英语定语从句笔记
英语定语从句知识点总结笔记:
一、定语从句即指在主从复合句用作定语的从句。定语从句通常修饰名词或代词,对它进行限制、描绘和说明。受定语从句修饰的词语叫先行词,引导定语从句的词语叫关系词。关系词按其性质又分关系代词和关系副词。定语从句又分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
二、关系代词有who,whom,whose,that,which等,在从句中可作主语、宾语,定语等;关系副词有when,where,why等词,在定语从句中只用作状语。
三、关系代词和关系副词必须位于从句之首,主句先行词之后,起着连接先行词和从句的作用,同时在从句中又充当句子成分。关系代词和关系副词的用法当先行词为人时用who作主语,whom作宾语。
四、只用which不用that的情况:
1、 当介词放在关系代词之前时。
2、 在非限制性定语从句中。
3、 当关系代词指整个主句的概念时。
五、只用who不用that的情况:
1、当先行词是one、ones、anyone或those时。
2、there be 结构中。
3、当先行词是人,后面有较长修饰语时。
4、为了避免重复或引起歧义。
5、当先行词是I,you,he,they等时(常用于谚语中)。
6、先行词是指成员的集体名词。
7、who可以引导非限制性定语从句。
8、先行词是拟人化的名词。
9、先行词指特定的人时用who,不指特定的人用that
一、定于从句 :定语从句是指用一个完整的句子做定语去修饰限定前面的名词或者代词,它属于后置定语。
1.限制性定语从句不用逗号与主句隔开
例:I have a sister who is a doctor.(限制性定语从句)我有一个当医生的姐姐。
2.非限制性定语从句需使用逗号和主句隔开。
例:I have a sister, who is a doctor.(非限制性定语从句)我有一个姐姐,她是当医生的。
二、定语从句的关系词
引导定语从句的关系词分为:关系代词和关系副词,
常见的关系代词有:who, that,whom, whose, which等;在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等;
常见的关系副词有:where,when,why等;在从句中作状语。
三、定语从句中关系代词的用法:
1.当先行词是人时:关系代词who和that既可以做主语,又可以作宾语,而且作宾语时可以省略;
例如:Do you know the girl who/that often comes here?(作主语)
2.其中whom只作宾语;
例如:The girl who/that/whom I spoke to is my daughter.(作宾语)
3.当先行词是物时:关系代词which和that既可以做主语,又可以作宾语,而且作宾语时可以省略;
例如:The building which/that stands near the train station is a supermarket.(作主语)
4.whose既可以指人,也可以指物;that既可以指人,也可以指物。
例如:The book which/that you bought for me is very interesting.(作宾语)
5.whose既可以指人,也可以指物;在从句中作定语,形式为“whose+名词”表所属关系,即谁的
例如:Do you know the singer whose name is Wang feng?
I live in a house whose windows face south.
四、定于从句中只用which不用that的情况:
(1)which引导非限制性定语从句,that则不能。
He had failed in the maths exam,which made his father very angry.
(2)在介词提前的定语从句中,只用which不用that。
This is the place in which Lu Xun used to live.
先行词本身是that时,只能用which。
What’s that which flashed in the sky just now?
高中英语定语从句笔记整理
定语从句
1.由一个句子作定语,修饰句中一个名词或代词,有时也可以修饰整个句子或句中的部分内容,这样的从句就是定语从句,被其修饰的名词或代词叫先行词。
2.关系词分为两大类,即关系代词和关系副词,其作用一是引出一个定语从句,二是代替其所修饰的`先行词,三是在句中充当某个句子成分。
关系词的分类和基本用法
表一
分类指代引导词
关系代词人who, whom, that, as
事物which, that, as
人或物(表所属关系)Whose
关系副词地点Where
时间When
原因Why
表二
关系代词指代例句解释
who人The man who helped you is Mr White.在定从中作主语
whomThat is the person(whom/who/that) you want to see.在定从中作宾语,可省略
whoseHe is the father whose son studies very well in our class.在定从中作定语
thatIm not the fool that you thought me to be.在定从中作表语
asHe is such a lazy man as nobody wants to work with.在定从中作宾语
that事物The only thing that we can do is to give you some advice.在定从中作宾语
whichA dictionary is a useful book which tells us the meaning of words在定从中作主语
whoseHe lives in a room whose window faces south在定从中作定语
asIt is such a big stone as nobody can lift.在定从中作宾语
整句内容As is known to all, he is the best student.在定从中作主语
表三
关系副词指代例句解释
when时间Would you suggest a time when we can have a talk?在定从中作状语
where地点The house where they live is not very large.在定从中作状语
why原因This is the reason why he did not came to the meeting.在定从中作状语
下面就是我给大家带来的高中英语语法知识 总结 :定语从句,希望能帮助到大家!
高中英语语法知识总结:定语从句
易错点1 关系代词与关系副词的混用
1.定语从句相当于一个形容词,起定词作用, 修饰名词或代词
2.定语从句的引导词的三种功用:( 1)引导定语从句(2)替代先行词(3)在定语从句中充当一定的成分。
3.解题要领:根据定语从句中所缺成分来确定是用关系代词还是关系副词,决不要因先行词是时间名词就用when,是地点名词就用where。
易错点2 关系代词who、whom、whose的误用
对于定语从句关系词的考查,首先要确定从句是什么类型的从句,然后再分析关系词在从句中的成分,最后选择正确的词。要求考生具有一定的 句子 分析能力,和理解能力。如果缺少主宾表,要用that或which,缺少状语用关系副词when,where,why,缺少定语用whose。
易错点3 关系代词that和which的误用
只用which,不能用that的情况
(1) 在介词提前到关系代词之前形成"介词+关系代词"结构来修饰表事物的先行词时, 关系代词必须用which.如:
☞The house in which we live is very large. 我们住的房子非常大。
这就是老师正在谈及的那本参考书。
注意:如果介词不放在修饰事物的限定性定语从句的句首, which就可换为that, 如:
☞This is the question which/that we’ve had so much discussion about. =This is the question about which we’ve had so much discussion. 这就是我们已经多次讨论过的问题。
(2) 先行词为"those+表事物的复数名词"时, 关系代词通常只用which而不用that。如:
☞Students should keep in mind those regulations which restrict their behavior.
学生应牢记那些规范自己的行为准则。
☞A bookshop should deal with a variety of those best sellers which are newly published.
书店应该经营新出版的各种畅销书。
(3)当先行词指物,关系词在句中作主语或宾语,引导非限制性定语从句的关系词只能用which,而不用that。
易错点4 介词后接关系代词的误用
●使用"介词+关系代词"要注意以下几点:
(一)选用介词的依据:
(1) 根据定语从句中谓语动词的搭配习惯(即固定 短语 )。
(2) 根据先行词的搭配习惯(约定俗成,不一定是短语)。
(3) 根据句子的意思来选择。
(4) 表示"所有"关系或"整体中的一部分"时,通常用介词of。
(二)在定语从句中,含介词的短语动词不可拆开使用(短语拆开后含义发生变化),如look after, look for等。
(三)"of which / whom"有时可以用"whose+名词"结构来改写。
(四)当先行词为way并且定语从句中缺少状语时,通常用in which或that引导定语从句(in which或that可省略);如果定语从句中不缺少状语,则用关系代词引导(that 或which 可省略)。
(五)in that不可以引导定语从句,但可以引导原因状语从句。
二、"介词+关系代词"与关系副词的转化
(1)当先行词表示地点,定语从句中缺少地点状语时,通常用关系副词where引导,此时也可选用表示地点的介词+which来代替关系副词where。
(2) 当先行词表示时间,定语从句中缺少时间状语时,通常用关系副词when引导,此时也可选用表示时间的介词+which来代替关系副词when。
(3) 当先行词为reason,定语从句中缺少表示原因状语时,通常用关系副词why引导,此时也可以用for which来代替关系副词why。
易错点5 定语从句与同位语从句的区别
定语从句与同位语从句的区别:
1. 被修饰的词不同:同位语从句的前面一般是数量有限的、表示抽象意义的名词;而定语从句的先行词是无数的指人或物名词。
2. 从句的作用不同:同位语从句表示同位名词的具体内容,而定语从句是对先行词的限制、描绘或说明。
3. 引导词不同:what, how, whether等不能用引导定语从句,但可用于引导同位从句。
4. 引导词的作用不同:引导同位语从句的that是连词,在从句中不充当任何成分;而引导定语从句的that为关系代词,在从句中充当一定的句子成分。
5. 判定定语从句和同位语从句的 方法 :由于同位语从句是用以说明被修饰名词的具体内容的,所它可以转换同位名词的表语;而定语从句则不能作这种转换。
易错点6 定语从句与强调句型的区别
定语从句对名词或代词的修饰和限制,关系词可能是that, which, as, who, but, 另一方面,句子中的It有所指;而强调句型是对某部分加强语气,强调语气的连接词只能是that, who,并且句子中的It 没有任何意义;一般比较明显,而有时就难以区别,还需要根据上下文的语境来判断。
它究竟是强调句型还是定语从句,就要从语境上来考查。如果它是用来回答What is this / that? 这样的问题,意思是:它是一本他想要的书。句子显然是定语从句。如果是用来回答What does he want? 这样的问题,那么意思是:他想要的是一本书。显然,句子是强调句型。
易错点7 关系代词as和which的区别
关系代词as和which引导定语从句的不同点
1. as可以放在主句前后,也可插入主句之中;而which引导的非限制性定语从句只能位于主句之后。
2. 在非限制性定语从句中,which后的be动词不可省;而as后的be动词可以省略。
3. which在非限制性定语从句中作主语时可用各类动词作谓语;而as作主语时,谓语常用系动词,如be,seem,become等,一般不用其他行为动词。
4. as常用"正如"含义,常用的结构有as we know(众所周知);as often happens(正如常发生的那样);as is often the case(情况常常如此);as we all can see(正如我们看到的);be announced / expected / known / imagined / mentioned / said / shown / reported等。这些结构常放句首,偶尔也可以放句中或句末。
5. 非限制性定语从句中,which可指代主句中的某一个单词,as不可以。
6. "介词+关系代词(介宾代物)"中关系代词只能用which。
7. 从句中的谓语动词是否定形式时,常用which。
一、关系代词和关系副词基本用法
根据关系词在定语从句中的不同用法,可分为关系代词和关系副词。关系代词主要有who, whom, which, that, whose等,在定语从句中作主语、宾语、定语等;关系副词主要有when, where, why等,在定语从句中作状语。具体用法如下:
1.关系代词的用法
当先行词指人时,若它在从句中作主语,则用who;若它在从句作宾语,则用whom或who;若它在从句中作定语,则用whose。如:
☛The man who told me this refused to tell me his name. 告诉我这事的人不肯告诉我他的名字。
☛The woman whose umbrella you took is very angry about it. 你拿了那个女人的伞,她非常生气。
当先行词指物时,若在定语从句中作主语或宾语,则用which;若它在定语从句中作定语用,则用of which或whose。如:
☛I saw something in the paper which might interest you. 我在报上看到一样可能使你感兴趣的东西。
☛He’s written a book the name of which (whose name) I’ve forgotten. 他写了一本书,书名我给忘了。
2.关系副词的用法
关系副词主要有when, where, why等,在定语从句中作状语,分别表示时间、在点和原因。when主要放在time, day, years, season, age, occasion等时间的名词后;where主要放在place, city, town, village, house等地点名词后;why则通常只放在reason后。如():
☛Wednesday is the day when the shops are not open in the afternoon. 星期三下午商店不开门。
☛Give me one reason why we should help you. 给我举出一个我们应当帮助你的理由。
要特别注意,activity, case, point, even, situation, job, organization, position等抽象名词后接where引导定语从句的用法(这是近几年高考的一个新 热点 )。如:
☛I don’t want a job where I’m chained to a desk all day. 我不想找一份整天坐办公桌前的工作。
☛Today, we’ll discuss a number of cases where beginners of English fail to use the language properly. 今天,我们将讨论一些英语初学者对英语使用不当的问题。
☛The treatment will continue until the patient reaches the point where he can walk correctly and safely. 治疗将会持续到病人可以正常且安全地行走。
☛If you risk something important, you cause it to be in a dangerous situation where you might lose it. 你如果拿重要的东西去冒险,那你就是将它置于一种可能会失去它的危险境地。
二、使用非限制性定语从句的情况:
1. 关系代词指代整个主句时,使用非限制性定语从句。
☛You did a lot for me, for which I was grateful. 你为我做了许多,对此我很感激。
☛The Diaoyu Island belongs to China, as is known to us. 众所周知,钓鱼岛属于中国。
☛A middle-aged woman killed her husband, which frightened me very much. 一个中年女子杀害了自己的丈夫,这令我十分恐惧。
2. 当先行词指的是世界上独一无二的事物或人名地名等专有名词时,使用非限制性定语从句。
☛China, which is my motherland, is developing fast. 中国是我的祖国,正在快速发展。
☛Eason, who was a pop star, got married last year. 伊森去年结婚了,他是明星。
☛Last Sunday they reached Nanjing , where a conference was to be held. 他们上周日到达南京,有个会议要在那里举行。
3. 当先行词指的是某人只有一个亲属(son,daughter等)时,使用非限制性定语从句。
☛He has a daughter, who is studying in London. 他有个女儿,现在正在伦敦学习。(只有一个女儿)
☛This is my teacher, who has something to tell you. 这是我的老师,他有一些事情要告诉你。
三、限制性定语从句与非限制性定语从句的区别
1. 形式不同
限制性定语从句主句和从句之间不用逗号隔开,口语中使用时也不停顿;而非限制性定语从句与主句之间通常有逗号隔开,口语中使用时有停顿。
2. 功能不同
限制性定语从句用于对先行词的意义进行修饰、限制和识别,如果去掉,就会造成句意不完整或概念不清;而非限制性定语从句用于对先行词起补充说明作用,如果省略,句意仍然清楚、完整。
☛People who take physical exercise live longer. 进行体育锻炼的人活得长些。(若把从句去掉句子就失去意义)
☛His daughter, who is in Boston now, is coming home next week. 他女儿现在在波士顿,下星期回来。(若把从句去掉,句子意义仍然完整)
3. 翻译不同
在翻译定语从句时,一般把限制性定语从句翻译在它所修饰的先行词之前,而把非限制性定语从句与主句分开。
☛He is the man whose car was stolen. 他就是汽车被窃的那个人。
☛I’ve invited Jim, who lives in the next flat. 我邀请了吉姆,他就住在隔壁。
4. 含义不同
比较下面的两个句子:
☛I have a sister who is a doctor. 我有一个医生的姐姐。(姐姐不止一个)
☛I have a sister, who is a doctor. 我有一个姐姐,她是当医生的。(只有一个姐姐)
5. 先行词不同
限制性定语从句的先行词只能是名词或代词,而非限制性定语从句的先行词则可以是名词或代词,也可以是短语或句子;另外,当先行词为专有名词或其他具有独一无二性的普通名词时,通常要用非限制性定语从句,而不用限制性定语从句。
☛Peter drove too fast, which was dangerous. 彼得开车很快,这是很危险的。(which指drive too fast)
☛He changed his mind, which made me very angry. 他改变了主意,这使我很生气。(which指整个主句)
☛Mr. Smith, who is our boss, will leave for Japan next week. 我们的老板史密斯先生下周要去日本。(先行词为专有名词,要用非限制性定语从句修饰)
☛Her father, who has a lot of money, wishes her to study abroad. 她父亲很有钱,希望她 出国 学习。(先行词为表独一无二意义的普通名词,要用非限制性定语从句修饰)
6. 关系词不同
关系词that和why可用于限制性定语从句中,通常不用于非限制性定语从句;另外,在限制性定语从句中,关系词有时可以省略,而在非限制性定语从句中关系词一律不能省略。
四、"介词+关系代词"引导的定语从句:
●"介词+关系代词"的用法
当关系代词在定语从句中作介词宾语时,我们通常用"介词+关系代词"引导定语从句。如果指"人",用"介词+whom";如果指"物",用"介词+which"。
●"介词+关系代词"结构中介词的选用
1.一般来说,确定关系代词前的介词,可以从以下三方面入手:①先行词的意义;②从句中的动词或形容词与先行词的固定搭配;③句子的意思。
☞I’ll never forget the time during which I spent my childhood in the country.
我永远不会忘记孩童时代我在乡村度过的时光。
2.表示"整体和部分关系",介词常用of。在some,any,few,none,all,both,neither,most,each等代词或数词的前、后可以用of which/whom。
☞John invited about 40 people to his wedding,most of whom are family members.
约翰邀请了大约40人参加他的婚礼,他们当中绝大部分是家庭成员。
3.有时"介词+where"可以引导定语从句,此时要和"介词+which"引导的定语从句从意思上加以区别。
☞His head soon appeared out of the window,from where he saw nothing but trees.
他的头很快从窗口探了出来,从那里除了树木他什么也看不到。(from where相当于from out of the window,而不是from the window)
●在定语从句中,含介词的短语动词不可拆开使用(短语拆开后含义发生变化),如look after, look for等。
●"of which / whom"有时可以用"whose+名词"结构来改写。
●当先行词为way并且定语从句中缺少状语时,通常用in which或that引导定语从句(in which或that可省略);如果定语从句中不缺少状语,则用关系代词引导(that 或which 可省略)。
五、关系代词只用that而不用 which的情况
1.先行词是all,something,everything,anything,nothing,little,much,few等不定代词或先行词被all,any,every,no,little,much,some等词修饰。
☞All the people that come from the country work much harder.
所有来自农村的人工作都更努力得多。
2.先行词被序数词、 形容词最高级、 the only, the very, the last等修饰时, 关系代词通常只用that, 不用which.如:
☞The first English novel that I read was Cities.
我读的第一本英文小说是《城市》。
☞This is one of the most exciting football games that I have ever seen.
这是我见过的最激动人心的 足球 比赛之一。
☞This is the only thing that we can do now.
这是我们现在惟一能做的事情。
3.先行词既有人又有物时,关系代词只用that,不用which.如:
☞The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.
我们所有人都钦佩你告诉我的那位科学家和他所取得的成就。
☞The foreign visitors spoke highly of the pioneers and their performances that they saw at the Children’s Palace.
外国游客高度赞扬了他们在少年宫所看到的少先队员以及他们的表演。
4.关系代词在限定性定语从句中作表语并带有类比含义时,通常只用that,不用which.如:
☞He is no longer the star that he was.
他不再是过去的那位明星了。
☞Our school is no longer the school that it used to be.
我们的学校不再是以前的那所学校了。
5.句中其他位置已出现which,为避免重复,不用which而用that引导限定性定语从句。如:
☞Which is the car that has overtaken us?超过我们的是哪辆车?
【篇一】高考英语定语从句知识点
概念引入
欣赏含有定语从句的名言:
Laughter is the sun that drives winter from the human face.
笑是太阳,它从人们的脸上赶走冬天。
Don’t trust the first sign that you see.
不要相信你看见的第一个迹象。
All is not gold that glitters.
发光的未必都是金子。
Nothing is impossible to the man who has will.
世上无难事,只怕有心人。
God helps those who help themselves.
自助者天助。
【篇二】高考英语定语从句知识点
一、定语从句的功用和结构
在复合句中,修饰某一名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的词叫做先行词,定语从句必须放在先行词之后。引导定语从句的关联词有关系代词和关系副词。
This is the present that he gave me for my birthday.
这是他给我的生日礼物。
Do you know everybody who came to the party?
你认识来宴会的每一位吗?
This is the place where Chairman Mao once lived.
这是毛主席曾经居住的地方。
二、各个关系代词和关系副词的具体用法
1. who 指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
I prefer singers who can write their own lyrics.
我更喜欢能写自己歌词的歌唱家。
These are musicians who make us happy.
这些是能让我们高兴的音乐家。
People who eat a balanced diet are healthier.
平衡饮食的人是健康的。
2. whom指人,在定语从句中作宾语。
Do you know the young man (whom) we met at the gate?
你认识我们在门口遇到的那个年轻人吗?
Mr. Lee (whom) you want to see has come.
你想见的李先生已经来了。
3. whose 指人,在定语从句中作定语。
The girl whose mother is ill is staying at home today.
她妈妈病了的那个女孩今天呆在家。
I know the boy whose father is a professor.
我认识他的父亲是教授的那个男孩。
4. which指物,在定语从中作主语或宾语。
A dictionary is a book which gives the meaning of words.
字典是给单词释义的一本书。
Here is the book (which) the teacher mentioned yesterday.
这是老师昨天提到的那本书。
5. that多指物,有时也指人,在定语从句中作主语或宾语。
I prefer music that has great lyrics. 我喜欢具有优美歌词的音乐。
Carmen likes music that’s loud. Carmen喜欢大声的音乐。
I like music that I can dance to. 我喜欢能伴舞的音乐。
6. when 指时间,在定语从句中作状语。
I’ll never forget the time when we worked on the farm.
我从来不会忘记我们工作在农场的那个时光。
He arrived in Beijing on the day when I left.
在我离开的那天他到的北京。
7. where 指地点,在定语从句中作状语。
This is the house where we lived last year.
这是我们去年居住的那个房子。
The factory where his father works is in the east of the city.
他的父亲工作的工厂是在城市的东边。
三、关系代词和关系副词的功用
关系代词和关系副词用来引导定语从句,在先行词和定语从句之间起纽带作用,使二者联系起来。关系代词和关系副词又在定语从句中充当一个成分,关系代词可作主语、宾语或定语,关系副词可作状语。
1. 作主语:关系代词在定语从句中作主语时,从句的谓语动词的人称和数必须和先行词一致。
I don’t like people who talk much but do little.
我不喜欢说话多做事少的人。
The cars which are produced in Hubei Province sell very well.
在湖北省生产的汽车销量好。
2. 作宾语
She is the person that I met at the school gate yesterday.
她是我昨天在校门口遇到的那个人。
The book that my grandmother gave me is called The Great Escape.
我奶奶给我的那本书叫做《胜利大逃亡》。
3. 作定语:关系代词whose在定语从句中作定语。
What’s the name of the young man whose sister is a doctor?
他的妹妹是医生的那个年轻男士叫什么名字?
The girl whose father is a teacher studies very hard.
她的父亲是一位老师的那个女孩学习非常努力。
4. 作状语
I’ll never forget the day when I first came to Beijing.
我从来不会忘记我第一次来北京的那天。
This is the house where I was born.
这是我出生的那个房子。
四、具体使用时还要注意下列问题:
1. 只能使用that,不用which 的情况:
1)先行词被序数词或形容词级所修饰,或本身是序数词、形容词级时,只能用that,而不用which。
He was the first person that passed the exam. 他是第一个通过考试的人。
2)被修饰的先行词为all,any,much,many,everything,anything,none,the one等不定代词时,只能用that,而不用which。
Is there anything that you want to buy in the shop?在商店里你有什么东西要买吗?
3)先行词被the only,the very,the same,the last,little,few 等词修饰时,只能用that,而不用which。
This is the same bike that I lost. 这就是我丢的那辆自行车。
4)先行词里同时含有人或物时,只能用that, 而不用which.
I can remember well the persons and some pictures that I saw in the room.
我能清楚记得我在那个房间所见到的人和一些照片。
5)以who或which引导的特殊疑问句,为避免重复,只能用that.
Who is the girl that is crying?正在哭泣的那个女孩是谁?
6)主句是there be 结构,修饰主语的定语从句用that,而不用which.
There is a book on the desk that belongs to Tom. 桌子上那本书是汤姆的。
2. 只能用which,不用that的情况:
1)先行词为that,those时,用which,而不用that.
What’s that which is under the desk?在桌子底下的那些东西是什么?
2)关系代词前有介词时,一般用which,而不用that.
This is the room in which he lives. 这是他居住的房间。
3)引导非限制性定语从句,用which,而不用that.
Tom came back,which made us happy. 汤姆回来了,这使我们很高兴。
3. 关系代词 whom,which 在定语从句中作介词宾语时,可以和介词一起放在先行词与定语从句之间,有时为了关系紧凑也可以将 whom 或 which 放先行词后,而将介词置于定语从句的后面。
That was the room in which we had lived for ten years.
= That was the room which we had lived in for ten years.
那是我们居住了十年的房子。
【篇三】高考英语定语从句知识点
I. 用关系代词或关系副词将下列每对句子连成一个复合句。
1. The boy is my younger brother. He was here a minute ago.
___________________________________________
2. The old man is a professor. He teaches chemistry in a college.
_____________________________________________
3. Beijing Hotel is near Tian An Men Square. The foreign visitors live there.
_____________________________________________
4. The woman is here now. You were talking about her just now.
_____________________________________________
5. This is the hall. We listened to the report in it the other day.
_____________________________________________
6. The car was going 90 miles an hour. The car just passed us.
_____________________________________________
7. The man waved to us. The man was my uncle.
_____________________________________________
8. I enjoyed reading the book. You gave me a book last week.
_____________________________________________
9. I prefer the subject. The subject is science.
_____________________________________________
10. I spoke to the man. The man is a singer.
_____________________________________________
II. 用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空。
1. The house _______ we live in is very big.
2. The boy ______ is wearing the black jacket is very clever.
3. This is the present _______ he gave me for my birthday.
4. The man _______ talked to you just now is an engineer.
5. He talked about the teachers and schools _______ he had visited.
6. There is nothing in the world _______ can frighten him.
7. She wears a gold ring, _______ is very uncommon in our class.
8. We visited a factory _______ makes toys for children.
9. Is this the place _______ your father once lived?
10. I’ll never forget the days _______ I joined the League.
III. 单项填空。
1. —Who is the man _______ was talking to our English teacher?
—Oh! It’s Mr. Baker, our maths teacher.
A. he B. that C. whom D. which
2. I hate the people ________ don’t help others when they are in trouble.
A. who B. which C. they D. where
3. This is the place ______ I have ever visited.
A. there B. when C. where D. which
4. The moon is a world ______ there is no life.
A. that B. which C. where D. why
5. Watch carefully everything _____ the teacher will do.
A. that B. which C. what D. who
6.I love the place ____ the weather is always cool.
A. that B. where C. why D. which
7. The man and the dog ____ were hurt in the accident were sent to the hospital.
A. which B. who C. that D. whom
8.The reason ____ I was late for the class was my oversleeping.
A. why B. which C. that D. when
9. Jane is one of the students in the class ______have ever been to China.
A. who B. whose C. which D. whom
10. He lived in a small village, ______ was a long way from the railway station.
A. that B. which C. where D. when
【真题链接】
1. The womanis the most important in my life is my mother.
A. which B. who C. whom D. what
2. People ______ overweight need more water than thin people.
A.who is B.which are C.that is D.who are
3. After Mandela was free (自由的) in 1990, he chose to shake hands with the people ________ wanted to kill him.
A. whose B. which C. / D. who
4. He likes low-carbon life. He lives in the house ________ he built himself out of trash.
A. where B. what C. which D. in which
参考答案
I. 用关系代词或关系副词将下列每对句子连成一个复合句。
1. The boy who/that was here a minute ago is my younger brother.
2. The old man who/that teaches chemistry in a college is a professor.
3. Beijing Hotel where the foreign visitors live is near Tian An Men Square.
4. The woman (who/whom/that) you were talking about just now is here now.
5. This is the hall where we listened to the report the other day.
6. The car which/that just passed us was going 90 miles an hour.
7. The man who/that waved to us was my uncle.
8. I enjoyed reading the book (that/which) you gave me last week.
9. The subject (which/that) I prefer is science.
10. The man (who/whom/that) I spoke to is a singer.
II. 用适当的关系代词或关系副词填空。
1. that/ which 2. who/ that
3. that/ which 4. who/ that
5. that 6. that 7. which
8. which/ that 9. where 10. when
III. 单项填空。
1. B 句子的先行词是the man,所以that引导,且that在定语从句中作主语。
句子的先行词是the people,所以用who引导,且who在定语从句中作主语。
本句先行词是物,关系代词在定语从句中作visit的宾语,所以选D。
本句先行词是表示地名的world,且关系副词在定语从句中作地点状语,所以选C。
本句是考查定语从句的引导词。由于先行词是不定代词,它的引导词只能是that。
本句是考查定语从句的引导词。由于先行词是表示地点名词,所以它的引导词应该用where,且引导词在定语从句中作地点状语。
本句的先行词既有人也有物,所以引导词只能用that,that在定语从句中作主语。
本句的先行词是表示原因的名词,所以引导词用关系副词why。
考查关系代词的用法。此句是定语从句,先行词是students,且在定语从句中作主语,因此用关系代词who。
10. B 本句属于非限制性定语从句,所以用which引导,且which在从句中作主语。
【真题链接】
1. B。此题考查定语从句,先行词是人,引导词用who,在定语从句作主语,故选B。
2. D。句意:超重的人需要的水比瘦的人多。定语从句的先行词是people,且关系词在从句中作主语,故答案为D项。
3. D。句意:在曼德拉1990获得自由后,他选择了与想杀他的人握手。先行词指人且在定语从句中作主语,故选who。
4. C。本句意为:他喜欢低碳生活,他在垃圾之外建立了自己的房子。本题考查which的用法,which在后置的定语从句中代替上文出现的事物或情况。
初中英语定语从句知识点笔记
英语定语从句知识点总结:
一、定于从句:定语从句是指用一个完整的句子做定语去修饰限定前面的名词或者代词,它属于后置定语。
1、限制性定语从句不用逗号与主句隔开。
例:I have a sister who is a doctor.(限制性定语从句)我有一个当医生的姐姐。
2、非限制性定语从句需使用逗号和主句隔开。
例:I have a sister, who is a doctor.(非限制性定语从句)我有一个姐姐,她是当医生的。
二、定语从句的关系词。
引导定语从句的关系词分为:关系代词和关系副词。
常见的关系代词有:who, that,whom, whose, which等;在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等。
常见的关系副词有:where,when,why等;在从句中作状语。
三、定语从句中关系代词的用法。
1、当先行词是人时:关系代词who和that既可以做主语,又可以作宾语,而且作宾语时可以省略。
例如:Do you know the girl who/that often comes here?(作主语)
2、其中whom只作宾语。
例如:The girl who/that/whom I spoke to is my daughter.(作宾语)
3、当先行词是物时:关系代词which和that既可以做主语,又可以作宾语,而且作宾语时可以省略。
例如:The building which/that stands near the train station is a supermarket.(作主语)
4、whose既可以指人,也可以指物;that既可以指人,也可以指物。
例如:The book which/that you bought for me is very interesting.(作宾语)
5、whose既可以指人,也可以指物;在从句中作定语,形式为“whose+名词”表所属关系,即谁的。
例如:Do you know the singer whose name is Wang feng?
I live in a house whose windows face south.
四、定于从句中只用which不用that的情况:
(1)which引导非限制性定语从句,that则不能。
He had failed in the maths exam,which made his father very angry.
(2)在介词提前的定语从句中,只用which不用that。
This is the place in which Lu Xun used to live.
先行词本身是that时,只能用which。
What’s that which flashed in the sky just now?
五、关系副词引导的定语从句。
1、when指时间在定语从句中作时间状语也可做连接词用。
I still remember the day when I first came to the school.
2、where指地点在定语从句中作地点状语。
Shanghai is the city where I was born.
3、why指原因在定语从句中作原因状语,用在reason后面。
Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
定语从句主要考点是关系代词,尤其是that,as,介词+which的用法。1、定语从句也称形容词性从句,在整个句子中起定语的作用。定语从句通常置于它所修饰的名词和代词之后,这种名词和代词被称为先行词。 引导定语从句的关联词为关系代词和关系副词。其中,关系代词有who, whom, whose, that, which等,在从句中可作主语、宾语,定语等;关系副词有when, where, why等词,在定语从句中只用作状语。2、定语从句定语从句一般由关系代词和关系副词引导,关系代词who,whom,whose,which,that,as,关系副词when,where,why,关系代词和关系副词必须位于从句之首,主句先行词之后,起着连接先行词和从句的作用,同时在从句中又充当句子成分。关系代词和关系副词的用法当先行词为人时用who作主语,whom作宾语。3、定语从句即指在主从复合句用作定语的从句。定语从句通常修饰名词或代词,对它进行限制、描绘和说明。受定语从句修饰的词语叫先行词,引导定语从句的词语叫关系词。关系词按其性质又分关系代词和关系副词。定语从句又分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。一、定于从句 :定语从句是指用一个完整的句子做定语去修饰限定前面的名词或者代词,它属于后置定语。1.限制性定语从句不用逗号与主句隔开例:I have a sister who is a doctor.(限制性定语从句)我有一个当医生的姐姐。2.非限制性定语从句需使用逗号和主句隔开。例:I have a sister, who is a doctor.(非限制性定语从句)我有一个姐姐,她是当医生的。打开百度APP看高清图片二、定语从句的关系词引导定语从句的关系词分为:关系代词和关系副词,常见的关系代词有:who, that,whom, whose, which等;在从句中作主语、宾语、定语等;常见的关系副词有:where,when,why等;在从句中作状语。三、定语从句中关系代词的用法:1.当先行词是人时:关系代词who和that既可以做主语,又可以作宾语,而且作宾语时可以省略;例如:Do you know the girl who/that often comes here?(作主语)2.其中whom只作宾语;例如:The girl who/that/whom I spoke to is my daughter.(作宾语)3.当先行词是物时:关系代词which和that既可以做主语,又可以作宾语,而且作宾语时可以省略;例如:The building which/that stands near the train station is a supermarket.(作主语)既可以指人,也可以指物;that既可以指人,也可以指物。例如:The book which/that you bought for me is very interesting.(作宾语)既可以指人,也可以指物;在从句中作定语,形式为“whose+名词”表所属关系,即谁的例如:Do you know the singer whose name is Wang feng?I live in a house whose windows face south.四、定于从句中只用which不用that的情况:(1)which引导非限制性定语从句,that则不能。He had failed in the maths exam,which made his father very angry.(2)在介词提前的定语从句中,只用which不用that。This is the place in which Lu Xun used to live.先行词本身是that时,只能用which。What’s that which flashed in the sky just now?五、关系副词引导的定语从句1、when指时间在定语从句中作时间状语也可做连接词用 I still remember the day when I first came to the 、where指地点在定语从句中作地点状语 Shanghai is the city where I was 、why指原因在定语从句中作原因状语 ,用在reason 后面。Please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
1. that即可代表事物也可代表人,which代表事物;它们在从句中作主语或宾语,that在从句中作宾语时常可省略关系词,which在从句中作宾语则不能省略。而且,如果which在从句中作“不及物动词+介词”的介词的宾语,注意介词不要丢掉,而且介词总是放在关系代词which的前边,但有的则放在它原来的位置 2. which作宾语时,根据先行词与定语从句之间的语义关系,先行词与which之间的介词不能丢 3. 代表物时多用which,但在带有下列词的句子中用that而不用which,这些词包括all, anything, much等,这时的that常被省略 4. who和whom引导的从句用来修饰人,分别作从句中的主语和宾语,whom作宾语时,要注意它可以作动词的宾语也可以作介词的.宾语 5. where是关系副词,用来表示地点的定语从句 6. when引导定语从句表示时间 〔注〕值得一提的是,表示时间“time"一词的定语从句只用when引导,有时不用任何关系代词,当然也不用that引导 By the time you arrive in London, we will have stayed there for two weeks. I still remember the first time I met her. Each time he goes to besiness trip, he brings a lot of living necessities, such as towers, soap, toothbrush etc. 7. whose是关系代词,修饰名词作定语,相当于所修饰成分的前置所有格 8. 当从句的逻辑主语是some, any, no, somebody, anybody, nobody, something, anything, everything或nothing时,常用there is来引导
要学定语从句,得知道什么是定语。定语是用来限定、修饰名词或代词的。例如,a good book, good就是定语。那么复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句就叫做定语从句。定语从句由关系代词或关系副词引导,相当于形容词,在句中作定语。被定语从句修饰的词叫先行词,定语从句一般放在先行词的后面。引导定语从句的关联词称为关系词,关系词有关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that, which, who, whom, whose等,绝对没有what;关系副词有where, when, why,how等。关系词放在先行词和定语从句之间,起连接作用,同时又作定语从句的某个成分。
一、关系代词引导的定语从句
1、由who, whom, that,whose引导的从句
这些词代替的先行词是人的名词或代词,who作主语指人,whom作宾语指人,that既可作主语又可作宾语(作宾语可以省略),可以指人也可以指物。whose 用来指人或物,只用作定语。
(1) is he the man who/that wants to see you? 他是那个想见你的男人吗?(who/that在从句中作主语)
(2) he is the man whom/ that i saw yesterday. 他就是我昨天见的那个人。(whom/that在从句中作宾语)
(3) the man whom you spoke to just now is our english teacher 你刚刚说话的那个男人是我们的英语老师
(4) he man whose son is a doctor is our professor. 那个儿子是医生的男人是我们的教授。
2、由which, that引导的从句
它们所代替的先行词是事物的名词或代词,在从句中可作主语、宾语等,作宾语时可以省略,例如:
(1) prosperity which / that had never been seen before appears in the countryside. 农村出现了前所未有的繁荣。(which / that在从句中作主语)
(2) the package (which / that) you are carrying is about to come unwrapped. 你拿那个包裹快要散开了。(which / that在从句中作宾语)
注意: 代表物时多用which,但在下列情况中用that而不用which:
a)先行词是anything, everything, nothing , none等不定代词时;
b)先行词由every, any, all, some, no, little, few, much等修饰时,这时的that常被省略;
c)先行词前有序数词或被形容词最高级修饰时;
d)先行词中既有人又有物时;
e)整个句中前面已有which,who,that时;
f)当先行词为物并作表语时;
g)先行词为one时;
h)先行词同时又被the only,the very,the same修饰时;
二、关系副词引导的定语从句
1、when指时间在定语从句中做时间状语也可做连接词用
i still remember the day when i first came to the school.
2、where指地点在定语从句中做地点状语 shanghai is the city where i was born.
3、why指原因在定语从句中做原因状语 ,用在reason 后面。 please tell me the reason why you missed the plane.
常见考法
对于定语从句的考查,多以单选的形式考查学生灵活运用的能力。一般情况下,常从关系词的意义和功能的角度考查,重点是that,which,who引导的定语从句。
典型例题:
you're the only person ______i've ever met ______could do it.
a. who b. whom c. whom d. who
解析:先行词person后有两个定语从句,第一个从句省略了关系代词whom.因为, whom作从句中met的宾语,可以省略.第二个从句who could do 在从句中作主语,不可省略.
答案:d
误区提醒
当表示时间或地点的名词作先行词时,要判断出它们在从句中作状语还是主语或宾语。作状语时用关系副词,反之用关系代词。
典型例题:
i can never forget the day _______ we worked together and the day ______ we spent together.
a. when; which b. which; when c. what; that d. on which; when
解析:两个先行词the day都是表示时间的名词,但第一个空白处要填的关系词在从句中作状语,因此要用关系副词when. 第二个空白处要填的关系词在从句中作动词spent的宾语,因此要用关系代词which或that来引导定语从句.
答案:a
英语宾语从句笔记
四种非谓语动词:动词不定式、动名词、现在分词、过去分词。
五种简单句:主语+谓语;主语+谓语+宾语;主语+谓语+双宾语;主语+谓语+宾语+宾补;
主语+系动词+表语。
六种复合句:定语从句、状语从句、四种名词性从句
(主语从句、宾语从句、表语从句、同位语从句)
强调句、倒装、省略、虚拟语气、情态动词、冠词、形容词和副词、连词、介词。
以上就把语法概括差不多了。另外再自己整理一下做题遇到的短语、句型和生词等就完美了。你根据我列出来的知识要点分类整理一下笔记,一般来讲收集整理80道单选题以后,笔记就应该有一定规模了,就是说重复内容就出现了,把同一类型的考题放在一起观察异同点,必有所获。
特点
宾语从句可以作及物动词、介词及形容词的宾语。
宾语从句的语序一律用陈述句语序。
连接词that引导宾语从句在句中无词义,不充当句子成分,口语中一般可以省略。
whether 和 if 都可引导宾语从句,但 whether后可紧跟or not;whether从句可作介词的宾语。当if/whether引导宾语从句时,在从句中不做任何成分,但有具体的含义,意为“是否”。if/whether不能省略。
如果从句太长,可以用形式宾语it。
你是要中文的,还是英文的?“我是人”中,“我”是主语,“是”谓语,“人”是宾语宾语从句,就是有宾语所引导的句子
类似于My teacher says that ....省略号部分代表宾语 这样的句子就是最简单的宾语从句勒 想学好英语上课就别乱想心事吧 乖乖听老师的话别和他作对就OK
在句子中起宾语作用的从句,动词的宾语从句,介词的宾语从句和形容词的宾语从句。
英语if从句的笔记
状语从句的分类:时间状语从句 凡是从句都必须有引导词,引导时间状语从句的词有when,before,after,until,as soon as,while 等。 条件状语从句 主要看一下由if引导的条件状语从句。if 意为“如果”,引导条件状语从句时,表示假如有从句的动作发生就(不)会有主句的动作发生。例如: If it doesn't rain tomorrow,we will go there by bike.如果明天不下雨,我们就骑自行车去那里。 If I get there early,I can see the doctor quickly.如果我早早地到那里,我就可以快点看病。 地点状语从句用法要点 常用where(哪里)和wherever(无论哪里)eg. Where there is a will,there is a way. 有志者,事竟成。 We will go wherever the motherland need us most. 我们要到祖国最需要的地方去。 原因状语从句用法要点 常用的引导连词有because,as和since,三者的区别是:在回答问题的时候,使用because;对于显而易见的原因,常用as或since;as和since的从句常放在主句之前,而because的从句常放在主句之后。eg. Why did you go? I went because Tom told me to go. 你为何去?那是因为汤姆叫我去。 He was angry not because we were late but because we made a noise. 他很生气不是因为我们来迟了,而是因为我们弄出了声音。 As it was raining hard,we had to be indoors. 由于雨太大,我们只好呆在家里。 Since you feel ill,you'd better not go to work. 既然你感觉不舒服,你最好不要去上班了。 目的状语从句用法要点 常用的引导连词有so that,that和in order that译为:以便,为了,目的是。eg. Please speak more slowly so that we can make full notes. 请讲慢一点,以便我们能作详细笔记。 I shall write down your address that I may not forget. 我要把你的地址记下来,以免忘记。 I sent the letter by air mail in order that it might reach him in time. 这封信我以航空信发出,以便他能及时收到。 注:目的状语从句可以用动词不定式来替换做目的状语。eg. We work harder than usual finish it in a week. 我们比平常加倍努力工作以在一周内完成工作。
本文中,我整理了关于if引导的条件状语从句的知识点,来看一下详细内容吧!
一.if的位置:if“如果”,当引导条件状语从句时,既可以放在主句前面,也可以放在主句后面。若if引导的条件句放在句首,从句后面要加逗号与主句隔开。
例如:My mother will take me to the park if she is free.如果我妈妈有空,她就会带我去公园。
二.时态的运用
注意:在if的条件状语从句中,主句为下列情形之一时,if条件状语要用一般现在时。
1.主句是一般将来时(主将从现)
例如:If he comes, he will tell me all.如果他来了,他会告诉我所有(的事情)。
2.主句是含有情态动词may/might/can/must/should等句子。
例如:If you want to lose weight, you must eat less bread.如果你想减肥,你必须少吃面包。
3.主句是祈使句
例如:If you are not strong enough, please don't take part in such an activity.如果你不够强壮,请不要参加这种活动。
条件状语从句是由引导词if以及unless等词引导的状语从句。在英文中,“条件”是指某一件事情实现之后(状语从句中的动作),其它事情(主句中的动作)才能发生,通常译作“假如”、“如果”。
注意:在含有条件状语从句的复合句中,表示将来时态,主句是一般将来时态,祈使句或情态动词,从句要用现在时态,[主将从现原则](主将从现中的“将”并非指将来时,还能够指表示将来含义的;条件状语从句中,从属连词之后的句子是该条件状语从句的从句)
一、if作为连词,引导条件状语从句,表示“如果”等。在复合句中如果主句用将 来时,则if引导的状语从句用一般现在时(最基本的)。 eg. If it doesn’t rain, we will go to the picnic next Sunday. 如果天不下雨,下周日我们将去野餐。二、if还可以引导让步状语从句。在意义上相当于even if,even though或although。这时 if 意为“即使 是”,“虽然”。 eg. I’ll do it, even if it takes me a long time. 虽然会花费很长时间,我还是要做这事。 If he is little,he is strong.他年纪虽小,力气倒大 三、if作为连词还可以引导宾语从句。引导宾语从句时和whether意思相同。例如: eg. She asked if / whether I like it. 她问我是否喜欢它。 * 此时注意:1. or not放在whether之后时,只能用whether不用if。 2. 在强调任意选择时,用whether…or,此时不用if替换whether 3. 虽引导宾语从句,但为了强调宾语部分,也可把从句放在句首,此时只用whether 不用if 。 4. 从句作介词宾语时只用whether不用if。 5. 作discuss等动词的宾语时,用whether不用if。 6. 句子中有if引导的条件句,如再有表示“是否”的宾语从句,用whether不用if 7. 容易产生歧义时用whether不用if来表示“是否”。 基本上碰到选择 if 还是 whether 的问题时都选 whether,除了一条:如果宾语从句为否定句时,则 只用if不用whether。eg. I don’t know if it won't rain tomorrow..我不知道明天是不是会下雨 四、if引导时间状语从句,意为“当”或“无论何时”,不含有条件之义时,if从句中的时态与主句中的时 态相同。 eg. If you mix yellow and blue,you get green.你将黄色与蓝色混合,便会得到绿色。 五、if后接否定动词,用于感叹句中,表示沮丧、惊奇等。例如: eg. Well,if I haven’t left my homework at home! 真倒霉,我把作业落在家里了! 六、用于虚拟语气中,if从句中用过去式,表示不太可能实现或提出作为考虑的假设条件。eg. 1. If I were a bird, I could fly.如果我是只鸟,我就会飞了。 2. If I asked him(if I were to ask him) for a loan,would he agree?如果我向他借款,他会答应吗? 另外,if从句中用过去完成式,表示过去未实现的条件。eg. 1. If they had started earlier,they would have arrived in time.要是他们早些动身,他们便可及时到达了。 2. If they had not started at that time,they would not be here now.如果他们那时不动身,现在他们就不会在此地了。 第三,if 条件句的虚拟有时可省略,然后将主语与所用的限定动词(were,should,had)倒置。eg. 1. Should it (=if it should) be necessary,I will go. 倘若有必要,我会去的。 2. Were I(=if I were) in your post,I would do the same . 如果我处于你的位置,我也会这样干的。 3. Had I(=if I had)known earlier,I wouldn't go.如果我早一点知道,我就会不会走了。 七、if与其它一些介词的连用。 as与if连用,意思是:“仿佛、好像”同样引导从句。eg. It isn’t as if he doesn’t know the rules.(ie. He does know the rulers.)他不像不懂规则的样子。 (即他懂得规则) (ie=namely=that is to say=in other words: “即,那就是说”) 另外as if还可以引导感叹句。例如: As if I would allow it! (ie.I would certainly not allow it!) 好像我会答应那样! (我才不会答应呢!) * if与only连用。表示“如果...就好了”。例如: 1. If only he arrives in time!他若能及时到达就好了! 2. If only she had known about it!(But she didn’t know.)她那时要是知道(但她不知道)这事就好了! * 此时注意区别 only if...:“只要...”,相当于“if” eg. Only if you word hard,you'll be successful one day.
1、I could do it now, if you like.
如果你愿意的话,我现在就可以做这事。
2、You can come with us if you want to.
如果你愿意可以跟我们一起来。
3、Put your hand up if you need more paper.
若有人还要纸,请举手。
4、Only time will tell if the treatment has been successful.
只有时间才能证明这种疗法是否成功。
5、He must be 70 if he's a day!
他至少70岁了!