高中英语经典语法归纳
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
1、that 指人或物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语
which 指物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语(作宾语时可以省略)
who 指人在从句中作主语,宾语或表语
whom 指人在从句中作宾语
whose 指人或物在从句中作定语
as 指人或物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语
but 指人或物在从句中作主语,宾语或表语
注意:指物时,whose+名词=the+名词+of which或 of which+the+名词
2、as 的用法
(1)常用于下列结构:such?as; so?as;the same?as; as?as
注意:the same?as 表示同一类,不同一个
the same?that 表示同一个
(2)as与which的区别
a、位置不同
as可放在主句后,主句前或主句中间;which只能放在主句后。
b、as起连接作用,表达说话人的观点、看法,并指出主句内容的根据或出处,意为“正如,正像”。
Which相当于并列句,可以用and this来代替,意为“这一点,这件事’”。
注意:as常用于下列结构:as we know/ as is known to all, as we all can see, as has been said before/above,
as might be excepted, as is often the case, 一般不能用which代替as。
c、在从句中作主语时,which既可作系动词be的主语也可作实义动词的主语,而as只可作系动词be的主语。
二、只用that不用which的情况
1、.先行词为 all , much, everything, nothing , something ,anything, nothing, none, the one等不定代词时
2、先行词被only, any, few, little, no , all, just , very ,right等修饰时.
3、 当先行词是最高级或被形容词最高级修饰时。
4、 当先行词是序数词或被序数词修饰时。
5、当先行词是数词时.
6、 当先行词既指人又指物时。
7、如有两个定语从句,其中一个关系代词已用which,另一个关系代词则宜用 that。
8、主句是There be结构,修饰其主语的定语从句宜用that 作关系代词。
9、被修饰成分为表语,或者关系代词本身是定语从句的表语时,该关系代词宜用that。
10、先行词为what,关系代词用that。
11、有时为了避免重复而使用that引导定语从句。
三、只用which不用that的情况
1、 当介词放在关系代词之前时。
2、 在非限制性定语从句中。
3、 当关系代词指整个主句的概念时。
四、只用who不用that的情况
1、当先行词是one, ones,anyone或those时。
2、there be 结构中。
3、当先行词是人,后面有较长修饰语时。
4、为了避免重复或引起歧义。
5、当先行词是I,you,he,they等时(常用于谚语中)。
6、先行词是指成员的集体名词。
7、who可以引导非限制性定语从句。
8、先行词是拟人化的名词。
9、先行词指特定的人时用who,不指特定的人用that。
五、关系副词引导的定语从句
1、when时间状语
注意:It/Ihis/That + be + the first/ second/ last time that? 只能用that,that可以省略,从句用相应的完成时。
2、where 地点状语
注意:当先行词为模糊的地点时,如point. Situation, case, position, stage, scene, spot, activity, family, job等名词时用where.
3、why 原因状语 先行词为reason。
六、介词与关系代词
1、介词如何确定
(1)依据定语从句中动词的习惯搭配来确定
(2)依据先行词的习惯搭配来确定
(3)根据意思来确定
(4)为了强调某一名词,不定式前加上关系词
2、关系代词作介词的宾语时,介词的位置
(1)whom和which可以和介词一起放在先行词和从句之间,也可以把介词放在从句中有关动词的后面。
(2)含有介词的短语动词一般不拆开,介词仍放在动词的后面。
(3)关系代词that在从句中作介词宾语时,介词不能放在它的前面,只能放在从句中有关动词的后面。
(4)关系代词whose也可以在从句中与它所修饰的名词一起作介词宾语。
3、“名词/数词/代词+介词+关系代词”结构常见的形式有:名词/one/two/some/none/all/both/several/many/most/a few/a little/the+比较级/the+最高级?+of+which/whom。
七、定语从句中的主谓一致
1、关系代词作从句的主语时,从句中谓语动词的人称和数要与先行词保持一致,先行词是句子时,从句的谓语动词用单数形式。
2、“one of+复数名词”位于关系代词前作先行词时,关系代词在从句中作主语,从句的动词通常用复数,但当one前有the,the only,the very等修饰时,从句的谓语动词要用单数。
八、注意way和time后接定语从句的情况
1、当先行词是way,且意为“方式、方法”时,引导定语从句的关系词有下列三种形式:that/in which/不填。
注意:关系词在从句中必须作状语。如果关系词在从句中作主语或宾语,按正常的定语从句分析。
2、当先行词是time时,若time作“次数”讲,应用that引导定语从句,that可省略;若time作“一段时间”讲,应用关系副词when或介词at/during+which引导定语从句。
高中英语有哪些重要的语法呢,学好语法是提升英语成绩的关键,下面我为大家提供高中英语语法总结,仅供大家参考。
表示时间的 at, in,on
(1)at:表示片刻的时间,at 8 o'clock,at midnight, at the beginning of, at the age of, at Christmas, at New Year 等。
(2)in:表示一段的时间,如in the morning, in the afternoon, in October,in the past等。
(3)on:总是跟日子有关,on Sunday, on Christmas morning,等。
表示时间的 since 和 from:
(1)since 表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程,常与现在完成时连用.
(2)from 表示从时间的某一点开始,不涉及与现在的关系。一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。
如:I hope to do morning exercises from today.我希望从今天开始每天做早操。
表示时间的 in 和 after:
两者都表示“在(某个时间)之后,区别在于in表示“在(一段时间)之后” ,而 after 则表示“在(某一具体时间点之后),in 短语和将来时态连用,after 短语和过去时态或将来时态连用。
如:We'll leave in three days.我们3天内会离开。
After two months he 个月之后他回来了。
表示“穿过……”的 through 和 across:through 表示从内部通过,与 in 有关;across 表示“穿过……”,表示从一端至另一端在表面上的通过,与 on 有关。
如:Water flows through the pipe.水从水管漏出来。
The old man walked across the street.这位老人走过街道。
表示地理位置的 in, on, to:
(1)in 表示在某范围内;
(2)on 指与什么毗邻;
(3)to 指在某环境范围之外;
如:Changzhou is in the southeast of China.
Mongolia is on the north of China.
Japan is to the east of China.
表示“在……上”的 on 和 in:
on 只表示在某物的表面上;
而用 in 表示占去某物一部分,表示……上;
如:There is a book on the piece of paper.纸上有本书。
There is an interesting article in the newspaper.报纸上有篇有趣的文章。
in the corner, on the corner, at the corner:in the corn 表示在落,in 指角的内面;on the corner 表示“在角上” ,on 指的不是内面,也不是外面,而含内外兼有之意;at the corner指“在拐角处” 指的是拐角外附近的外面。
“非谓语动词”可分为动词不定式、动名词和分词。它在句子中的作用很多:除了不作谓语外,它可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语与复合宾语(主语补语或宾语补语)。有些及物动词后面接不带to的不定式作复合宾语。这些动词归纳如下:一感(feel).二听(hear,listen to),三让(have,1et, make),四看(see,watCh,notice,observe)。再加上help somebody(to)do something和美国英语look at somebody do somthing。还有“二让”属特殊:get somebody to do something 与keep somebody doing。而有些及物动词后面接动名词(the -ing form)作宾语。这些动词归纳为一句话:Papa C makes friends。这是由如下动词的开头字母组成:permit,advise, practise,avoid,consider,mind, allow,keep,enjoy,suggest, finish,risk,imagine,escape,need,delay,stand(忍受)。 为了容易记住,也可以编成顺口溜:“允许完成练习,建议避免冒险,考虑延期逃跑,喜欢保持想象,需要反对忍受”。其相对应的动词依次是:permit/allow,finish,practise;
advise/suggest, avoid,risk: consider, delay, escape/miss; enjoy/appreciate, keep, imagine; need/want/require,mind. can't help/can’t stand。
1、学生最容易混淆的是定语从句与同位语从句的区别。
例如:A、The news that our team has won the match is true. (同位语从句)
B、The news that he told us surprised everybody here. (定语从句)
关键的区别在于连接或关系代词that:有意义的是定语, 无意义的是同位。因为引导定语从句的that在从句中作主语或 宾语,而引导同位语从句的that只起到连接词的作用。
2、接着容易混淆的是引导定语从句的关系代词that与 which:that之前是不定(代词)、序数(词)、(形容词)最高级:which之前是介词短语与逗号(非限制性)。
例如:A、All that we have to do is to practise every day.
作为三大主科之一的英语,在考试中所作占的分数比例很大,但是高中英语也是许多考生的薄弱科目。下面我跟大家分享一下高中英语必备常见句型结构语法大全,希望对你有帮助。1. as 句型 (1) as引导方式状语从句句型:“按照……;正如……” (2) as+形容词/副词原级+(a /an)+名词+as ; 否定式:not as/so --- as (3) such + n. + as to do 如此……以致于…… (4) so + adj./adv. + as to do sth 如此……以致于…… (5) such...as... 象……之类的…… (接名词或定语从句) (6) the same +名词+as 和……一样的…… (接名词或定语从句) (7) as 引导非限制性定语从句 (8)引导时间状语从句,与while意义相近 (9) 引导原因状语从句,与 because的用法相近 (10) 引导让步状语从句 我推荐: 英语常用句型结构大全 疑问句结构大全 2. prefer 句型 (1) prefer to do sth (2) prefer doing sth (3) prefer sb to do sth (4) prefer to do sth rather than do sth… 宁愿…...而不愿... (5) prefer doing sth to doing sth (6) prefer sth to sth 3. when 句型 (1) was/were doing sth...when... (2) was/were about to do sth ... when ... (3) had just done ... when ... 4. seem 句型 (1) It +seems + that从句 (2) It seems to sb that ... (3) There seems to be ... (4) It seems as if ... 5. 表示“相差……; 增加了……; 增加到……”的句型 (1) She is taller than I by three inches. 她比我高三英寸 (2) There is one year between us. 我们之间相差一岁。 (3) She is three years old than I. 她比我大三岁。 (4) They have increased the price by 50%. 他们把价格上涨了50% (5) His salary has rised to 10,000 yuan per month. 他的工资已经涨到了每月10,000元。 6. what 引导的名词性从句 (1) what 引导主语从句 (2) what 引导宾语从句 (3) what 引导表语从句 (4) what 引导同位语从句 7. too句型 (1) too ... to do ... (2) only too ... to do ... (3) too + adj + for sth (4) too + adj + a + n. (5) can't … too +形容词 无论……也不为过 8. where 句型 (1) where 引导的定语从句 (2) where 引导的状语从句 (3) where 引导的表语从句 9. wish 句型 (1) wish that sb did sth 希望某人现在做某事 (2) wish that sb had done sth 希望某人过去做某事 (3) wish that sb would/could do sth 希望某人将来做某事 10. would rather 句型 (1) would rather do sth than do sth 宁愿做……而不愿做…… (2) would rather have done sth 宁愿过去做过某事 (3) would rather sb had done sth 宁愿某人过去做过某事 (4) would rather sb did sth 宁愿某人现在或将来做某事 11. before 句型 (1) before sb can/ could … 某人还没来得及…… (2) It will be +时间+ before + 还有多长时间…… (3) had done some time before (才……) (4) had not done ... before ... 不到……就…… (5) It was not +一段时间+ before 不多久就…… 12. 强调句型 (1) It is /was +被强调部分+that(who)... (2) Is/was it + 被强调部分 + that (who) ... (3) Where/who/what/how等特殊疑问词 + is/was it that ... (4) do/does/did +谓语动词 (强调谓语) 13. 用于表示过去未实现的希望和计划的句型 (1)would like to/ would love to have done sth. (2) was / were going to do sth.(用过去将来时态表示原打算做什么) 例:Lucy was going to watch a basketball match. Lucy 原打算看一场篮球比赛。
高中英语语法归纳
链接:
高中英语语法主要有、名词性从句、It用法及其句型、省略现象、主谓一致、动词不定式、倒装结构、定语从句、被动语态、祈使句、感叹句、疑问句、名词等。
搜一下 高中英语语法通霸,上面归纳得比较详细比较全。网上能下载电子文档。嘉兴英语网能免费下载。下面是下载的目录。时间紧的话,可以挑重点的看,譬如定语从句,名词性从句,虚拟语气等。 下面是部分目录。
目录
第一部分考点精讲精练... 1
第一章 冠词... 3
第1讲 冠词的特指、独指和类指.... 3
考点1. 定冠词的特指用法.... 3
考点2. 独指:指世上独一无二的事.... 3
考点3. 类指.... 3
考点4. 名词有修饰语时,前面不一定都用定冠词.... 4
写作专练1. 遇到名词要考虑前面冠词是特指还是类指(P. 227)5
第2讲 不定冠词a,an 的基本用法.... 5
考点1. a, an 的选择.... 5
考点2. a/an有表示“每一个”之意,这时不能用one 替换.... 5
考点3. help, success, honor,must, wonder, failure, wonder表示具体意义时.... 5
考点4. 用在某些物质名词或抽象名词前表示“一种、一类、一份、一场、一阵”. 6
考点5. 用在一些专有名词和一些本身前面要用定冠词的名词前,表示某一方面.... 6
考点6. 用在人名或星期前,表示“某一”,相当于a certain. 6
考点7. 用在人名、地名等前面,相当于汉语中的“借代”修辞手法.... 6
考点8. be of an (a) age /size/height /shape /color /weight /type /price等表示“相同的”. 6
写作专练2. 用活不定冠词a, an(P.227)6
第3讲 定冠词the 的基本用法.... 7
考点1. 与序数词和最高级连用.... 7
考点2. 表示乐器类名词前用定冠词.... 7
考点3. 与形容词或分词连用, 指一类人.... 7
考点4. 与姓氏复数名词连用, 表示某某一家人,或某某夫妇.... 7
考点5. 由两个以上的普通名词组成的专有名称,一般要用定冠词.... 7
考点6. 用在年代、朝代、时代名词前.... 8
考点7. 用在“by + the+单位名词”结构中, 表示 “以……单位计”. 8
考点8. hit/ strike /pull /seize/lead /catch+ sb. + by + the +部位.... 8
考点9. 表示方向的词前面用定冠词, 如:onthe left, in the south. 8
链接: the + 比较级,用于两者(参看P.40考点9).... 8
写作专练3. 掌握好名词前用the的各种情况(P.227).... 8
第4讲 不用冠词的情况.... 9
考点1. 季节、月份、星期、节日、假日和三餐前一般不加冠词.... 9
考点2. 不可数名词泛指时(参看P. 4考点3.II 类指).... 9
考点3. 球类、棋类名词前不加冠词.... 9
考点4. by+名词表示交通方式时,名词前不要冠词,名词也不用复数.... 9
考点5. 称呼语或表示头衔、职务的名词作表语、补语或同位语时, 一般不加冠词.... 9
考点6. turn后跟名词表示“成为”时名词前不用冠词.... 9
考点7. kind of/sort of等表示种类时,后面名词前不用冠词.... 9
考点8. 在一些成对出现的短语中,如:day and night, young and old等,名词前不用冠词.... 10
考点9. 常考的几类不可数名词.... 10
链接: as 引导的让步状语从句中, 作表语的名词不带冠词(参看P. 126考点2)10
写作专练4. 掌握好名词前不用冠词的情况(P. 227)10
第5讲 其他.... 11
考点1. 有定冠词与无定冠词的区别.... 11
考点2. 可数名词单数不能单独使用.... 12
考点3. 一些短语中.... 12
链接1. 两个名词表示同一事物时只在前一个用冠词(参看P. 169 考点5 )12
链接2. a, an 的特殊位置(参看P. 26考点3)12
写作专练5. 其他冠词相关(P. 227)12
第二章 代词... 13
第1讲 人称代词.... 13
考点1. 代词作同位语.... 13
考点2. 用人称代词宾格代替主格的情况.... 13
第2讲 指示代词.... 14
考点1. this, that14
考点2. that 指代前面提到的名词,后总是跟限制性的后置修饰语, 复数时要用those. 14
第3讲 不定代词(一).... 14
考点1. one不可指代不可数名词.... 14
考点2. one作同位语,等于a/an+名词.... 14
考点3. one, it, the one, theones的区别.... 15
考点4. each, every表示“每一”时的区别.... 15
考点5. any, either表示“任何一个”时的区别.... 15
考点6. neither, both与 all, none (both与all表示部分否定)15
考点7. another, other, others,the other, the others, the rest的区别.... 16
第4讲 不定代词(二).... 17
考点1. something, anything,everything与somebody, anybody, everybody. 17
考点2. everyone 与every one. 17
考点3. none, no one, nobody的区别.... 18
考点4. something, somebody,nobody的特殊用法.... 18
考点5. everybody /something等人称代词替代问题.... 18
第5讲 反身代词.... 19
第6讲 代词it的常考点.... 20
考点1. it作形式主语或宾语, 代指后面的不定式或动名词或句子.... 20
考点2. 用于表达天气、环境、时间、距离、季节等.... 20
考点3. 不知性别,是婴儿常用it20
考点4. it 用以指身份不明的人.... 20
考点5. I like it when…... 20
考点6. I can’t help it/ can helpit/ can’t help doing/ can’t help but do. 21
考点7. make it 的用法.... 21
写作专练: 使用好代词,写正确优美句子(P. 227)21
第三章 形容词和副词... 22
第1讲 形容词和副词的选用.... 22
考点1. 根据所作的句子成分选用形容词和副词.... 22
考点2. 形容词也作状语,但表示主语所处的状态.... 23
考点3. 以-ly结尾的未必都是副词.... 23
考点4. 下列几组词,词尾有无-ly都可作副词.... 23
第2讲 -ed形容词与-ing形容词.... 24
第3讲 其他相关考点.... 25
考点1. 副词按意义分类.... 25
考点2. 静态形容词和动态形容词.... 25
考点3. too, so, how, that, as ﹢形容词﹢a/an﹢名词.... 25
考点4. 形容词顺序.... 26
考点5. the加形容词表示一类人(参看冠词部分P. 7考点3).... 26
考点6. a three-year-old girl有连字符,名词不用复数.... 27
考点7. “be of+名词”表特征.... 27
写作专练1. 正确使用形容词和副词相关语法知识(P. 228)27
第4讲 几个常用形容词、副词的用法.... 27
考点1. some与any的特殊用法.... 27
考点2. yes和no要根据实际情况来选择.... 28
考点3. no 的特殊用法.... 28
考点4. enough, else, present的位置.... 29
考点5. more than的用法.... 29
考点6. anyway,anyhow不管怎样;尽管这样.... 29
考点7. however不过,但是.... 30
考点8. therefore (参看P. 186IV)30
考点9. besides, what’s more而且.... 30
第5讲 几组常考形容词、副词的区别.... 30
考点1. late 和later30
考点2. pleased, pleasing与pleasant30
考点3. living, alive与live. 30
考点4. big与large. 31
考点5. worth, worthy与worthwhile. 31
考点6. ago与before. 31
考点7. too, also与either31
考点8. good与well31
考点9. real与true. 31
考点10. hard与difficult31
考点11. likely与possible, probable. 31
考点12. most与mostly. 31
考点13. little,a little, few, a few.. 32
第6讲 几组常考形容词、副词词组的区别.... 32
考点1. 修饰可数名词、不可数名词、既可修饰可数又可修饰不可数名词的短语(参看P.172考点2).... 32
考点2. many more + 名词,much more + 名词,与another32
考点3. as many as, as much as;as far as, as long as. 33
考点4. no more than与no less than, not more than. 33
考点5. before long与long before. 34
考点6. too much 与much too. 34
考点7. not a little, not a bit34
写作专练2. 正确使用一些常用的形容词、副词或词组(P. 228)34
第7讲 近几年高考题选(常考形容词、副词).... 34
考点1. 2006年以前.... 34
考点2. 2007至2009. 35
考点3. 2010至2013. 36
第四章 形容词和副词的比较等级... 38
第1讲 关于than和as. 38
考点1. as…as与(not) as (so)…as. 38
考点2. 在比较状语从句中,主句和从句的句式结构一般是相同的.... 38
考点3. 谓语的替代(参看P. 188考点2).... 38
第2讲 比较级.... 38
考点1. 可以修饰比较级的词.... 38
考点2. more、much与比较级.... 39
考点3. 比较级的否定形式表示最高级的意思.... 39
考点4. not +比较级与 no +比较级.... 39
考点5. less构成比较级.... 39
考点6. “变得”后常跟比较级.... 39
考点7. come earlier next time. 40
考点8. 在比较级中用to而不用than的几个词.... 40
考点9. the+比较级.... 40
考点10. 同类异质比较:he is more hard-working than clever“与其说,不如说”. 40
考点11. the more, the more. 40
考点12. 比较级+and+比较级.... 41
第3讲 最高级.... 41
考点1. 形容词最高级前的the不能省略,而副词最高级前的the可以省略.... 41
考点2. least也可用来构成最高级.... 41
考点3. 形容词最高级前有时加不定冠词,或不加冠词,不表最高级,表示“非常”. 41
考点4. 形容词最高级前省略the的情况.... 41
写作专练1. 正确使用比较级最高级相关知识(P. 228 )42
第4讲 倍数表达法.... 42
考点1. 表达“是……的几倍”. 42
考点2. 表达“比……大/小几倍”. 42
考点3. 倍数 +名词.... 42
写作专练2. 正确使用倍数表达法(P. 229)42
在 英语学习 中,语法的学习是必不可少的内容,因为学习语法可以帮助我们理解 句子 的含义,可是语法的学习是很枯燥的,所以常常不被学生所接受。下面我给大家分享一些高中英语语法知识点,希望能够帮助大家,欢迎阅读!
高中英语语法知识点1
冠词
高考对冠词的考查集中在基本用法上,主要既反映在对泛指、特指及固定 短语 冠词的考查。抽象名词、物质名词的具体化依然是高考的重点、难点。
一、不定冠词
不定冠词a,an与one同源,表示微弱的一的概念,但并不强调数目,用来表示不确定的人或事物。
A用在辅音前,而不是辅音字母前;an用在元音前,而不是元音字母前。
a university in Asia
1.表示同类中的任何一个
A cat has nine lives.
2.表示泛指的某人、某物
I know a John Lennon,but not the famous one.
3.表示数量的一 He has a daughter.
4. 表示单位数量的每一 I earn 10 dollars an hour.
5.表示相同的
The two birds are of a color.
6. 用于集体名词前
He grows up in a large family.
7. 在某种情况下可用于抽象名词和物质名词前 China has a long history.
二、定冠词的用法
1.表示特定的人或物
2.表示地球、宇宙中独一无二的事物
主要指各种天体及世界上比较有影响的物体。 The sun,the moon,the earth
3.表示地点、方向、时间、方式等 at the corner 在拐角处
1) 在表示季节的名词前常不用冠词。 In spring 在春天
2) 具体某年的某个季节,需用冠词。 In the summer of the year2008
3)用于序数词或形容词的最高级前 the first the second
4)用于形容词前使其名词化 the rich the poor
5)用于复数姓氏前,表示―夫妇‖或全家 The Smiths
6)用于乐器名词前 Play the piano
7)用于by+the+计量单位名词 By the pound
1. 用于复数名词前
复数名词泛指某类人或物时,其前通常用零冠词。 Students should obey the school rules. 学生应该遵守校规。 复数名词若需特指,则要加定冠词。 The students are too lazy. 这些学生太懒。
2. 用于不可数名词前
不可数名词表示泛指时,其前通常用零冠词。如: Bread is made from flour. 面包是用面粉做的。
Wood is a poor conductor of sound. 木头是声音的不良导体。 不可数名词若需特指,则要加定冠词。
He sawed the wood into three pieces. 他把木头锯成三块。
3.用于专有名词前
在通常情况下,专有名词前要用零冠词。如:
Mr Smith is our English teaches us English. 史密斯先生教我们英语。 在特殊情况下,若专有名词需要特指,也可加定冠词。如: The Smith you‘re looking for no longer lives here.
4. 用于抽象化的可数名词前
有些可数名词抽象化后表示表示的活动,其前通常零冠词。 Jim has gone to bed. 吉姆已上床睡觉了。
She goes to church every Sunday. 她每周星期天都去做礼拜。
这类主要涉及bed, church, class, college, school, university, work, hospital, prison, market, sea, town等。另外,这类名词前用不用冠词有时与英美英语的表达习惯有关。如:―住院‖在英国英语中通常说成 in hospital,而在美国英语中则通常说成in the hospital;类似的还有go to university (英)上大学 / go to the university (美)上大学;at table (英)在吃饭 / at the table (美)在吃饭。
高中英语语法知识点2
现在完成时
1. 现在完成时结构:
主语 + 助动词have(has) + 动词过去分词
否定句:have/has后加not, haven’t/hasn’t
一般疑问句:have/has提前
2. 现在完成时的用法:
(1)表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或产生的结果,强调的是这个结果或影响,常与yet,already,just,before,lately等时间状语连用。
—Have you had your lunch yet? 你吃过午饭了吗?
—Yes, I have. I have just had it. 是的,我刚吃过。(现在我不饿了。)
I have already posted the photos. 我已经寄过这些照片了。(这些照片已不在我这里了。)
have(has) gone to,have(has) been to和have(has) been in的区别
1. have (has) gone to表示"已经去某地了",不能与for+一段时间连用。
She has gone to Shanghai.(她可能已在去上海的路上,或已到上海,总之现在不在这里。)
2. have (has) been to表示"曾经去过某地",不能与for+一段时间连用。
She has been to Shanghai three times.(她已经不在上海,只说明她曾经去过。)
3. have (has) been in/at表示"一直待在某地",常与时间段搭配,指待了很久。
(2)过去发生的事情,一直持续到现在(其谓语动词多是延续性动词或表示状态的词)。
I haven’t seen her these days. 近来我一直没见过他。
I’ve known Li Lei for three years. 我认识李雷已经三年了。
They have lived here since 1996. 他们自从1996年就住在这儿。
She has taught us since I came to this school. 自从我来这所学校,她就教我。
3. 现在完成时多与下列时间状语连用:
(1)用于"过去发生的事,对现在造成的影响或结果"的时间状语有:
(2)用于"过去发生的事,一直延续到现在"的时间状语有:
for + 时间段 for two years
since + 时间点 since 2008 since then since he came here
so far 目前;迄今为止
up to now=till now=by now 到现在为止;直到现在
all the time 总是;一直
recently/lately 最近
these days 近几天
by the end of...到……末/结束 by the end of this month/year 到本月/年末
during /over the last (past) few years 在过去的几年中
in the last /past days/ months/ years 在过去的几个天/月/年中
(3)在条件、时间、让步状语从句中,表示将来某时以前已完成的动作。
I will not believe you unless I have seen it with my own eyes.
I will go with you as soon as I have finished my work.
(4)非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示一段时间的状语连用即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。
I haven’t received his letter for almost a month.
高中英语语法知识点3
一般将来时
1.shall用于第一人称,常被will 所代替。will 在陈述句中用于各人称,在征求意见时常用于第二人称。
Which paragraph shall I read first? 我先读哪一段呢?
Will you be at home at seven this evening? 今晚七点回家好吗?
2. be going to +不定式,表示将来。
a. 主语的意图,即将做某事。
What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢?
b. 计划或安排要发生的事。
The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。
c. 有迹象要发生的事。
Look at the dark clouds, there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云,快要下雨了。
3.be +不定式表将来,按计划或正式安排将发生的事。
We are to discuss the report next Saturday. 我们下星期六讨论这份 报告 。
4.be about to +不定式,意为马上做某事。
He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。
注意:be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来时的时间状语连用。
5.一般现在时表将来。
a. 下列动词come,go,arrive,leave,start,begin,return的一般现在时可以表示将来,主要用来表示在时间上已确定或安排好的事情。
The train leaves at six tomorrow morning. 火车明天上午六点开。
—When does the bus star? 汽车什么时候开?
—It stars in ten minutes. 十分钟后。
b. 以here,there等开始的倒装句,表示动作正在进行。
Here comes the bus. = The bus is coming. 车来了。
There goes the bell. = The bell is ringing. 铃响了。
c. 在时间或条件句中。
When Bill comes不是will come., ask him to wait for me. 比尔来后,让他等我。
I’ll write to you as soon as I arrive there. 我到了那里,就写信给你。
d. 在动词hope,take care that,make sure that等的宾语从句中。
I hope they have a nice time next week. 我希望他们下星期玩得开心。
Make sure that the windows are closed before you leave the room. 离开房间前,务必把窗户关了。
6.用现在进行时表示将来。
下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等现在进行时可以表示将来。
I’m leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。
Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿待到下周吗?
高中英语语法知识点4
形容词、副词的基本用法
1.形容词作状语表示伴随或结果,并不表达动作的方式。After the long journey,the three of them went back home,hungry and tired.经过长时间旅行后,他们三个回到家,又饿又累。2.有些副词还可以作连词,作副词时常放在句末。如:though,(ever)since,in case等He is old. He works hard,though.=Though he is old,he works hard.虽然他年事已高,但他工作还是很努力。3.有些副词置于句首可修饰全句,作评注性状语。如:obviously,naturally,surprisingly等Fortunately,he was not drowned and was saved by the PLA.幸运的是,他没被淹死,被解放军给救了。Happily for her,her stepmother was kind to her.高兴的是,她的继母对她很好。4.can not/never 与enough 或too连用表示:无论怎样都不过分;越……越好。—I was riding alone in the street and all of a sudden,a car cut in and knocked me down.——我正在大街上独自一人骑自行车,突然一辆小汽车强行超车把我撞倒了。—You can never be too careful in the street.— —在大街上你越小心越好。
形容词、副词的比较级和最高级
1."as+形容词+(a/an)+名词+as"表示同级比较,注意中间的形容词和名词并列时各自所在的位置。It is generally believed that teaching is as much an art as it is a science.人们普遍认为,教学是一门科学,同时也是一门艺术。2."as+形容词/副词的原级+as"与"not as/so+形容词/副词的原级+as"表示同级比较,即两个或两部分人或物在性质上或程度上相同(不同)。The work is not as/so difficult as you imagine.这项工作不是像你想像的那么难。3."the+比较级+of the two +名词"表示"两者中较……的那个"。The taller of the two boys is my brother.两个男孩中较高的那位是我哥哥。4.a+形容词比较级+n.……After two years’ research,we have a far better understanding of the disease.研究两年之后,现在我们对这种病有更好的理解。We went to the USA in search of a better life.为了寻找更美好的生活我们去了美国。5.比较级的修饰语常见的有:rather,much,still,even,far,any(用于否定句或疑问句),a lot,a little,a great deal,by far,a bit 等。The students study even harder than before.学生们学习比以前更努力了。A car runs a great deal faster than a bike.汽车比自行车跑得快得多。6.最高级(1)最高级的修饰语常见的有:序数词,by far,nearly,almost,by no means,not really,not quite,nothing like。The bridge being built now is by far the longest across the Yellow River.目前正在建的那座桥是横跨黄河之上的桥当中最长的桥。I’d like to buy the second most expensive camera.我想买仅次于最贵的照相机。(2)否定词+比较级=最高级。There is no greater love than that of a man who lays down his life for his friends.为朋友而放弃生命的人的爱是最伟大的爱。—Are you satisfied with what he said at the meeting?——你对他在会议上说的满意吗?—No. It couldn’t have been worse.——不,不能再差了。
高中英语语法知识点5
1、学校生活及学习成绩
Be getting on well with one’s study某人的学习越来越好take several courses at school在学校学若干门课程have English (Chinese, Physics…) every (other )day work hard at …put one’s heart into…专心于;致力于be interested in …be fond oflike chemistry bestbe good at …; be poor at …; do well in …; be weak in …make progress in …; fail in …’ be tired of …’pass the examination; give sb. a passing grade;major in history 主修历史He has the best record in school. 他的成绩最棒。get a doctor’s degree 获得博士学位be more interesting to sb.learn about; succeed in…; be active in class (work);take an active part in …; learn… by heart;work out a (maths) problem; improve oneself in …;get 90 marks for (English); get an “A” in the exam;have a good command of…lay a good foundation in (language study)
2、师生关系get on well with sb; like to be with students;
be gentle with us; be kind to sb;
be a strict teacher; be strict with one’s pupils;be strict in work
We think of him (her) as …; help sb with sth;praise sb for sth …; blame sb for sth..give advice on …; question sb on …be satisfied with …correct the students’ homework carefully and prepare for the next day; give sb a lot of work;try to teach sb good study habits; make one’s lessons lively and interesting; teach sb. sth.;teach sb to do sth.devote all one’s time to work;admire (sb.for) his devotion to the cause of education佩服他对于 教育 事业的献身精神。
3、课余活动及周末生活spend one’s time in many different ways;enjoy doing things by oneself; go swimming;go for an outing; have an outing at (the seashore);see the sights of Beijing; play the piano (violin);play chess (basketball); have a swim;have dances on weekends; have a picnic over the weekend;go to the cinema; have a party; hold a sports meeting;do some reading; help sb do sth; enjoy a family trip;get everything ready for;ride one’s bike with sb.to(the park);There are a lot of activities at (the beach).We enjoy a change from our busy life in the city.She would like to bring sth. to the picnic.It was a very relaxing Sunday.There are good programmes on TV on weekends.
4、彼此沟通信息take a message for sb; send a message to sb;hear from sb; talk about/of sth; tell sb to do sth;get information about…;express one’s idea (feelings) in English用英语表达一个人的思想(感情);Write sb a letter saying…给某人写信说... , apologize to sb for…thank you for …; make a speech t at the meeting;explain sth to s; look upon sb as …; think sb to be …;take sb’s side
5、事件中人的态度would like to do; allow sb to do;keep sb from doing (prevent sb. from doing);call on sb to do; be afraid to do (be afraid of …);fee like doing; insist on doing; drive sb. off;speak highly of sb; speak ill of sb; think highly of sb;force sb to do; offer to do; refuse to do; agree to do;regret doing;prefer to do A rather than do B; had better do;would rather (not) do.
高中英语语法知识点 总结 相关 文章 :
★ 高中英语语法知识点整理总结
★ 高中英语语法总结
★ 高三英语语法知识点总结
★ 高三英语语法知识点归纳汇总
★ 高中英语知识归纳笔记
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★ 高中英语语法知识点整理
★ 高考英语语法与知识点总结归纳
★ 高考英语语法知识点总结
★ 高中英语语法考点总结
高中英语语法全归纳
总结就是对一个时期的学习、工作或其完成情况进行一次全面系统的回顾和分析的书面材料,通过它可以正确认识以往学习和工作中的优缺点,为此我们要做好回顾,写好总结。你想知道总结怎么写吗?以下是我收集整理的高中英语语法点总结,仅供参考,欢迎大家阅读。
(1)现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。
现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。
1)现在分词作状语时,现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作,它们之间的关系是主动关系。
He went out shutting the door behind him. 他出去后将门随手关上。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help. 由于不知如何办是好,他去找父母帮忙。
2)过去分词作状语时,过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作,它们之间的关系是被动关系。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. 如果对这些树多关心一些,它们本来会长得更好。
Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them. 在遇到困难的时候,我们必须设法克服。
(2)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别
1)分词作状语一般表示伴随,而不定式常常表示目的。
They stood by the roadside talking about the plan.他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)
They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan.他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)
2)分词作状语放在句子开头,除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时,除了表示目的以外,还表示结果或原因。
Reading attentively,he forgot the time for lunch.由于在专心读书,他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因)
Reading carefully,he found something he had not known before.他仔细读书时,发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间)
Reading carefully,youll learn something new.只要你仔细阅读,你会学到一些新的东西。(条件)
His family was too poor to support him.他的家庭太穷,不能维持他的生活。(结果)
The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf.这男孩个子不够高,手伸不到书架。(结果)
We are glad to hear the news.我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因)
(3)下面一些句型是不定式做状语时候应该注意的:
a:not/never too…to, too…not to , but/only too… to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义
b:做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾,常见的不定式动词有:find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。
c:不定式做状语时,其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语,否则用for引导主语。
不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别
(1)不定式作定语
1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系
He was the last one to leave school yesterday.昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。
The train to arrive was from London.将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。
2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系
Get him something to eat.给他拿点儿东西吃。
She has a lot of work to do in the morning.早上他有很多工作要做。
3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语,要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系,这里的介词不能省去。
I need a pen to write with.我需要一支笔写字。
There is nothing to worry about.没有什么值得发愁的。
4)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如: ability能力,本领 drive赶,驾驶 movement运动,活动 ambition抱负,野心 effort努力,尝试 need需要,需求 campaign战役,运动 failure失败,不及格 opportunity机会 chance机会 force力,压力,要点 promise许诺,希望 courage勇气 intention意向,意图 reason理由,原因 decision决定 method方法,方式 light光,光线,亮光 determination决心,决定 motive动机,目的 struggle奋斗,努力, tendency倾向,趋势 wish希望,愿望,祝愿
5)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next, second, last, only和not a,the等限定词时候,只能用不定式。
6)不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语。
John will do anything but work on a farm.除了农活,约翰什么都愿意干。
7)如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语,或者其形容词要器接不定式做补语,则相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如:
tend to do---tendency to do;decide to do = decision to do;be curious to do = curiosity to do
His wish to buy a car came true.他要买辆车的愿望实现了。
Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us. 他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大吃一惊。
He is always the first to come and the last to leave. 他总是第一个到来,最后一个离去。
(2)分词作定语
分词作定语时有下面几个特点:
1)现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词一般表示被动含意。
2)现在分词表示正在进行,过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。
He rushed into the burning house.他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。
The child standing over there is my brother.站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。
The room facing south is our classroom.朝南的`房间是我们的教室。
Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那个修好的表了吗?
He is an advanced teacher.他是个先进教师。
3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语,但不具有被动意义,这点要注意:
departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come
(3)不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系
一般来说,不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后;现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生;过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。例如:
Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing? 你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗?
名词
名词概论
名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词 (mon Nouns),专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类:
个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。
集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。
物质名词(Material Nouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。
抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。
个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(Countable Nouns),物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。归纳一下,名词的分类可以下图表示:
名
词 专有名词
普通名词 个体名词 可数名词
集体名词
物质名词 不可数名词
抽象名词
名词复数的规则变化
情况 构成方法 读音 例词
一般情况 加 -s 1.清辅音后读/s/;
2.浊辅音和元音后读 /z/ map-maps
bag-bags
car-cars
以s, sh, ch, x等结尾的词 加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses watch-watches
ce, se, ze, (d)ge等结尾的词 加 -s 读 /iz/ license-licenses
以辅音字母+y结尾的词 变y 为i再加es 读 /z/ baby---babies
其它名词复数的规则变化
1) 以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数:
如:two Marys the Henrys
monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
比较: 层楼:storey ---storeys story---stories
2) 以o 结尾的名词,变复数时:
a. 加s,如: photo---photos piano---pianos
radio---radios zoo---zoos;
b. 加es,如:potato—potatoes tomato—tomatoes
c. 均可,如:zero---zeros / zeroes
3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时:
a. 加s,如: belief---beliefs roof---roofs
safe---safes gulf---gulfs;
b. 去f, fe 加-ves,如:half---halves
knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves
wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves;
c. 均可,如:handkerchief:
handkerchiefs / handkerchieves
名词复数的不规则变化
1)child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth
mouse---mice man---men woman---women
注意:与 man 和 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。
如: an Englishman,two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans。
2)单复同形如:
deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese
li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin
但除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:
a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters
3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。
如: people police cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说。
高中英语语法可能是困扰着大部分学生的事情了,各种各样的语法让学生们看的头都大了。下面我就为各位总结了一下高中英语语法,希望可以帮助学生们更清晰明了的学习语法知识。
1、单数主语即使后面带有with , along with, together with, like(象), but (除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引导的短语, 谓语动词仍用单数。
2、用and连接的并列主语,如果主语是同一个人,同一事,同一概念, 谓语动词用单数, 否则用复数。
3、不定式(短语), 动名词(短语), 或从句作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。
4、用连接的并列主语被each, every 或no修饰时, 谓语动词用单数。主语中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分数或百分数+名词”做主语时,谓语动词单复数取决于连用的名词。
5、用连词or, either.... or, neither?.nor, not only?.but also 等连接的并列主语, 谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致。
1、状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾。副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首。
2、用作定语的主要是形容词,代词,数词,名词,副词,动词不定式,介词短语等。形容词,代词,数词,名词等作定语时,通常放在被修饰的词前面。
3、有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语,意思才完整,宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。
4、宾语表示动作行为的对象,跟在及物动词之后,能作宾语的有名词,代词,数词,动词不定式等。
5、表语是谓语的一部分,它位于系动词如be之后,说明主语身份,特征,属性或状态。一般由名词,代词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词短语等充当。
1.主语+谓语
2.主语+谓语+状语
3.主语+谓语+宾语
4.主语+系动词+表语
5.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
6.主语+谓语+直接宾语+间接宾语
7.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
以上就是我为各位总结的英语语法的内容,在英语语法的学习上,其实我认为英语和中文在一定程度上是互通的,学生要培养一定的语感,并且在句型和单词上要有一定的积累。
作为三大主科之一的英语,在考试中所作占的分数比例很大,但是高中英语也是许多考生的薄弱科目。下面我跟大家分享一下高中英语必备常见句型结构语法大全,希望对你有帮助。1. as 句型 (1) as引导方式状语从句句型:“按照……;正如……” (2) as+形容词/副词原级+(a /an)+名词+as ; 否定式:not as/so --- as (3) such + n. + as to do 如此……以致于…… (4) so + adj./adv. + as to do sth 如此……以致于…… (5) such...as... 象……之类的…… (接名词或定语从句) (6) the same +名词+as 和……一样的…… (接名词或定语从句) (7) as 引导非限制性定语从句 (8)引导时间状语从句,与while意义相近 (9) 引导原因状语从句,与 because的用法相近 (10) 引导让步状语从句 我推荐: 英语常用句型结构大全 疑问句结构大全 2. prefer 句型 (1) prefer to do sth (2) prefer doing sth (3) prefer sb to do sth (4) prefer to do sth rather than do sth… 宁愿…...而不愿... (5) prefer doing sth to doing sth (6) prefer sth to sth 3. when 句型 (1) was/were doing sth...when... (2) was/were about to do sth ... when ... (3) had just done ... when ... 4. seem 句型 (1) It +seems + that从句 (2) It seems to sb that ... (3) There seems to be ... (4) It seems as if ... 5. 表示“相差……; 增加了……; 增加到……”的句型 (1) She is taller than I by three inches. 她比我高三英寸 (2) There is one year between us. 我们之间相差一岁。 (3) She is three years old than I. 她比我大三岁。 (4) They have increased the price by 50%. 他们把价格上涨了50% (5) His salary has rised to 10,000 yuan per month. 他的工资已经涨到了每月10,000元。 6. what 引导的名词性从句 (1) what 引导主语从句 (2) what 引导宾语从句 (3) what 引导表语从句 (4) what 引导同位语从句 7. too句型 (1) too ... to do ... (2) only too ... to do ... (3) too + adj + for sth (4) too + adj + a + n. (5) can't … too +形容词 无论……也不为过 8. where 句型 (1) where 引导的定语从句 (2) where 引导的状语从句 (3) where 引导的表语从句 9. wish 句型 (1) wish that sb did sth 希望某人现在做某事 (2) wish that sb had done sth 希望某人过去做某事 (3) wish that sb would/could do sth 希望某人将来做某事 10. would rather 句型 (1) would rather do sth than do sth 宁愿做……而不愿做…… (2) would rather have done sth 宁愿过去做过某事 (3) would rather sb had done sth 宁愿某人过去做过某事 (4) would rather sb did sth 宁愿某人现在或将来做某事 11. before 句型 (1) before sb can/ could … 某人还没来得及…… (2) It will be +时间+ before + 还有多长时间…… (3) had done some time before (才……) (4) had not done ... before ... 不到……就…… (5) It was not +一段时间+ before 不多久就…… 12. 强调句型 (1) It is /was +被强调部分+that(who)... (2) Is/was it + 被强调部分 + that (who) ... (3) Where/who/what/how等特殊疑问词 + is/was it that ... (4) do/does/did +谓语动词 (强调谓语) 13. 用于表示过去未实现的希望和计划的句型 (1)would like to/ would love to have done sth. (2) was / were going to do sth.(用过去将来时态表示原打算做什么) 例:Lucy was going to watch a basketball match. Lucy 原打算看一场篮球比赛。
高中英语语法归纳总结
一.主语从句 主语从句是在复合句中充当主语的从句,通常放在主句谓语动词之前或由形式主语it代替,而本身放在句子末尾。 作形式主语和it引导强调句的比较 It作形式主语代替主语从句,主要是为了平衡句子结构,主语从句的连接词没有变化。而it引导的强调句则是对句子某一部分进行强调,无论强调的是什么成分,都可用连词that。被强调部分指人时也可用who/whom。例如: a)Itisapitythatyoudidn’tgotoseethefilm.你不去看那场电影真可惜。 b)Itdoesn’tinterestmewhetheryousucceedornot. 我对你成功与否不感兴趣。 c)Itisinthemorningthatthemurdertookplace. 谋杀案是在早上发生的。(强调句型) d)ItisJohnthatbrokethewindow. 是John打碎的窗户。(强调句型) 2.用it作形式主语的结构 (1)Itis+名词+从句 Itisafactthat…事实是… Itisanhonorthat…非常荣幸 Itiscommonknowledgethat…是常识 (2)Itis+形容词+从句 Itisnaturalthat…很自然… Itisstrangethat…奇怪的是… (3)Itis+不及物动词+从句 Itseemsthat…似乎… Ithappenedthat…碰巧… Itappearsthat…似乎… (4)It+过去分词+从句 Itisreportedthat…据报道… Ithasbeenprovedthat…已证实… Itissaidthat…据说… 3.主语从句不可位于句首的五种情况: (1)if引导的主语从句不可居于复合句句首。 (2)Itissaid/reported…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如: 正确表达:ItissaidthatPresidentJiangwillvisitourschoolnextweek. 错误表达:ThatPresidentJiangwillvisitourschoolnextweekissaid. (3)Ithappens/occurs…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如: 正确表达:Itoccurredtohimthathefailedintheexamination. 错误表达:Thathefailedintheexaminationoccurredtohim. (4)Itdoesn’tmatterhow/whether…结构中的主语从句不可提前。例如: 正确表达:Itdoesn’tmatterwhetherheiswrongornot. 错误表达:Whetherheiswrongornotdoesn’tmatter. (5)含主语从句的复合句是疑问句时,主语从句不可提前。例如: 正确表达:Isitlikelythatitwillrainintheevening? 错误表达:Isthatwillrainintheeveninglikely? 与that在引导主语从句时的区别 what引导主语从句时在句时在从句中充当句子成分,如主语.宾语.表语,而that则不然。例如: a)Whatyousaidyesterdayisright. b)Thatsheisstillaliveisaconsolation二.宾语从句 宾语从句就是在复合句中作宾语的名词性从句,通常放在主句谓语动词(及物动词)或介词之后。 1.作动词的宾语 (1)由that引导的宾语从句(that通常可以省略),例如: Iheardthatbejoinedthearmy.我听说他参军了。 (2)由what,whether(if)引导的宾语从句,例如: a)Shedidnotknowwhathadhappened. 她不知道发生了什么。 b)Iwonderwhetheryoucanchangethisnoteforme. 我想知道你是否能帮我改一下笔记。 (3)动词+间接宾语+宾语从句。例如: Shetoldmethatshewouldacceptmyinvitation. 她对我说她会接受我的邀请。 2.作介词的宾语,例如: Oursuccessdependsuponhowwellwecancooperatewithoneanother. 我们的成功取决于我们之间的合作。 3.作形容词的宾语,例如: Iamafraid(that)I’vemadeamistake. 我恐怕我已经犯了一个错误。 注意:that引导的从句常跟在下列形容词后作宾语:anxious,aware,certain,confident,convinced,determined,glad,proud,surprised,worried,sorry,thankful,ashamed,disappointed,annoyed,pleased,hurt,satisfied,content等。也可以将此类词后的that从句的看作原因状语从句。 可以作为形式宾语 it不仅可以作为形式主语,还可以作为形式宾语而真正的宾语that从句则放在句尾,特别是在带复合宾语的句子中。例如: Wehearditthatshewouldgetmarriednextmonth.我听说她下个朋就会结婚了。 5.后边不能直接跟that从句的动词 这类动词有allow,refuse,let,like,cause,force,admire,condemn,celebrate,dislike,love,help,take,forgive等。这类词后可以用不定式或动名词作宾语,但不可以用that引导的宾语从句。如: 正确表达:Iadmiretheirwinningthematch. 错误表达:Iadmirethattheywonthematch. 6.不可用that从句作直接宾语的动词 有些动词不可用于“动词+间接宾语+that从句“结构中,常见的有envy,order,accuse,refuse,impress,forgive,blame,denounce,advise,congratulate等。例如: 正确表达:Heimpressedthemanagerasanhonestman. 错误表达:Heimpressedthemanagerthathewasanhonestman. 7.否定的转移 若主句谓语动词为think,consider,suppose,believe,expect,fancy,guess,imagine等,其后的宾语从句若含有否定意义,一般要把否定词转移到主句谓语上,从句谓语用肯定式。例如: Idon’tthinkthisdressfitsyouwell.我认为这件衣服不适合你穿。 三.表语从句 表语从句在复合句中作表语的名词性从句,放在系动词之后,一般结构是“主语+连系动词+表语从句”。可以接表语从句的连系动词有be,look,remain,seem等。引导表语从句的that常可省略。另外,常用的还有thereasonisthat…和Itisbecause等结构。例如: 1)Thequestioniswhetherwecanmakegoodpreparationinsuchashorttime. 2)Thisiswhywecan’tgetthesupportofthepeople. 3)Butthefactremainsthatwearebehindtheotherclasses. 4)Thereasonheislateforschoolisthathemissedtheearlybus. 四.同位语从句 同位语从句就是在复合句中作名词的同位语的名词性从句。 1.同位语从句的功能 同位语从句对于名词进一步解释,说明名词的具体内容,一般由that引导,例如: 1)Theking’sdecisionthattheprisonerwouldbesetfreesurprisedallthepeople. 2)Theorderthatallthesoldiersshouldstaystillisgivenbythegeneral.
高中英语语法可能是困扰着大部分学生的事情了,各种各样的语法让学生们看的头都大了。下面我就为各位总结了一下高中英语语法,希望可以帮助学生们更清晰明了的学习语法知识。
1、单数主语即使后面带有with , along with, together with, like(象), but (除了),except, besides, as well as, no less than, rather than(而不是), including, in addition to 引导的短语, 谓语动词仍用单数。
2、用and连接的并列主语,如果主语是同一个人,同一事,同一概念, 谓语动词用单数, 否则用复数。
3、不定式(短语), 动名词(短语), 或从句作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。
4、用连接的并列主语被each, every 或no修饰时, 谓语动词用单数。主语中有all, half, most, the rest等, 以及”分数或百分数+名词”做主语时,谓语动词单复数取决于连用的名词。
5、用连词or, either.... or, neither?.nor, not only?.but also 等连接的并列主语, 谓语动词与靠近它的主语在数上一致。
1、状语一般放在被修饰的词之后或放在句尾。副词作状语时可放在被修饰的词前或句首。
2、用作定语的主要是形容词,代词,数词,名词,副词,动词不定式,介词短语等。形容词,代词,数词,名词等作定语时,通常放在被修饰的词前面。
3、有些及物动词的宾语后面还需要有一个补足语,意思才完整,宾语和它的补足语构成复合宾语。
4、宾语表示动作行为的对象,跟在及物动词之后,能作宾语的有名词,代词,数词,动词不定式等。
5、表语是谓语的一部分,它位于系动词如be之后,说明主语身份,特征,属性或状态。一般由名词,代词,形容词,副词,不定式,介词短语等充当。
1.主语+谓语
2.主语+谓语+状语
3.主语+谓语+宾语
4.主语+系动词+表语
5.主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语
6.主语+谓语+直接宾语+间接宾语
7.主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语
以上就是我为各位总结的英语语法的内容,在英语语法的学习上,其实我认为英语和中文在一定程度上是互通的,学生要培养一定的语感,并且在句型和单词上要有一定的积累。
总结就是对一个时期的学习、工作或其完成情况进行一次全面系统的回顾和分析的书面材料,通过它可以正确认识以往学习和工作中的优缺点,为此我们要做好回顾,写好总结。你想知道总结怎么写吗?以下是我收集整理的高中英语语法点总结,仅供参考,欢迎大家阅读。
(1)现在分词与过去分词作状语的区别。
现在分词做状语与过去分词做状语的最主要区别在于两者与所修饰的主语的主动与被动关系的区别。
1)现在分词作状语时,现在分词的动作就是句子主语的动作,它们之间的关系是主动关系。
He went out shutting the door behind him. 他出去后将门随手关上。
Not knowing what to do, he went to his parents for help. 由于不知如何办是好,他去找父母帮忙。
2)过去分词作状语时,过去分词表示的动作是句子主语承受的动作,它们之间的关系是被动关系。
Given more attention, the trees could have grown better. 如果对这些树多关心一些,它们本来会长得更好。
Faced with difficulties, we must try to overcome them. 在遇到困难的时候,我们必须设法克服。
(2)动词不定式和分词作状语的区别
1)分词作状语一般表示伴随,而不定式常常表示目的。
They stood by the roadside talking about the plan.他们站在路边谈论着这个计划。(伴随)
They stood by the roadside to talk about the plan.他们站在路边为的是谈论这个计划。(目的)
2)分词作状语放在句子开头,除表示原因之外有时表示时间或条件。动词不定式作状语时,除了表示目的以外,还表示结果或原因。
Reading attentively,he forgot the time for lunch.由于在专心读书,他忘了吃午饭的时间。(原因)
Reading carefully,he found something he had not known before.他仔细读书时,发现了一些从前不知道的东西。(时间)
Reading carefully,youll learn something new.只要你仔细阅读,你会学到一些新的东西。(条件)
His family was too poor to support him.他的家庭太穷,不能维持他的生活。(结果)
The boy is not tall enough to reach the book shelf.这男孩个子不够高,手伸不到书架。(结果)
We are glad to hear the news.我们很高兴听到这消息。(原因)
(3)下面一些句型是不定式做状语时候应该注意的:
a:not/never too…to, too…not to , but/only too… to, too ready/eager/apt/inclined to 表示肯定意义
b:做结果状语的不定式只能出现在句子的末尾,常见的不定式动词有:find, hear, see, be told, form, give, make, produce 等。
c:不定式做状语时,其逻辑主语一般为句子的主语,否则用for引导主语。
不定式、现在分词和过去分词作定语的区别
(1)不定式作定语
1)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是主谓关系
He was the last one to leave school yesterday.昨天他是最后一个离开教室的。
The train to arrive was from London.将要到站的火车是从伦敦开来的。
2)不定式与其所修饰的名词可能是动宾关系
Get him something to eat.给他拿点儿东西吃。
She has a lot of work to do in the morning.早上他有很多工作要做。
3)不及物动词构成的不定式做定语,要加上适当的介词和被修饰的名词形成逻辑上的动宾关系,这里的介词不能省去。
I need a pen to write with.我需要一支笔写字。
There is nothing to worry about.没有什么值得发愁的。
4)不定式修饰一些表示方向、原因、时间、机会、权利等抽象名词如: ability能力,本领 drive赶,驾驶 movement运动,活动 ambition抱负,野心 effort努力,尝试 need需要,需求 campaign战役,运动 failure失败,不及格 opportunity机会 chance机会 force力,压力,要点 promise许诺,希望 courage勇气 intention意向,意图 reason理由,原因 decision决定 method方法,方式 light光,光线,亮光 determination决心,决定 motive动机,目的 struggle奋斗,努力, tendency倾向,趋势 wish希望,愿望,祝愿
5)被修饰的名词前有序数词、形容词最高级或next, second, last, only和not a,the等限定词时候,只能用不定式。
6)不定代词something, nothing, little, much, a lot 等习惯上用不定式做定语。
John will do anything but work on a farm.除了农活,约翰什么都愿意干。
7)如果其动词要求用不定式做宾语,或者其形容词要器接不定式做补语,则相应的名词一般用不定式做定语。如:
tend to do---tendency to do;decide to do = decision to do;be curious to do = curiosity to do
His wish to buy a car came true.他要买辆车的愿望实现了。
Their decision to give up the experiment surprised us. 他们放弃这个实验的决定使我们大吃一惊。
He is always the first to come and the last to leave. 他总是第一个到来,最后一个离去。
(2)分词作定语
分词作定语时有下面几个特点:
1)现在分词表示主动意义,过去分词一般表示被动含意。
2)现在分词表示正在进行,过去分词表示状态或做完(完成)的事。
He rushed into the burning house.他冲进了正在燃烧着的房子。
The child standing over there is my brother.站在那儿的男孩子是我弟弟。
The room facing south is our classroom.朝南的`房间是我们的教室。
Have you got your watch repaired? 你拿到那个修好的表了吗?
He is an advanced teacher.他是个先进教师。
3)下列不及物动词也以过去分词形式做定语或表语,但不具有被动意义,这点要注意:
departed, elapsed, faded, fallen, gone, frown-up, retired, returned, risen, set, vanished, much-traveled, newly-arrived, recently-come
(3)不定式和分词作定语时的时间关系
一般来说,不定式所表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之后;现在分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生;过去分词表示的动作发生在谓语动词所表示的动作之前。例如:
Do you want to see the doctor to be sent for from Beijing? 你要见那位将从北京请来的医生吗?
名词
名词概论
名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词 (mon Nouns),专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类:
个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。
集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。
物质名词(Material Nouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。
抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。
个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(Countable Nouns),物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。归纳一下,名词的分类可以下图表示:
名
词 专有名词
普通名词 个体名词 可数名词
集体名词
物质名词 不可数名词
抽象名词
名词复数的规则变化
情况 构成方法 读音 例词
一般情况 加 -s 1.清辅音后读/s/;
2.浊辅音和元音后读 /z/ map-maps
bag-bags
car-cars
以s, sh, ch, x等结尾的词 加 -es 读 /iz/ bus-buses watch-watches
ce, se, ze, (d)ge等结尾的词 加 -s 读 /iz/ license-licenses
以辅音字母+y结尾的词 变y 为i再加es 读 /z/ baby---babies
其它名词复数的规则变化
1) 以y结尾的专有名词,或元音字母+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数:
如:two Marys the Henrys
monkey---monkeys holiday---holidays
比较: 层楼:storey ---storeys story---stories
2) 以o 结尾的名词,变复数时:
a. 加s,如: photo---photos piano---pianos
radio---radios zoo---zoos;
b. 加es,如:potato—potatoes tomato—tomatoes
c. 均可,如:zero---zeros / zeroes
3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时:
a. 加s,如: belief---beliefs roof---roofs
safe---safes gulf---gulfs;
b. 去f, fe 加-ves,如:half---halves
knife---knives leaf---leaves wolf---wolves
wife---wives life---lives thief---thieves;
c. 均可,如:handkerchief:
handkerchiefs / handkerchieves
名词复数的不规则变化
1)child---children foot---feet tooth---teeth
mouse---mice man---men woman---women
注意:与 man 和 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。
如: an Englishman,two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans。
2)单复同形如:
deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese
li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin
但除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如:
a dollar, two dollars; a meter, two meters
3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。
如: people police cattle 等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说。
高中英语语法难点归纳
“非谓语动词”可分为动词不定式、动名词和分词.它在句子中的作用很多:除了不作谓语外,它可以充当主语、宾语、表语、定语、状语与复合宾语(主语补语或宾语补语).有些及物动词后面接不带to的不定式作复合宾语.这些动词归纳如下:一感(feel).二听(hear,listen to),三让(have,1et, make),四看(see,watCh,notice,observe).再加上help somebody(to)do something和美国英语look at somebody do somthing.还有“二让”属特殊:get somebody to do something 与keep somebody doing.而有些及物动词后面接动名词(the -ing form)作宾语.这些动词归纳为一句话:Papa C makes friends.这是由如下动词的开头字母组成:permit,advise, practise,avoid,consider,mind, allow,keep,enjoy,suggest, finish,risk,imagine,escape,need,delay,stand(忍受). 为了容易记住,也可以编成顺口溜:“允许完成练习,建议避免冒险,考虑延期逃跑,喜欢保持想象,需要反对忍受”.其相对应的动词依次是:permit/allow,finish,practise;
advise/suggest, avoid,risk: consider, delay, escape/miss; enjoy/appreciate, keep, imagine; need/want/require,mind. can't help/can’t stand.
二、复合句
1、学生最容易混淆的是定语从句与同位语从句的区别.
例如:A、The news that our team has won the match is true. (同位语从句)
B、The news that he told us surprised everybody here. (定语从句)
关键的区别在于连接或关系代词that:有意义的是定语, 无意义的是同位.因为引导定语从句的that在从句中作主语或 宾语,而引导同位语从句的that只起到连接词的作用.
2、接着容易混淆的是引导定语从句的关系代词that与 which:that之前是不定(代词)、序数(词)、(形容词)级:which之前是介词短语与逗号(非限制性).
例如:A、All that we have to do is to practise every day.
B、The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.
C、I have lost my pen,which I like very much.
D、The house in front of which there is a garden is my home.
三、It的用法
1、It除了代替人和物以外,还可以作形式主语.而真正的主语(不定式、动名词或从句)则放于谓语或表语之后.
例如:It is nor easy to finish the work in two days.
然而有少数表语之后接动名词作真正的主语.这些表语是:无助(no help)、无用(no use)、没好处(no good);工作(hard work)、费时(a waste of time)、又危险(a danger).
例如:A、It is no use crying over spilt milk.
B、It is a waste of time waiting for him.
2、It还可以作形式宾语.通常下列动词后面可接it作形式宾语:2f2tcjm(find,feel,think,take,consider,judge, make).
例如:A、He made it clear that he was not interested in this subject.
B、I think it no use arguing with him.
3、It用于强调句式.要强调句子的某一部分(主语、宾语、 状语),可以把it当作先行词.这种句子的结构是:It is(was)+ 被强调部分+that(who)+句子的其余部分.
例如:A、It iS Professor Lin who teaches us English—(强调主语)
B、It was in Shanghai that l saw the film.—(强调状语)
C、It was in 1990 that I worked in the factory.(同上)
但要注意与定语从句的区别.
例如:D、It was 1990 when I worked in the factory.(定语从句)
在强调句式里,我们把强调结构It is(was)…that除去,句子还很完整.如例句C.而例句D就不能.
四、倒装结构
学生容易混淆的是全部倒装与部分倒装.如何区分之,编个顺口溜:副(adv.)介(prep.)提前全倒装,其它句式部分倒;否定提前倒助动,让步状语倒表语;复合句式倒主句,不
倒装的属特殊.下面举例说明:
A、Here comes the bus.(副词提前,全倒装)
B、Here he comes.(代词作主语,不倒装)
C、In front of the house lies a garden.(介词短语提前,全倒装)
D、Never shall I do this again.(否定词提前,部分倒装)
E、Young as he is ,he knows a lot.(让步状语从句,表语倒装)
F、Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he was in.(only 修饰状语,主句倒装)
G、Only he can save the patient.(only修饰主语.不倒装)
H、Not only will help be given to people,but also medical treatment will be provided.(否定词提前,部分倒装)
I、Not only he but also we like sports.(连接两个主语,不倒装)
五、虚拟语气
虚拟语气也是一个难点.所谓虚拟语气是表示说话人的愿望、假设、猜测或建议,而不表示客观存在的事实.它通过句子的谓语动词的特殊形式来表示.现归纳如下:纯假设,用虚拟,动词时态退一级:条件句,分主从,主句谓语前加would (should,could,might);表愿望,用虚拟,wish后面接宾语(从句):现在过去与将来,动词时态退一级:提建议,用虚拟,宾语(从句)动词用(should)do:俩建议,三要求,再加坚持与命令(suggest,advise,demand,require,request,insist,order):It is time和eoukd rather,后接丛句用虚拟:部分主语从句中, 谓语用虚拟结构 (It is necessry /important/natural/natural/strange/strange that……should do). 下面举例说明:
A、If you came tomorrow,we would have the metting. (条件句虚拟)
B、Without air,there would be no living things.(同上)
C、We wish we had arrived there two hours earlier.(表示愿望虚拟)
D、He demanded that we (should)start right away.(表示建议虚拟)
E、It is(high)time that we left (should leave)now.(特殊从句虚拟)
F、I would rather you gave me the book.(同上)
G、It is necessary that we should clean the room everyday,(主语从句虚拟)
H、He speaks English so fluently as if he were English. (特殊从句虚拟)
1.概念:立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。
2.时间状语:The next day (morning, year…),the following month(week…),etc.
3.基本结构:主语
+was/were +going to + do+其它;主语+would/should + do+其它
4.否定形式:主语+was/were+not + going to + do; 主语+would/should + not + do.
5.一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;would/should 提到句首。
6.例句:He said he would go to Beijing the next day.他说他第二天要去北京。
I asked who was going there.我问,谁要去那里。
二、 现在进行时
1.概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。
2.时间状语:Now, at this time, days, etc. look. listen
3.基本结构:主语+be +doing +其它
4.否定形式:主语+be +not +doing+其它
5.一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首。
6.例句:How are you feeling today?你今天感觉如何?
He is doing well in his lessons.在课上他表现得很好。
-高中英语语法重点难点回顾
高中英语语法重点难点回顾之一
little,no,some, 等修饰。
I have read all the book (that) you gave me.
4)先行词被 the only, the very, the same, the last 修饰时。
He is the only person that I want to talk to.
5)先行词既有人又有物时。They talked of things and persons that they remembered in the school.
先行词是表示地点时,要根据从句的谓语动词是及物的还是不及物的。如果是及物的就用that(which),否则用where。
This is the house where he lived last year.
This is the house that (which) he visited last year.
用no sooner…than和hardly…when引导的从句表示“刚……就……”。主句中的动词一般用过去完成时,从句用过去时;而且主句一般倒装,把助动词had提到前面。例如:Hardly had I entered the room when I heard a loud noise.
代词作主语时,主谓语序不变。Here it is. Here he comes.
当句首状语为表示地点的介词词组时也常常引起全部倒装。
South of the city lies a big steel factory.
From the valley came a frightening sound.
表语置于句首时,倒装结构为“表语+连系动词+主语”。
Present at the meeting were Professor White,Professor Smith and many other guests.
Gone are the days when they could do what they liked to the Chinese people.
Among the goods are Christmas trees, flowers, candles and toys.
He has been to Beijing. So have I.
Li Wei can’t answer the question. Neither can I.
部分倒装
用于省略if的虚拟条件状语从句。Had you reviewed your lessons,you might have passed the examination.
3.用于“形容词(或名词、动词)+as(though)引导的让步状语从句中。例如:Pretty as she is ,she is not clever.
Try as he would, he might fail again.
如果从句的表语是名词,其名词前不加任何冠词。
Child as he was, he had to make a living.
用于no sooner…than…,hardly…when和not until的句型中。Not until the teacher came did he finish his homework.
用于never,hardly,seldom,scarcely, barely, little,often,at no time,not only,not once等词开头的句子。
Never shall I do this again.
Little did he know who the woman was.
6.用于以only开头的句子(only修饰副词,介词短语或状语从句时)。Only this afternoon did I finish the novel.
Only in this way can you master English.
Only when he told me did I realize what trouble he was in.
如果only后面的词组不是状语,则不用倒装。
Only Wang Ling knows this.
用于某些表示祝愿的句子。May you succeed!祝你成功!
stomach-stomachs,a German-three Germans,
an American-two Americans,man cook - men cooks;
papers 报纸, 文件 manners礼貌 drinks饮料
in a word 简言之?in other words 换句话说
have words with 与某人吵嘴
have a few words (a word) with sb.与某人说几句话
The crowd were running for their lives.
某些集体名词, 如people, police, cattle等, 只当复数看待, 谓语动词必须用复数。The police are searching for him.
高中英语语法重点难点回顾之二
d that she (should) stay in bed for a few days.
He demanded that we (should) start right away.
作advice,idea,order,demand,plan,proposal,suggestion,request等名词的表语从句和同位语从句,其谓语动词要用虚拟语气的结构“(should)+动词原形”。例如:We all agreed to his suggestion that we(should) go to Beijing for sightseeing.
My idea is that we (should) do exercises first.
在feel, hear, notice, observe, see, watch, have, let, make等词后的补足语中,不定式不带to。但是这些句子如果变成被动结构时,就必须带to。例如:I often hear him sing the song.
He is often heard to sing the song.
注意:不定式动词在介词but, except, besides后面时,如果这些介词之前有行为动词do的各种形式,那么,这些介词后的不定式不带to,否则要带to.如:
She could do nothing but cry.
What do you like to do besides swim?
I have no choice but to go.
作定语的不定式如果是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后面须有相应的介词。例如:He is looking for a room to live in.
There is nothing to worry about.
Please give me a knife to cut with.
There / It is no use/ good/ not any use/ good/ useless doing sth.
动词后可以用动名词作宾语,但不能用不定式:
admit,appreciate, avoid, consider, delay, enjoy, escape, excuse, feel like, finish, forgive, give up, imagine, include, keep, mention,mind,miss,practise, put off, resist, risk, suggest, can’t help, can’t stand(无法忍受)等。
I tried not to go there.(我设法不去那里。)
I tried doing it again.(我试着又干了一次。)]
mean to do 有意... mean doing意味着...
I mean to come early today.(我打算今天早些来。)
Missing the train means waiting for another hour.
(误了这趟火车意味着再等一个小时。)
allow, advise, forbid, permit
We don’t allow smoking here. We don’t allow students to smoke.
动词need,require,want作“需要”解,其后跟动词作它的宾语时,若表示的含义是被动的,必须用动名词,或不定式的被动式。例如:
The window needs(requires, wants)cleaning(to be cleaned).
在短语devote to, look forward to, pay attention to, stick to, be used to, object to,thank you for, excuse me for 等后的动词也必须用动名词形式:I look forward to hearing from you soon.
Badly polluted, the water cannot be drunk.(原因)
Being written in haste, the composition is full of mistakes.
(原因,强调写的过程,故应用现在分词一般被动式)
Having been deserted by his guide, he couldn’t find his way through the jungle.(为了强调已完成的动作)
Asked to stay, I couldn’t very well refuse.
这里 asked 可能意味着 having been asked, 也可能意味着when/since I was asked, 但用了 having been asked 就不会有歧义。
下面句中过去分词表示的时间与谓语动词所表示的时间相同,所以不能代之以强调先于谓语动词的现在分词完成被动式。例如:
Covered with confusion, I left the room.我很窘地离开了房间。
United, we stand; divided, we fall. 团结则存,分裂则亡。
He used to live in London, use(d)n’t he /didn’t he?
There used to be a cinema here before the war, use(d)n’t there /didn’t there?
Such things ought not to be allowed, ought they?
He ought to be punished, oughtn’t he?
但在正式文体中,用ought we not形式。例如:
We ought to go, ought we not?或We ought to go ,should we not?
含有情态动词must的句子表示推则,作“想必”解时,疑问部分不可用mustn’t。若前句强调对现在情况的推测,疑问部分用aren’t(isn’t)十主语,例如:You must be tired,aren’t you?若陈述部分的must表示“有必要”时,附加疑问句部分则用needn’t。例如:You must go home right now, needn’t you?
当mustn’t 表示禁止时,附加疑问部分一般用must。如:
You mustn’t walk on grass, must you?
前句谓语动词是must have+过去分词时,若前句强调对过去情况的推测(一般有过去时间状语),疑问部分的谓语动词用didn’t+主语;若前句强调动作的完成,疑问部分的谓语动词用haven’t(hasn’t)+主语, 例如:
He must have met her yesterday, didn’t he?
You must have seen the film, haven’t you?
陈述句谓语部分出现否定词缀时(前缀或后缀),疑问部分仍用否定结构。例如:He is unfit for his office, isn’t he?
如果陈述部分包含有no, never, hardly, seldom, few, little,nowhere, nothing等否定或半否定词时,疑问部分用肯定形式。例如:He is hardly 14 years old,is he?
如果陈述部分的主语为everyone,someone,no one等不定代词,其疑问部分的主语可用he,也可用they。
Everyone knows his job, doesn’t he?
Everyone knows their job,don’t they?
No one was hurt,were they?
I’m late, aren’t I?
One can’t be too careful,can one(you)?
Have a cup of tea, will you?
Let’s go there,shall we? Let us go there,will you?
同位语从句跟在名词后面,进一步说明该名词的具体内容。引导同位语从句的名词主要有fact, news, promise, idea, truth等。连接词用that (不用which)及连接副词how, when, where, why等。例如:
His delay is due to the fact that the car went wrong halfway.
The news that our team has won the match is true.
She asked the reason why there was a delay.
关联词只能用whether不能用if表示“是否”的情况如下:
A)在表语从句和同位语从句中。例如:
The question is whether the film is worth seeing.
The news whether our team has won the match is unknown.
B)在主语从句中,只有用it作形式主语时,whether和if都能引导主语从句,否则,也只能用whether。例如:
Whether we shall attend the meeting hasn’t been decided yet.
It hasn’t been decided whether(if)we shall attend the meeting.
C)在介词之后。(介词往往可以省略)例如:
It all depends (on) whether they will support us.
D)后面直接跟动词不定式时。
He doesn’t know whether to stay or not.
E)后面紧接or not 时。
We didn’t know whether or not she was ready.
F)引导让步状语从句,只能用whether。
Whether you like it or not, you must do it well.
G)用if会引起歧义时。例如:Please let me know if you like it.
该句有两个意思:“请告诉我你是否喜欢”。
或“如果你喜欢,请告诉我。”用了whether就可以避免。
在下面几种情况下必须用“that”引导定语从句:
1)先行词是不定代词:all,few,little, much,something,nothing,anything等。All that we have to do is to practise every day.
2)先行词被序数词或形容词最高级所修饰。
The first lesson that I learned will never be forgotten.
3)先行词被all,any,every, each, few,
高中英语语法重点难点回顾之三
主谓一致常考难题:
Five minutes is enough to do this exercise.
Each boy and each girl wants to serve the people in future.
More than one student has seen the film.
Many a ship has been damaged in the storm.
More members than one are against your plan.
一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时, 谓语通常用复数形式:glasses, clothes, trousers, shoes, compasses, chopsticks, scissors等。
但如果主语用a kind of , a pair of , a series of等加名词构成时, 谓语动词一般用单数形式。A pair of shoes was on the desk.
并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时, 谓语动词用单数形式, 这时and后面的'名词没有冠词。例如:
Truth and honesty is the best policy.
The girl’s teacher and friend is a young doctor.
To love and to be loved is the great happiness.
Going to bed early and getting up early is a good habit.
A knife and fork is on the table.
当主语后面跟有as well as, as much as , no less than, along with, with, like, rather than, together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等引导的词组时, 其谓语动词的单、复数按主语的单、复数而定。例如:
The teacher as well as the students was excited.
The room with its furniture was rented.
A (great) number of修饰可数复数名词, 谓语动词用复数; a great deal of,a large amount of 修饰不可数名词, 其短语作主语时, 谓语动词用单数。
关系代词who, that, which等在定语从句中作主语时, 其谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数一致。例如:
Those who want to go please sign your names here.
Some of the energy that is used by man comes from the sun.
季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐、学科名称,球类、棋类名词名称前一般不加冠词。
1/2 one(a) half 1/4 one(a) quarter
形容词的顺序:
系动词be,grow,get,become,feel,appear,prove,seem,look,keep,smell,taste,sound,turn,remain限定词+数量形容词(序数词在前,基数词在后)+性状形容词+大小、长短、高低等形体+新旧+颜色+国藉+材料
Those three beautiful large square old brown wood table
某些以a-开首的形容词例如:afraid,alike,alone,asleep,awake, alive 等只能作表语,不能作定语。
某些以-ly结尾的词是形容词而不是副词:friendly,lively, lovely,lonely,likely,deadly,silly,orderly, timely等。
1)close接近地 closely仔细地,密切地
2)free 免费地 freely自由地,无拘束地
3)hard努力地 hardly几乎不
4)late 晚,迟 lately 近来
5)most 极,非常 mostly主要地
6)wide广阔地,充分地 widely广泛地
7)high高 highly高度地,非常地
8)deep深,迟 deeply抽象意义的“深”
9)loud大声地 loudly大声地(含有喧闹的意思)
10)near邻近 nearly几乎
bad/ill,badly worse worst little less least
表示一方不及另一方时,用“less+原级+than”的结构表示:This room is less beautiful than that one.
表示一方超过另一方的程度或数量时,可在比较级前加表示程度的状语,如:even,a lot,a bit,a little,still,much,far, yet, by far等修饰:He works even harder than before.
注意:by far 通常用于强调最高级。用于比较级时,一般放在比较级的后面, 如放在前面,应在二者中间加“the”。
He is taller by far than his brother.
He is by far the taller of the two brothers.
某些以-or结尾的形容词进行比较时,用to代替than。superior,junior,senior等。
He is superior to Mr Wang in mathematics.
在比较从句中为了避免重复通常用that(those),one(ones)代替前面出现的名词。that指物,one既可指人,也可指物。that可代替可数名词单数和不可数名词,而one只能代替可数名词。例如:
The book on the table is more interesting than that on the desk.
A box made of iron is stronger than one made of wood.
表示倍数的比较级有如下几种句型:
A is three (four,etc.) times the size (height, length, width,etc) of B.
The new building is four times the size (the height) of the old one.
这座新楼是那座旧楼的四倍大(四倍高)。[高三倍]
A is three (four, etc.) times as big (high, long, wide, etc.) as B.
Asia is four times as large as Europe.亚洲是欧洲的四倍大。
A is three (four,etc.) times bigger (higher, longer, wider) than B.
例如:Your school is three times bigger than ours.
你们的学校比我们的学校大三倍。
表示两倍可以用 twice 或 double。
表示“最高程度”的形容词,如excellent,extreme,perfect等,没有最高级,也不能用比较级。
如果复数名词前有many、few,不可数名词前有much、little等表示量的形容词时,该用so而不用such。如:
I’ve had so many falls that I’m black and blue all over.
Mr White got so little money a month that he could hardly keep body and soul together.
但little不表示数量而表示“小”的意思时,仍用such。如:
They are such little children that the they cannot clean the house by themselves.
6)almost与nearly
在very, pretty, not后用nearly, 不用almost。例如:
I’m not nearly ready.
在any, no, none, never前用almost, 不用nearly。例如:
I almost never see her.
need 表示“需要”或“必须”,作情态动词时,仅用于否定句或疑问句中。在肯定句中一般用must, have to, ought to或should 代替。例如:
You needn’t come so early.
Need I finish the work today? --Yes, you must.
注意:needn’t have done“表示本来不必做某事而实际上做了某事”。例如:You needn’t have waited for me.
“should have done”表示应该做到而实际上没有做到。
You should have started earlier.
“ought to have done”表示过去应做某事而实际未做。
You ought to have helped him (but you didn’t)
书报的标题,小说等情节介绍常用一般现在时。
表示感觉,愿望和状态的某些动词如have, be, hear, see, like等词一般不用进行时。
有些动词形式上是主动结构,但表示被动的意思。常见的有可和 well, easily 等副词连用的不及物动词sell,wash,write,read,clean,cook等。例如:
The cloth washes well.这布很经洗。
The new product sells well.这新产品很畅销。
The pen writes well.这支笔很好写。
在动词 arrange,command, demand, desire,insist, order,propose, request, require, suggest等后面的宾语从句中用“(should)+ 动词原形”(虚拟语气)例如:
We suggested that we (should) have a meeting.
We insisted that they (should) go with us.
The doctor ordere
一、难点一:被分隔的定语从句 在初中阶段接触到的定语从句,基本是尾随着被修饰的词语,有较高的辨识度。但是高中极端的定语从句则与修饰词分开,导致语句结构更加复杂,成为高中英语难点之一。高中生在阅读文章时会经常遇到这种情况,在阅读是要注意识别先行词的修饰对象。 一般说来,定语从句被分割开来大致有以下三种: ①在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个状语。 ②在先行词与定语从句之间插入一个定语。③先行词与定语从句被谓语分隔开来。此时,先行词通常是句子的主语,因定语从句较长,主句谓语较短,为使句子平衡,常将定语从句移至谓语之后 如:a new master will come tomorrow who will teach you german. 明天,新(男)老师将来较你德语。
二、难点二:使用代用词one 在文中中为了避免重复,或会用到one来作为指代物的名词使用,这种用法表面上让文章结构得到简化,但是从语法运用上出现了很多难以分辨的场合,导致学生分辨不能。使用代用词one时需注意以下几个方面:1.只能代替可数名词,不能代替不可数名词。2.复数名词的代用词为ones。3.代用词one常与前面带有冠词的形容词连用,与形容词性物主代词和形容词连用,其前有定冠词,其后有后置修饰语(形容词短语或定语从句,与this和that连用,其后可接后置修饰语或定语从句,其前可用广义序数词,如next,1ast, other,another及疑问代词which等。4.代用词one在句中形容词表示前后对比时,可以省略代用词。 三、难点三:主谓一致 主谓一致是高中英语难点之一,高中生在阅读分析,选词填空等项目中都会被考到主谓一致这个考点,所以高中生必须对此非常熟悉和了解。一些有两个部分构成的名词表示衣物或工具作主语时,谓语通常用复数形式:glasses, clothes, trousers, shoes, compasses, chopsticks, scissors等。但如果主语用a kind of , a pair of , a series of等加名词构成时, 谓语动词一般用单数形式。并列主语如果指的是同一个人、同一事物或同一概念时,谓语动词用单数形式,这时and后面的名词没有冠词。当主语后面跟有as well as, as much as , no less than, along with, with, like, rather than, together with, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等引导的词组时,其谓语动词的单、复数按主语的单、复数而定。
高中英语的重点难点,这个题目太大了。具体可询问学校教务处,最直接的是问你的英语老师。