facilities

F. interaction

G. investigating

H. overwhelmed

I. particles

J. permanent

K. restricted

L. simulating

M. statistical

N. tighten

O. vulnerable

Section B

Directions : In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Eachstatement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived. You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.

The Impossibility of Rapid Energy Transitions

[ A ] Politicians are fond of promising rapid energy transitions. Whether it is a transition from imported to domestic oil or from coal-powered electricity production to natural-gas power plants, politicians love to talk big. Unfortunately for them (and often the taxpayers), our energy systems are a bit like an aircraft carrier: they are unbelievably expensive, they are built to last for a very long time, they have a huge amount of inertia ( meaning it takes a lot of energy to set them moving ), and they have a lot of momentum once they are set in motion. No matter how hard you try, you can't turn something that large on a dime ( 10美分硬币 ), or even a few thousand dimes.

[ B ] In physics, moving objects have two characteristics relevant to understanding the dynamics of energy systems: inertia and momentum. Inertia is the resistance of objects to efforts to change their state of motion. If you try to push a boulder ( 大圆石 ), it pushes you back. Once you have started the boulder rolling, it develops momentum, which is defined by its mass and is said to be "conserved," that is, once you build it up, it has to go somewhere. So a heavy object, like a football player moving at a high speed, has a lot of momentum-that is, once he is moving, it is hard to change his state of motion. If you want to change his course, you have only a few choices: you can stop him, transferring ( possibly painfully) some of his kinetic energy (动能) to your own body, or you can approach alongside and slowly apply pressure to gradually alter his course.

[ C ] But there are other kinds of momentum as well. After all, we don't speak only of objects or people as having momentum; we speak of entire systems having momentum. Whether it's a sports team or a presidential campaign, everybody relishes having the big momentum, because it makes them harder to stop or change direction.

[ D ] One kind of momentum is technological momentum. When a technology is deployed, its impacts reach far beyond itself. Consider the incandescent (白炽灯的) bulb, an object currently hated by many environmentalists and energy-efficiency advocates. The incandescent light bulb, invented by Thomas Edison, which came to be the symbol of inspiration, has been developed into hundreds, if not thousands, of forms. Today, a visit to a lighting store reveals a stunning array of choices. There are standard-shaped bulbs, flame-shaped bulbs, colored globe-shaped bulbs, and more. It is quite easy, with all that choice, to change a light bulb.

[ E ] But the momentum of incandescent lighting does not stop there. All of those specialized bulbs ledto the building of specialized light fixtures, from the desk lamp you study by, to the ugly but beloved hand-painted Chinese lamp you inherited from your grandmother, to the ceiling fixture in your closet, to the light in your oven or refrigerator, and to the light that the dentist points at you. It is easy to change a light bulb, sure, but it is harder to change the bulb and its fixture.

[ F ] And there is more to the story, because not only are the devices that house incandescent bulbs shaped to their underlying characteristics, but rooms and entire buildings have been designed in accordance with how incandescent lighting reflects off walls and windows.

[ G ] As lighting expert Howard Brandston points out, “ Generally, there are no bad light sources, only bad applications. " There are some very commendable characteristics of the CFL [ compact fluorescent (荧光的) light bulb ], yet the selection of any light source remains inseparable from the luminaire (照明装置 ) that houses it, along with the space in which both are installed, and lighting requirements that need to be satisfied. The lamp, the fixture, and the room, all three must work in concert for the true benefits of end-users. If the CFL should be used for lighting a particular space, or an object within that space, the fixture must be designed to work with that lamp, and that fixture with the room. It is a symbiotic (共生的' ) relationship. A CFL cannot be simply installed in an incandescent fixture and then expected to produce a visual appearance that is more than washed out, foggy, and dim. The whole fixture must be replaced-light source and luminaire-and this is never an inexpensive proposition.

[ H ] And Brandston knows a thing or two about lighting, being the man who illuminated the Statue of Liberty.

[ I ]Another type of momentum we have to think about when planning for changes in our energy systems is labor-pool momentum. It is one thing to say that we are going to shift 30 percent of our electricity supply from, say, coal to nuclear power in 20 years. But it is another thing to have a supply of trained talent that could let you carry out this promise. That is because the engineers,designers, regulators, operators, and all of the other skilled people needed for the new energy industry are specialists who have to be trained first ( or retrained, if they are the ones being laid off in some related industry), and education, like any other complicated endeavor, takes not only do our prospective new energy workers have to be trained, they have to be trained in the right sequence. One needs the designers, and perhaps the regulators, before the builders and operators, and each group of workers in training has to know there is work waiting beyond graduation. In some cases, colleges and universities might have to change their training programs,

adding another layer of difficulty.

[ J ] By far the biggest type of momentum that comes into play when it comes to changing our energy systems is economic momentum. The major components of our energy systems, such as fuel production, refining, electrical generation and distribution, are costly installations that have lengthy life spans. They have to operate for long periods of time before the costs of development have been recovered. When investors put up money to build, say, a nuclear power plant, they expect to earn that money back over the planned life of the plant, which is typically between 40and 60 years. Some coal power plants in the United States have operated for more than 70 years!

The oldest continuously operated commercial hydro-electric plant in the United States is on New York's Hudson River, and it went into commercial service in 1898.

[ K ] As Vaclav Smil points out, "All the forecasts, plans, and anticipations cited above have failed so miserably because their authors and promoters thought the transitions they hoped to implement would proceed unlike all previous energy transitions, and that their progress could be accelerated in an unprecedented manner. "

[ L ] When you hear people speaking of making a rapid transition toward any type of energy, whether it is a switch from coal to nuclear power, or a switch from gasoline-powered cars to electric cars, or even a an incandescent to a fluorescent light, understanding energy system inertia and momentum can help you decide whether their plans are feasible.

46. Not only moving objects and people but all systems have momentum.

47. Changing the current energy system requires the systematic training of professionals and skilled labor.

48. Changing a light bulb is easier than changing the fixture housing it.

49. Efforts to accelerate the current energy transitions didn't succeed as expected.

50. To change the light source is costly because you have to change the whole fixture.

51. Energy systems, like an aircraft carrier set in motion, have huge momentum.

52. The problem with lighting, if it arises, often doesn't lie in light sources but in their applications.

53. The biggest obstacle to energy transition is that the present energy system is too expensive to replace.

54. The application of a technology can impact areas beyond itself.

55. Physical characteristics of moving objects help explain the dynamics of energy systems.