关于管理方面的英文文章

摘要： 关于手机管理方面的英语作文As mobile phones become more widely used, it is common for middle school st...

关于手机管理方面的英语作文

As mobile phones become more widely used, it is common for middle school students to also have their own mobile phones. However, since students are still in the stage of learning and growing up, it is important to have proper guidelines on how to use mobile , students should manage their time well. They need to learn to use mobile phones responsibly, especially during study and class time. Students should not be engrossed in using their mobile phones, resulting in missed classes and poor academic performance. Instead, they should use their mobile phones wisely – to quickly communicate with their parents or guardians or to look up information related to their , students need to be aware of the potential dangers of mobile phone use. There are various internet threats such as cyberbullying, online scams and inappropriate content. Students should be cautious and avoid sharing personal information, downloading unknown apps, or visiting untrusted websites. They should also learn how to protect their privacy and reputation when they are using social , students should learn to communicate effectively and politely through their mobile phones. They should avoid using offensive language or using their phones to hurt others. Students should practice good manners and respect others’ conclusion, middle school students should use their mobile phones with good sense and proper guidelines. By being mindful of their behavior, students can avoid the potential risks and make the most of their mobile phones for their studies and social interactions.

手机有时对我们学习有帮助，但有时对学习无益处。如果我们合理使用手机，手机会让我们更好学习爱，提升知识，扩宽眼界，但人们也用手机玩游戏和网络交流，但是他们浪费太多时间了，手机对我们大脑和身体有害，也会影响身体健康，所以我们要合理使用手机Mobile phones are sometimes good for our study, but sometimes they are harmful to our study. If we can use the mobile phone properly, then the mobile phone will help us to learn, improve our knowledge, and broaden our horizons. But some people use mobile phones to play games and chat on the Internet, but they waste too much time. They are very harmful to our mind and body, and also affect our healthy development. Therefore, we should use mobile phones reasonably.

写作思路：根据题目要求，以“如何有效的使用手机”，开头可以写明沉迷于手机的坏处，之后写出几条合理有效使用的建议，正文：

Nowadays, many people are addicted to mobile phones, which will affect students' study, reduce their eyesight and cause eye pain after watching for a long time. Therefore, I suggest that we should use mobile phones effectively and reasonably:

现在有许多人都沉迷于手机，手机会影响学生的学习，能让视力下降，看时间长了还会眼睛疼，因此我建议我们应该有效合理的使用手机：

Do not play mobile phone for more than one hour continuously.

1、玩手机的时间不要连续超过1个小时。

When using mobile phones, you should reduce watching indifferent videos and playing games.

2、使用手机时应该减少看无所谓的视频和玩游戏。

Do not take out your mobile phone to watch while eating or walking.

3、在吃饭和行走等情况下，不要取出手机观看。

In addition to the necessary office and contact, don't rely on your mobile phone to pass the time when you are bored.

4、除了必要的办公和联系，在无聊时间也不要靠手机打发时间。

对于大学生来说，可以通过相关的英语作文学会在适当的时间使用手机。下面是我给大家整理的大学生如何正确使用手机英语作文的相关知识，供大家参阅!

Nowadays mobile phone is a popular device in our daily life. As it goes into the life of University students, it does make life better in that it gives us more freedom to keep in contact with friends or relatives who we can not reach in time. And when it comes to critical moment, like getting lost or robbery, we can call for help in this way. It also could be used to booking tickets or getting coupon from internet for the purpose of getting a bargin or covenient.

However, some students may use it as a game machine rather than a communicating tool. If much of time has been spent to play games on mobile phone, it will takes up the study time. It also consumes the time we share with our friends, particularly at the dinner, because they focus on the smart phone and show not interesting in talking to people nearby.

For my part, mobile phone is a convenient device that all we can get benefit from, if we use it in a good way. As for the function of playing game in a mobile phone is good, but we need to treat it properly.

Today, more and more college school students have their own mobile phones. As a student, I think it’s good to have a mobile phone, because mobile phones can offer a lot of convenience. And students can send short messages to their parents when they are in trouble or not at home.

In fact, if students use mobile phones in right ways, mobile phones will help us, such as we can use mobile phones to look up new words. But it can also bring some trouble. For example, many students use their mobiles to listen to music in class. They don’t listen to the teachers carefully. And many students send messages in class.

In my opinion, it’s not right to use mobile phones in school. We should try our best to use mobile phones in right ways.

如今，越来越多的大学生拥有自己的手机。作为一名学生，我认为有一个手机是好的，因为手机可以提供很多方便。当学生在家里遇到麻烦或不在家时，他们可以给他们的父母发短信。事实上，如果学生用正确的方式使用手机，手机会帮助我们，比如我们可以用手机来查找新的单词。但它也可以带来一些麻烦。例如，许多学生在课堂上用手机收听音乐。他们不认真听老师讲课。和许多学生在课堂上发送消息。在我看来，在学校里使用手机是不正确的。我们应该尽力用正确的方式使用手机。

Mobile phones are the main invention of modern are completely part of our daily lives If we look at our society,we can see that all kinds of people are using mobile they have many advantages,but they also experience drawbacks.

The main advantage of mobile phones is that people can use them anytime and anywhere,so they can use one for an addition,people can access the internet whenever they use the mobile phones,so business people can use tem at work to get information from internet more convenietly Moreover,it is very easy to send messages to your phones can make people keep intimacy in spite of long phones are turning the world into a small vilage where we can commmunicate with each other easily and point in favour of mobile phonesis that you can avoid disturbing anyone when he is sleeping orworking because in that case people often turn off their mobile phones.

On the other hand,there are some drawbacks, most important disadvantage is the unknown effects on health in case of found that mobile phones can cause brain you talk for so many hours,you are going to have headacheand ear mobile phone stimulate home for the high cost of you are in 3 membered family,you would spend a lot of money on mobile tow to three of family have it, it cost about 150-200D in a inappropriate use of mobile phones could be example,it is very imppropriate to here a mobile phone ringing during a formal conversation,during a lesson,in a libraryor in a phones waste people too much Amerian survey show that the teen-ager will spend average 2 hours to send messagesevery day.

In conclusion, there are some benefits and drawbacks to mobile dont like mobile phonesvery much,but i need use my opion, mobile phones are good only if you use them correctly and politely,as in this case,all technology is beneficial!

关于管理方面的英文文章

以下是一篇关于如何管理实践的英语作文：

We all know what is the most precious thing in the world, but today, it is very necessary and important to manage our time effectively. There are some suggestions and methods to manage our time.

The most important thing is to know and understand how we spent and manage our time in the in this way can we know what we have wasted our time in.

We can do this by sorting out all the things we do every day, and then after the first step, we can choose the necessary things and waste time. What we have to do is to choose the right time.

Choosing time is to save time for one thing. We must know when our work or learning efficiency is higher and the quality is better, so that we can to know how to schedule another time, it's best to do the most important and urgent things first.

We hardly have enough time to complete all the tasks in one day, but it's not the least 's valuable to make full use of our leisure time. For example, we can read books while waiting for the bus, or practice listening summary on the way to school.

Therefore, full use of our time is very important to live a full and happy life.

译文：

我们都知道，世界上最宝贵的东西是什么，但在今天，有效地管理我们的时间是非常必要和重要的有一些建议和方法来管理我们的时间。

最重要的是要知道和理解我们以前是如何度过和管理我们的时间的，只有这样我们才能知道我们在哪些方面浪费了我们的时间。

我们可以通过整理我们每天做的所有事情来做到这一点，然后在第一步之后，选择必要的事情和浪费的时间，我们要做的就是选择正确的时间。

选择时间就是为了一件事节省时间，我们必须知道，在哪个时期我们的工作或学习效率更高，质量更好，以便我们知道如何为另一个时间安排日程，最好先做最重要和最紧急的事情。

我们几乎没有足够的时间在一天内完成所有的任务，但并非最不重要的，充分利用我们的闲暇时间是很有价值的。例如，我们可以在等公共汽车的时候看书，或者在上学的路上练习听力总结，时间，就像海绵里的水一样。

因此，充分利用我们的时间，这对过上充实幸福的生活至关重要。

如何管理时间的名言名句：

1."Time is what we want most, but what we use worst." ——William Penn。

翻译："时间是我们最想要的东西，但又是我们最不善用的。" ——威廉·佩恩。

2."The bad news is time flies. The good news is you're the pilot." ——Michael Altshuler。

翻译："坏消息是时间飞逝，好消息是你是驾驶员。" ——迈克尔·阿尔特舒勒。

3."Don't watch the clock; do what it does. Keep going." ——Sam Levenson。

翻译："不要盯着时钟看；要像它一样行动。继续前进。" ——萨姆·莱文森。

4."Time isn't the main thing. It's the only thing." ——Miles Davis。

翻译："时间不是主要的事物，它是唯一的事物。" ——迈尔斯·戴维斯。

5."The way we spend our time defines who we are." ——Jonathan Estrin。

翻译："我们如何度过时间决定了我们是谁。" ——乔纳森·埃斯特林。

A recent survey shows that some people prefer the higher-paying job even though it requests a longer hours than those low-paying job, especially among the young. They consider that they should spare no effort to earn money and improve their life standard when they are still young.最近一项调查显示，有人喜欢高薪水的工作，即使它工作的时间比那些低收入的工作时间更长，特别是在年轻人之间。他们认为在他们都还年轻的时候应该尽力去赚钱来提高他们的生活水平。However, others hold diverse view that they would rather choose lower-paying jobs and earn less money than do longer hours jobs. What they consider is that they should accompany their family and friends as much as possible even though they are busy. Moreover, they think they need to enjoy their lives while they are making their living, in that life is limited and money is not everything.然而，其他人则持不同观点，他们宁愿选择低报酬，挣的钱也比长时间工作少的工作。他们认为，即使他们很忙他们应该尽可能的陪自己的家人和朋友。此外，他们认为在他们谋生的同时也应该享受生活，因为生命是有限的，而钱不是万能的。If I had a chance to choose my job, I would be inclined to choose the latter one. In my opinion, many things are more important than money even though money can solve many problems, such as our family, affection and friendship. In addition, we also need to take our personal preference and conditions into consideration when choosing jobs. Only in this way can we real enjoy our jobs.如果我有机会选择我的工作，我会倾向于选择后者。在我看来，尽管钱可以解决很多问题，但是很多东西都比金钱更重要，如我们的家人，感情和友谊。而且，在选择工作的时候我们还需要把我们的个人爱好和情况考虑进去。只有这样我们才能真正享受我们的工作。

Managing Yourself “There are three secrets to managing. The first secret is have patience. The second is be patient. And the third most important secret is patience.” -Chuck Tanner In business we all know that management is everything. If you don’t manage your resources properly your business won’t succeed, it’s as simple as that. In business we put systems in place and train our human capital to manage and execute the systems. If our systems are efficient and our training is adequate, usually the outcome is a desirable one. Needless to say we spend a tremendous amount of time and energy in learning to manage our surroundings. Unfortunately we live in a world that is dominated by commerce, by economics, our lives are dictated by it, that with time we end up forgetting to manage the most important thing, which is managing ourselves. Trying to manage the outside world without managing ourselves is surely a recipe for disaster. To be be more specific managing our inner selves, many of us do not understand what that even means, that it’s necessary. We are not aware of how our own systems that exist within us work. Many people have become great managers in their external worlds and have become quite successful because of it, but without proper inner management, many come to suffer from their success. This is very sad because success in this world does not come easily. I just want you to take some time to ponder over the following question. Has your happiness gone up or down as you have gotten older? In the last 24 hours how many happy moments are you able to recall? If you can’t think of many, this just means your having bad inner management. This should be a wake up call because when you look at everything we do in life, it is done in the pursuit of happiness. Which will mean something different for everyone depending on the stage of development he finds himself at. Somewhere deep down we believe that if we can manage our family, our careers, our finances, that it will bring us happiness, a deep fulfillment. Managing Yourself Effectively So what does being a good inner manager mean? It means learning to manage your body, mind, emotions, and energies. If you don’t have inner management you are managing your outside world purely by accident, there is no real meaningful intent behind your actions. When you manage situations as an accident, you exist as an accident, anxiousness then becomes a natural part of your life. One is not stressful because of what we are doing, but because we are bad managers of ourselves. Everyone believes their job is stressful, stress is not the nature of the job. If you don’t have control over your systems you will be stressful no matter what it is you find yourself doing. The systems we need to manage is our body, mind, emotions, and energies. Just like any business properly managing these systems requires diligent research and development. What makes a good manager in a business? The person usually has a great understanding of the essential aspects of the business, it’s operations, and most importantly it’s employees. He knows his employees strengths, weaknesses, personality, and generally has built some good rapport with them. Many of us fail to take the same penetrating look inside our selves to understand how we work and then learn to manage ourselves accordingly. If you manage yourself properly, you will rise to your true potential. All that matters is that with whatever you are doing you put your whole heart into it, it then becomes beautiful because our heart is in it. You will be able to put your heart into anything once your systems are operating in harmony, when you understand each part and the role it plays in your life. So now it’s time you take a penetrating look, do you really know how good a shape your body is in? Do you really understand your emotions and the role they play in your life? How about your mind, do you understand your thinking process and how it affects your life? How about your energies, do you know how to summon and keep your energies abundant so you can respond to life with actions that are total? If you are not satisfied with your life most likely you have let these systems run unconsciously, they are not communicating with each other, they have become corrupted. They are all pursuing their own agendas and usually going in opposite directions, leaving you scattered, frustrated, anxious, powerless. You need to start infusing your life with awareness and take conscious control over your systems, start the process of understanding all the aspects of your being and get them back in alignment. Once you start getting yourself aligned you will take control of your life. Inner management is essential to life management. It’s your responsibility to learn to manage yourself, blaming and complaining the outside world will get you nowhere. It’s never too late to enroll in the school of life, the lessons are endless and once you understand the basics (body,emotions,mind, energies) It won’t be long before you receive your Master’s in yourself. Once you know yourself at a deep level you will know everything worth knowing. 长度应该够了吧,除非你是大学论文. 长了你可以自己筛选一些.

如何管理自己（How to Manage Yourself）Managing oneself is an essential skill that can lead to personal growth and success. Here are some tips on how to effectively manage yourself:1. Set goals: Start by setting clear and achievable goals for yourself. These goals can be short-term or long-term, and they should be specific and measurable. Having goals helps you stay focused and . Prioritize tasks: Learn to prioritize tasks based on their importance and urgency. Make a to-do list and organize your tasks accordingly. Focus on completing high-priority tasks first to ensure productivity and avoid unnecessary . Time management: Effective time management is crucial for self-management. Create a schedule or timetable to allocate time for different activities. Avoid procrastination and utilize your time efficiently to accomplish your . Develop self-discipline: Self-discipline is the ability to control your impulses and stay committed to your goals. Practice self-discipline by avoiding distractions, sticking to your schedule, and maintaining good habits and . Continuous learning: Keep learning and improving yourself. Seek opportunities for personal and professional development. Read books, take courses, and acquire new skills that are relevant to your interests or career . Maintain a healthy lifestyle: Take care of your physical and mental well-being. Get regular exercise, eat nutritious meals, and get enough restful sleep. Manage stress effectively through relaxation techniques, such as meditation or . Reflect and evaluate: Regularly reflect on your progress and evaluate your performance. Assess what works for you and what needs improvement. Learn from your experiences and make adjustments implementing these strategies, you can effectively manage yourself and enhance personal growth. Remember, self-management is a lifelong journey that requires self-awareness, discipline, and continuous improvement.（中文解析：本篇作文介绍了如何管理自己的技巧。首先，设定明确的目标，优先处理任务，合理安排时间，培养自律能力，不断学习提升自己，保持健康的生活方式，以及定期反思和评估自己的表现。通过采取这些策略，可以有效管理自己，实现个人成长。）在这篇作文中，使用了以下语法结构：1. 动词的用法：动词被用来描述行动和行为。在这篇作文中，使用了动词短语，如"set goals"（设定目标）、"prioritize tasks"（优先处理任务）、"develop self-discipline"（培养自律能力）、"maintain a healthy lifestyle"（保持健康的生活方式）等。动词短语用于传达具体的行动和建议。2. 形容词和副词的用法：形容词和副词被用来修饰名词和动词，以提供更详细的描述和细节。在这篇作文中，使用了形容词短语，如"clear and achievable goals"（明确且可实现的目标）、"effective time management"（有效的时间管理）、"regular exercise"（定期锻炼）等。副词也被用来修饰动词，如"efficiently"（高效地）和"regularly"（定期地）。3. 并列连词的使用：在文章中，使用了并列连词"and"来连接并列的动词、形容词或名词短语，以提供并列的信息。例如："stick to your schedule and maintain good habits and routines"（坚持你的计划并保持良好的习惯和规律）。4. 被动语态的使用：被动语态用于强调动作的接受者而不是执行者。在这篇作文中，没有明显使用被动语态。5. 倒装句的使用：倒装句被用来强调某个部分的重要性或突出对比。在这篇作文中，没有明显使用倒装句。总体而言，这篇作文使用了多种语法结构，包括动词的用法、形容词和副词的用法，以及并列连词的使用。这些语法结构有助于表达清晰的观点和指导，使作文更具逻辑和连贯性。

关于压力管理的英语作文

How Should College Students Relieve Pressure?Today’s college students face many pressures, mainly from parents’ expectation, study, economy, employment and all kinds of competition. Although pressure to some extent can provide motivation, overdue pressure has a serious negative effect. Pressure can destroy a student’s confidence. More seriously, it might make some students lose control of their emotions and behaviors. Considering the great damage of overdue pressure, college students should learn to how to relieve pressure. First, we should have a right evaluation of ourselves so as to make use of advantages and avoid , we should [6]set a clear aim of a struggle. The aim can give us motivation, and make us become active. Third, attending collective activities is an effective way to relieve pressure. Finally, if you find pressure is nearly beyond your control, you’d better turn to professional psychological guidance. From : to me, my pressure is mainly from future order to reduce it, I asked my parents help me analyse my advantages and disadvantages, and produce a more practical job objection. So my employment pressure was relieved greatly. Now I become confident in my future, and I do believe I can get an ideal job after my graduation.

Love is a vine that grows into our hearts.

Hello, my clas *** ates! Pressure is a serious problem in today’s world. Most students in our class are under too much students can’t get on well with their clas *** ates, while others may worry about their exams. I’m always under pressure, too. My parents wanted me to be the student in class. They had me study all day. even send me to all kinds of classes on weekends. I had a talk with my parents and told them I had done my best. Finally they understand me. In this way, I feel less stressed out so that I can concentrate more on my studies.. Less pressure makes better life. Thank you！

Pressure is a serious problem in today‘s in our class are under too much pressure. First of all,I’d love to tell you something about less high school examination is ing,I believe you feel the pressure as same as think it is good for is pressure on the power. I suggest you to relax because it’s good for can also tell you friends with your pressure. Friends,pressure is a natual part of everyone life and there is no way to advoid it what we can do is to face it bravely ang try to make“less pressure，better life“ That‘ you!

Less Pressure Makes Better Life Pressure is a serious problem in today’s world. Most students in our class are under too much pressure. Some students can’t get on well with their clas *** ates, while others may worry about their exams too much. I was always under pressure, too. My parents wanted me to be the student in my class. They always sent me to all kinds of after-classes on weekends. I had a talk with my parents and told them I had done my best. Finally, they understood me. In this way, I feel less stressed out so that I can concentrate more on my studies. Less pressure makes better life. Thank you .

Pressure is a serious problem in today's in our class are under too much students can't get on well with their clas *** ates, while others may worry about their exams. Some students think pressure makes them upset and be stressed out. I'm always under pressure, too. My parents want me to be the student in class. So they send me to all kinds of after-school classes on weekends. Last week I had a talk with my parents. I told them I was not lazy. I really felt tired. I needed time to relax and do something I like. My parents agreed with me at last. So I think a conversation with parents is necessary to solve the problem. Less pressure makes better you agree?

In modern society, people's lives are being increasingly plex and fast-paced, especially for those who live in the city. (讲一些关于城市生活的繁忙景象）Living in the city can be a delight as well as a burden. Constant pressure from the environment can overwhelm those who aren't easily adaptable. The lack of time to relax, take a break, and have some down-time in beeen working and studying hours is a sure sign of having too much external pressure, which will eventually will take its toll on a person's physical, or even mental, health. ... Thus, it is crucial that one find a balance beeen work and leisure in order to minimize unnecessary stress and thus establish a healthier and better lifestyle.

I will get a better life if i ignore pressure around know .The pressure could cause so many chaos after my issuing this article. How could i blame them? Coz cute act can not get a high score be strctly confined by our endearing administrator.

Less Pressure, Better Life Hello, boys and girls! Pressure is a serious problem in today's world. Students in our class are under too much pressure. Some students can't get on well with their clas *** ates, while others may worry about their exams. I'm always under pressure, too. My parents want me to be the student in class. So they send me to all kinds of after-classes at weekends. Last Monday evening, I had a talk with my mother. I told her I was not lazy. I really felt tired. I needed time to relax. My mother agreed with me at last. So I think conversation with parents is necessary to solve the problem. That’s all. Thank you!

Hello, boys and girls!Pressure is a serious problem in today’s world. Students in our class are under too much pressure. Some students can’t get on well with their clas *** ates, while others may worry about their ’m always under pressure, too. My parents want me to be the student in class. So they send me to all kinds of after-classes at Monday evening, I had a talk with my mother. I told her I was not lazy. I really felt tired. I needed time to relax. My mother agreed with me at last. So I think a conversation with parents is necessary to solve the ’s all. Thank you!

Over the next few decades, a new understanding of space and time is a revolution in our outlook on universe.. Ancient on basically the same, already exists and will continue to exist infinitely long universe concept, movement, expansion and appears to be from a finite past started and will be limited in the future with the idea of the end of the universe is replaced. This revolution is the next chapter.. It was just a few years later that I studied the starting point of theoretical physics.. Roger Penrose and I point out that Einstein's general theory of relativity can be inferred that the universe must have a beginning and an end

Less Pressure, Better LifeIn today's fast-paced society, people often find themselves overwhelmed by various pressures. However, it is crucial to find ways to reduce stress and create a better life. Firstly, maintaining a healthy work-life balance is essential. By allocating time for leisure activities, hobbies, and spending quality time with loved ones, we can alleviate stress and find joy in our daily lives. Secondly, cultivating a positive mindset can significantly impact our well-being. Adopting an optimistic outlook and practicing mindfulness can help us navigate challenges with resilience and find inner peace. Lastly, developing effective stress management techniques, such as exercise, meditation, and self-care, can contribute to a healthier and more balanced life.减压，过上更好的生活在当今快节奏的社会中，人们常常被各种压力所困扰。然而，找到减轻压力、过上更好生活的方法是至关重要的。首先，保持良好的工作与生活平衡是关键。通过安排休闲活动、培养兴趣爱好以及与亲人共度美好时光，我们可以减轻压力，享受日常生活的乐趣。其次，培养积极的心态对我们的幸福感有着重要影响。采取乐观的态度和实践正念可以帮助我们以坚韧的心态应对挑战，找到内心的平静。最后，发展有效的压力管理技巧，如运动、冥想和自我关爱，有助于实现更健康、更平衡的生活。

管理方面的英语论文

resource management (HRM) is the strategic and coherent approach to the management of an organization's most valued assets - the people working there who individually and collectively contribute to the achievement of the objectives of the business.[1] The terms "human resource management" and "human resources" (HR) have largely replaced the term "personnel management" as a description of the processes involved in managing people in organizations.[1] Human Resource management is evolving rapidly. Human resource management is both an academic theory and a business practice that addresses the theoretical and practical techniques of managing a features include:Personnel administration Personnel management Manpower management Industrial management[2][3] But these traditional expressions are becoming less common for the theoretical discipline. Sometimes even industrial relations and employee relations are confusingly listed as synonyms,[4] although these normally refer to the relationship between management and workers and the behavior of workers in theoretical discipline is based primarily on the assumption that employees are individuals with varying goals and needs, and as such should not be thought of as basic business resources, such as trucks and filing cabinets. The field takes a positive view of workers, assuming that virtually all wish to contribute to the enterprise productively, and that the main obstacles to their endeavors are lack of knowledge, insufficient training, and failures of is seen by practitioners in the field as a more innovative view of workplace management than the traditional approach. Its techniques force the managers of an enterprise to express their goals with specificity so that they can be understood and undertaken by the workforce, and to provide the resources needed for them to successfully accomplish their assignments. As such, HRM techniques, when properly practiced, are expressive of the goals and operating practices of the enterprise overall. HRM is also seen by many to have a key role in risk reduction within organisations.[5]Synonyms such as personnel management are often used in a more restricted sense to describe activities that are necessary in the recruiting of a workforce, providing its members with payroll and benefits, and administrating their work-life needs. So if we move to actual definitions, Torrington and Hall (1987) define personnel management as being:“a series of activities which: first enable working people and their employing organisations to agree about the objectives and nature of their working relationship and, secondly, ensures that the agreement is fulfilled" (p. 49).While Miller (1987) suggests that HRM relates to:".......those decisions and actions which concern the management of employees at all levels in the business and which are related to the implementation of strategies directed towards creating and sustaining competitive advantage" (p. 352).Academic theoryThe goal of human resource management is to help an organization to meet strategic goals by attracting, and maintaining employees and also to manage them effectively. The key word here perhaps is "fit", . a HRM approach seeks to ensure a fit between the management of an organization's employees, and the overall strategic direction of the company (Miller, 1989).The basic premise of the academic theory of HRM is that humans are not machines, therefore we need to have an interdisciplinary examination of people in the workplace. Fields such as psychology, industrial engineering, industrial and organizational psychology, industrial relations, sociology, and critical theories: postmodernism, post-structuralism play a major role. Many colleges and universities offer bachelor and master degrees in Human Resources widely used scheme to describe the role of HRM, developed by Dave Ulrich, defines 4 fields for the HRM function:[6]Strategic business partner Change agent Employee champion Administration However, many HR functions these days struggle to get beyond the roles of administration and employee champion, and are seen rather as reactive than strategically proactive partners for the top management. In addition, HR organizations also have the difficulty in proving how their activities and processes add value to the company. Only in the recent years HR scholars and HR professionals are focusing to develop models that can measure if HR adds value.[7]Critical Academic TheoryPostmodernism plays an important part in Academic Theory and particularly in Critical Theory. Indeed Karen Legge in 'Human Resource Management: Rhetorics and Realities' possess the debate of whether HRM is a modernist project or a postmodern discourse (Legge 2004). In many ways, critically or not, many writers contend that HRM itself is an attempt to move away from the modernist traditions of personnel (man as machine) towards a postmodernist view of HRM (man as individuals). Critiques include the notion that because 'Human' is the subject we should recognize that people are complex and that it is only through various discourses that we understand the world. Man is not Machine, no matter what attempts are made to change it . Fordism / Taylorism, McDonaldisation (Modernism).Critical Theory also questions whether HRM is the pursuit of "attitudinal shaping" (Wilkinson 1998), particularly when considering empowerment, or perhaps more precisely pseudo-empowerment - as the critical perspective notes. Many critics note the move away from Man as Machine is often in many ways, more a Linguistic (discursive) move away than a real attempt to recognise the Human in Human Resource Theory, in particular postmodernism (poststructualism), recognises that because the subject is people in the workplace, the subject is a complex one, and therefore simplistic notions of 'the best way' or a unitary perspectives on the subject are too simplistic. It also considers the complex subject of power, power games, and office politics. Power in the workplace is a vast and complex subject that cannot be easily defined. This leaves many critics to suggest that Management 'Gurus', consultants, 'best practice' and HR models are often overly simplistic, but in order to sell an idea, they are simplified, and often lead Management as a whole to fall into the trap of oversimplifying the practiceHuman resources management comprises several processes. Together they are supposed to achieve the above mentioned goal. These processes can be performed in an HR department, but some tasks can also be outsourced or performed by line-managers or other planning Recruitment (sometimes separated into attraction and selection) Induction and Orientation Skills management Training and development Personnel administration Compensation in wage or salary Time management Travel management (sometimes assigned to accounting rather than HRM) Payroll (sometimes assigned to accounting rather than HRM) Employee benefits administration Personnel cost planning Performance appraisal CareersThe sort of careers available in HRM are varied. There are generalist HRM jobs such as human resource assistant. There are careers involved with employment, recruitment and placement and these are usually conducted by interviewers, EOE (Equal Opportunity Employment) specialists or college recruiters. Training and development specialism is often conducted by trainers and orientation specialists. Compensation and benefits tasks are handled by compensation analysts, salary administrators, and benefits organizationsProfessional organizations in HRM include the Society for Human Resource Management, the Chartered Institute of Personnel and Development (CIPD), the International Public Management Association for HR (IPMA-HR) and the International Personnel Management Association of Canada (IPMA-Canada).Management Association of Nepal [MAN]人力资源管理，是指为了完成管理工作中涉及人或人事方面的任务所进行的管理工作。人力资源管理工作包括：工作分析；制定人力需求计划以及人员招募；培训及开发；薪酬及福利管理、绩效评估；劳动关系管理等。人力资源管理愈来愈被重视。在经济发展成熟的体系下，人力资源管理必须配合以争取最佳的资源效益，若将不适当的人力配对不适当的职位，资源效益不但全无，或可能有损耗。现代经济讲求平衡及配合，提升管理效能和质素，就要人力资源配合以作平衡，个中的内容是设立人力资源架构框架，用最适合的人做最适合的工作。建立人力资源平台，作为沟通及搜集资讯渠道，将各方意见综合，舍短取长，以处理薪酬、福利等事宜。人力资源最重要是培训及发展，人力资源发展必须投资在培训方面，以发挥各阶层的人力资源潜能。发展简史在现实世界不同的国家人力资源的发展情况以及历史都不同。一般说来，人力资源的学术界发展经历了：人事管理（Personnel Management），人力资源管理（Human Resource Management）到现在新近兴起的人力资本管理（Human Capital Management）。其只要不同即在于公司和企业对待职员的理念的变化和发展。在人事管理阶段，人事经理们的工作是管理职工福利，以及和工会的法律程序方面。公司的上层管理部门将人事部门的各种活动以及公司职员皆看作公司的大笔纯支出，而尽可能的削减这部分的开支。公司对人事部的活动持不积极的支持态度。 在人力资源管理阶段，企业员工被看成企业的可以增值的资产而被发展以期充分利用潜能。人力资源部门充分利用职位分析，工作分析，职位概述，人员选择和招聘，员工培训等等活动来提高企业员工的效率，从而增加企业的管理和运营更加有效。当一个公司实行人力资源管理战略的时候，人力资源部门将被纳入公司战略计划的一个重要组成部分。公司的未来发展，市场拓展，新产品研发等等都要牵扯到人力资源部门的支持，协调与合作。人力资源被作为提高公司竞争力的战略手段而被重视。除此之外，人力资源管理就是协助公司去激励员工，透过一些物质上的满足和一些财务奖励，从而增加员工的对公司归属感、增加员工士气和减低对工作的不满等¨。有高昂的士气会使工作更加有效率和使工作更加顺利，最终公司和员工也各有得益。 在人力资本管理阶段，人力部门的基本职责仍与人力资源管理时期相似，但是企业员工不再被看作有发展潜力的资产，而是公司可以利用的资本。人力资源部门的各项活动被量化与公司的利润率挂钩，并且这也是衡量职工和各部门是否有效工作的主要手段。 主要职能人力资源管理的主要职能包括：人员招募；培训及开发；薪酬及福利管理。人员招募：人员招募又称为人员招聘。主要是基于组织（公司，政府，非盈利组织等）的近期及远期的业务需要，来制定人员需求的计划，并通过各种招聘手段来完成组织的人员需求。人员招募主要涉及人员规划，简历收集，选聘，录用及员工入职培训。培训及开发：培训及开发主要是通过一些培训及开发的技术及手段，提高员工的技能，以适应公司所处经营环境中的技术及知识的变化。主要的技术及手段有：培训 在岗培训 轮岗 员工继续教育计划 辅导，训导薪酬；福利管理：人力资源管理的内外部条件人力资源管理的外部条件劳动法规 劳动力市场 当地文化 人力资源管理的内部条件企业经营战略 国际化程度 人力资源部的组织设置有以下三种方式：职能型组织设置 人力规划 人力购得 培训与进修 工资和薪水 社会事业 对象型组织设置 技术类员工 管理类员工 领导层 受培训者 混合模式

首先，我想说下面所有资料都是复制的，但还是希望帮助到楼主。要想写英文论文，得先掌握好相关的单词和句子，中文的论文就有很多，如果楼主能够学会相关单词，就可以了按劳分配distribution according to one's performance安家费settling-in allowance矮子里拔将军choose a general from among the dwarfs--pick the best out of a mediocre bunch白领工人 white-collar worker 白领工人 White collar (早在1928年，人们开始用white-collar来形容非体力劳动者，如老师、公务员等。“白领”顾名思义，表示其职业要求着装整齐、清洁。)拔尖人才 tip-top (or top-notch) talent办公室设备 office equipment班车 shuttle bus包干制 overall rationing system; scheme of payment partly in kind and partly in cash搬运工人 transport worker半脱产 partly released from productive labor; partly released from one's regular work报关员 declarant保安员 security staff包装业 package industry保障措施 supporting measure报销 apply for reimbursement保证金 margins, collateral边防证 fronter pass毕业设计 graduation design 毕业生分配制度 assignment system for graduates闭卷 closed-book exam标准普通话 standard mandarin边际薪酬 marginal salaries边际报酬 marginal return博士生 candidate博士生导师 tutor of a . student博士后 post-doctoral博导 . supervisor; doctoral advisor才疏学浅 be wanting in ability and shallow in knowledge裁减冗员 cut down on overstaffing ; lay off redundant staff参与意识 desire to participate; sense of participation餐饮业 catering industry掺水文凭 diploma obtained by using unfair or unlawful means产假 maternity leave差旅费 expenses for business trips产权明晰、权责明确、政企分开、科学管理 "clearly established ownership, well defined power and responsibility, separation of enterprise from administration, and scientific management倡议书 initial written proposal常委会 standing committee 常务董事 managing director; excutive director 常务理事 executive member of the council超前意识 superior consciousness超前精神 a surpassing spirit超编人员 exceed personnel撤销职务 annul one's position; dismiss ... from; be stripped of; remove... from成人中等职业技术教育 adult secondary vocational and technical education 成人中等专科学校 secondary specialized (technical) school for adults成人高考 the national higher education exams for self-taught adults 成人中等专科学校 secondary specialized /technical school for adults城镇住房公积金 urban housing provident fund城镇职工医疗保险制度改革 medical insurance for urban workers 城镇职工基本医疗保险制度 basic medical insurance system for urban working people充电 recharge one's batteries; update one's knowledge; brush up (on) 吃劳保 live on labor insurance allowance抽样调查 sample survey出勤率 attendance rate传染病 communicable disease; infectious disease传染性疾病 communicable disease粗放式管理 extensive management从众心理 group psychology 从众行为 the behavior of blindly conforming to the norm村办企业 village-run enterprise大环境 the social, political and economic environment; the overall situation打工 do work for others大锅饭 egalitarian practice of everyone taking food from the same big pot打卡机 punch machine大专生 junior college student 大专文凭 associate degree代职 function in an acting capacity待业 job-waiting 待业人员 job-waiting people带薪假期 paid holiday带薪产假 paid maternity leave 带薪分流 assign redundant civil servants to other jobs while allowing them to retain their original rank and benefits代培 train on contract; train special personnel for other work units in return for payment guaranteed by a contract党总支 Party general branch单挑；单干 do something by oneself; work on one's own登记失业率 registered jobless rate德智体美劳 "all around development of moral, intellectual, physical, aesthetics and labour education "德才兼备 have both political integrity and ability; people who possess both political integrity and professional ability第二学位 second Bachelor's degree电大 college courses broadcast on television电话会议 teleconference调动一切积极因素 mobilize all positive factors（解决争端）调查结果 findings董事会 board of directors定向生 targeted-area student定向培训 target training; job-oriented training定岗 determine posts定额计酬 quota remuneration定编 personnel allocation独资经营 single-investor enterprise; sole proprietorship enterprise; sole investment enterprise独立核算工业企业 independent accounting enterprise独立董事 independent director独立董事制度 the independent director system多劳多得 more pay for more work多（跨）国公司 multinational companies渎职 dereliction of duty多退少补 refund for any overpayment or a supplemental payment for any deficiency恶性循环 vicious circl法人 legal person 法人代表 legal representative法律硕士 Master of Law房产估价师 real estate evaluator反聘 rehire after retirement非劳动收入 income not from work; passive income非国有工业企业 non-state industrial enterprises分歧和矛盾 differences and contradictions粉领 Pink-collar (源于美国，最先见于《时代周刊》，一般指从事于教育、文书、售货等行业的女性。在中国，也有人用粉领代表全职的优越家庭环境内的家庭主妇。) 粉领族 "pink-collar tribe (Women who play major role in certain professions such as office workers, secretaries, models, airline hostesses, etc)复合型人才 interdisciplinary talent浮动工资 floating wages; fluctuating wages福利分房 welfare-oriented public housing distribution system岗位津贴 post allowance高级经理人员 high-level managerial personnel; senior personnel 高级商务师 certified business executive; senior business engineer; high-level economist; senior commercialist高等教育自学考试 self-study higher education examination岗位责任制 work post responsibility高材生 top student公费医疗 free medical service; free medicare; public health service公费旅游 junket; facility trip个案 individual case (involving special circumstances)个体户，个体经营 privately or individually-owned business 个体经济 private economy工时 man-hour工龄工资 seniority pay公积金 public accumulation fund; public reserve funds工作午餐 working lunch工资削减 pay-cut工薪阶层 salaried person/group 公休 work recess骨干企业 key enterprise股东会 board of shareholders 股份公司 joint-stock company 股份合作制 shareholding cooperative system 有限责任公司 limited liability company 股份有限公司 limited liability company 股份制 shareholding system; joint-stock system关系网 connection network; relationship network挂靠 be attached or affiliated to; be subordinate to管理办法 measures for administration 管理规定 provisions on administration 管理条例 regulations on administration广交会 The China Export Commodities Fair归国留学生 returned students国际商业机器公司 International Business Machine Corporation (IBM)国际劳工组织 ILO (International Labor Organization)过劳死 karoshi; death from overwork国家控股公司 state-controlling company国有及国有控股工业企业 state-owned industrial enterprises and enterprises whose controlling stake was owned by the stat函授大学 correspondence university核心竞争力 core competitiveness合伙企业 partnership enterprise户口簿 residence booklet户口管理制度 "domicile system, residence registration system "户籍改革 household registry reform; residential system reform灰色收入 gray income灰领 (源于美国，指负责维修电器、上下水道、机械的技术工人，他们多穿灰色的制服工作，因此得名。) Gray-collar (Skilled technicians; employees whose job descriptions combine some white- and some blue-collar duties.) 灰领工人 gray-collar workers机电产品 mechanical and electrical products记大过 record a serious demerit基本医疗保险制度 basic medical insurance system计件工资制 piece-rate system 季节工 seasonal worker技术工人 technician; skilled worker计时工资 hourly wage 计时工资制 time-rate wage system集体观念 groupism; collective spirit技术职称 technical title集资 pool resources; collect money; raise funds; raise money家长制作风 patriarchal style家庭出身 family background家族企业 family firm减员增效 downsize staffs and improve efficiency荐贤举能 recommend the virtuous and the able见面会 meet-and-greet健康及意外险 health and casualty insurance减员增效 reduce staff for greater efficiency奖励工资制度 a bonus wages system; a system of higher pay for better performance街道企业 neighborhood enterprise教学法 pedagogy; teaching method交通补助 travel allowance解决劳动力就业问题 tackle the problem of employment of the labor force结构工资制 structual wage system 阶段性就业 periodic employment晋级考试 promotion test-test given to promote candidates on their knowledge of the relevant subjects技工学校 skilled workers training school金领工人 gold-collar worker 紧密型企业集团 tightly-knit groups of enterprises经济担保书 financial guarantee进修班 class for further studies经济师 economic engineer; economic manager; economist境外就业 be employed abroad经营范围 scope of business竞争上岗 take up a job through competition竞争机制 competitive mechanism经营责任制 management system敬业精神 professional dedication; professional ethics就业保险 employment insurance 就业服务 employment service 就业高峰年 peak year for college graduates entering the job market. 就业机会 job opening; job opportunity 就业前培训 pre-job training; pre-service training 就业压力 employment pressure居民身份证 resident identification car开工率 rate of operation;rate of opening capacity开工不足 enterprises running under their production capacity开除公职 discharge somebody from public employment; take the name off the book; be discharged from office科班 Peking opera school of the old type; professional training class考核标准 criteria of assessment 考勤 check on work attendance 考勤制度 work attendance checking system 控股公司 holding company, controlling company恪守职业道德 observe professional ethics跨国公司 transnational corporation会计电算化 accounting computerization跨业公司 conglomerate company困难职工 the needy worker亏损企业 enterprises running in the red/under deficit劳动者素质 quality of the workforce劳动模范 model worker劳动力产权 labor property rights 劳动力的流动性 fluidity of labor 劳动力过剩 labor surplus；manpower surplus 劳动力资源配置 allocation of labor resources 劳动密集型 labor-intensive 劳动密集型产业 labor-intensive industry劳动服务公司 labor service company;service company 劳动定额 labor quota 劳动合同制 labor contract system劳保医疗制度 labor medicare system

Managing people effectively in extension programmes is a skill that requires constant planning and development. An extension programme manager can be defined as the person who is vested with formal authority over an organization or one of its sub units. He or she has status that leads to various interpersonal relations, and from this comes access to information. Information, in turn, enables the manager to devise strategies, make decisions, and implement action (Mintzberg, 1988). Management is concerned with the optimum attainment of organizational goals and objectives with and through other people. Extension management organizations are characterized by many strategies, wide spans of control, democracy, and autonomy. Their management practices cannot be reduced to one standard set of operating guidelines that will work for all organizations continually. However, all managers of professional organizations face the same challenge: to manage one's time, objectives, and resources in order to accomplish tasks and implement ideas (Waldron, 1994). Managers of extension programmes are painfully aware of the need for revision and development of the new skill sets held by today's high performers. If change is not handled correctly, it can be more devastating then ever before. High performers reflect, discover, assess, and act. They know that a new focus on connecting the heads, hearts, and hands of people in their organization is necessary. Astute managers know what needs to be done but struggle with how to do it. Quite often they prefer to consider themselves as teachers or communicators rather than managers. This results in under-utilization of the increasing amount of literature on management theory and practice. The root of the problem is implementation. They must learn how to motivate others and build an efficient team. More formally defined, management is the process by which people, technology, job tasks, and other resources are combined and coordinated so as to effectively achieve organizational objectives. A process or function is a group of related activities contributing to a larger action. Management functions are based on a common philosophy and approach. They centre around the following: 1. Developing and clarifying mission, policies, and objectives of the agency or organization 2. Establishing formal and informal organizational structures as a means of delegating authority and sharing responsibilities 3. Setting priorities and reviewing and revising objectives in terms of changing demands 4. Maintaining effective communications within the working group, with other groups, and with the larger community 5. Selecting, motivating, training, and appraising staff 6. Securing funds and managing budgets; evaluating accomplishments and 7. Being accountable to staff, the larger enterprise, and to the community at large (Waldron, 1994b).The management functions listed above can be categorized by using the acronym POSDCORB (Bonoma & Slevin, 1978, from Gulick & Urwick, 1959): · Planning: outlining philosophy, policy, objectives, and resultant things to be accomplished, and the techniques for accomplishment · Organizing: establishing structures and systems through which activities are arranged, defined, and coordinated in terms of some specific objectives · Staffing: fulfilling the personnel function, which includes selecting and training staff and maintaining favourable work conditions · Directing: making decisions, embodying decisions in instructions, and serving as the leader of the enterprise · Coordinating: interrelating the various parts of the work · Reporting: keeping those to whom you are responsible, including both staff and public, informed · Budgeting: making financial plans, maintaining accounting and management control of revenue, and keeping costs in line with objectivesPlanningPlanning is the key management function of any extension worker. It is the process of determining in advance what should be accomplished, when, by whom, how, and at what cost. Regardless of whether it is planning long-term program priorities or planning a two-hour meeting, the planning aspect of management is the major contributor to success and productivity. Stated simply, "If you don't know where you are going, then you won't know when you have arrived!" Planning is the process of determining the organization's goals and objectives and making the provisions for their achievement. It involves choosing a course of action from available alternatives. Planning is the process of determining organizational aims, developing premises about the current environment, selecting the course of action, initiating activities required to transform plans into action, and evaluating the outcome. The types of planning that managers engage in will depend on their level in the organization and on the size and type of the organization. Generally there are four major types of planning exercises: strategic, tactical, contingency, and managerial. Strategic planning involves determining organizational goals and how to achieve them. This usually occurs at the top management level. Tactical planning is concerned with implementing the strategic plans and involves middle and lower management. Contingency planning anticipates possible problems or changes that may occur in the future and prepares to deal with them effectively as they arise (Marshall, 1992). Managerial planning is usually considered as microlevel planning. It helps in combining resources to fulfil the overall objectives of the extension organization. A needs assessment may initiate a need for developing a plan. The planning process begins with the creation of a philosophy that consists of statements describing the values, beliefs, and attitudes of the organization. Its mission statement is a proclamation of its purpose or reason for being. After the philosophy and mission statements have been established, various goals and objectives are defined. Goals are usually general statements that project what is to be accomplished in the future. An objective is a concrete statement describing a specific action. Policies are predetermined guides to decision making; they establish boundaries or limits within which action may be taken. Managers are related to policy formation in two ways. First, they play a crucial role in implementing organizational policies that have been established by higher management. Second, they create policies within their departments as guides for their own work groups. Procedures outline the series of steps to be followed when carrying out a designed policy or taking a particular course of action. Rules are used to provide final and definite instruction. Usually they are inflexible. Planning is designing the future, anticipating problems, and imagining success. In short, planning is essential for anyone who wants to survive. The functions of organizing, leading, staffing, and budgeting are means of carrying out the decisions of planning. Everyone is a planner - a planner of meals, of work time, Of vacations, of families. Formal planning, however, distinguishes managers from non-managers, effective managers from ineffective managers. Formal planning forces managers to think of the future, to set priorities, to encourage creativity, to articulate clear objectives, and to forecast the future in terms of anticipated problems and political realities. Long-Range Planning Long-range planning is vitally important in that it focuses attention on crucial future issues which are vitally important to the organization. It involves studying societal trends and issues, surveying current and anticipated learners' needs, and being aware of long-term research directions and changes in technology. Many extension workers may think that such management is beyond their level of authority, control, or involvement. They may feel that such management is the prerogative of the director, the deputy minister, or the president. However, while senior levels of management must be involved, those who implement the objectives resulting from long-range planning should also be involved.

The Dimensions of Management The Essential Drucker Peter F. Drucker Business enterprises—and public-service institutions as well—are organs of society. They do not exist for their own sake, but to fulfill a specific social purpose and to satisfy a specific need of a society, a community, or individuals. They are not ends in themselves, but means. The right question to ask in respect to them is not, what are they? But, what are they supposed to be doing and what are their tasks? Management, in turn, is the organ of the institution. The question, what is management, comes second. First we have to define management in and through its tasks. There are three tasks, equally important but essentially different, that management has to perform to enable the institution in its charge to function and to make its contribution. Establishing the specific purpose and mission of the institution, whether business enterprise, hospital, or university; Making work productive and the worker effective; Managing social impacts and social responsibilities. Mission An institution exists for a specific purpose and mission; it has a specific social function. In the business enterprise, this means economic performance. With respect to this first task, the task of economic performance, business and nonbusiness institutions differ. In respect to every other task, they are similar. But only business has economic performance as its specific mission; it is the definition of a business that it exists for the sake of economic performance. In all other institutions—hospital, church, university, or armed services—economic considerations are a restraint. In business enterprise, economic performance is the rationale and purpose. Business management must always, in every decision and action, put economic performance first. It can justify its existence and its authority only by the economic results it produces. A business management has failed if it does not produce economic results. It has failed if it does not supply goods and services desired by the consumer at a price the consumer is willing to pay. It has failed if it does not improve, or at least maintain, the wealth-producing capacity of the economic resources entrusted to it. And this, whatever the economic or political structure or ideology of a society, means responsibility for profitability. Worker Achievement The second task of management is to make work productive and the worker effective. A business enterprise (or any other institution) has only one true resource: people. It succeeds by making human resources productive. It accomplishes its goals through work. To make work productive is, therefore, an essential function. But at the same time, these institutions in today’s society are increasingly the means through which individual human beings find their livelihood, find their access to social status, to community and to individual achievement and satisfaction. To make the worker productive is, therefore, more and more important and is a measure of the performance of an institution. It is increasingly a task of management. Organizing work according to its own logic is only the first step. The second and far more difficult one is making work suitable for human beings—and their logic is radically different from the logic of work. Making the worker achieving implies consideration of the human being as an organism having peculiar physiological and psychological properties, abilities, and limitations, and a distinct mode of action. Social Responsibilities The third task of management is managing the social impacts and the social responsibilities of the enterprise. None of our institutions exists by itself and is an end in itself. Every one is an organ of society and exists for the sake of society. Business is no exception. Free enterprise cannot be justified as being good for business; it can be justified only as being good for society. Business exists to supply goods and services to customers, rather than to supply jobs to workers and managers, or even dividends to stockholders. The hospital does not exist for the sake of doctors and nurses, but for the sake of patients whose one and only desire is to leave the hospital cured and never comeback. Psychologically, geographically, culturally, and socially, institutions must be part of the community. To discharge its job, to produce economic goods and services, the business enterprise has to have impact on people, on communities, and on society. It has to have power and authority over people, ., employees, whose own ends and purposes are not defined by and within the enterprise. It has to have impact on the community as a neighbor, as the source of jobs and tax revenue (but also of waste products and pollutants). And, increasingly, in our pluralist society of organizations, it has to add to its fundamental concern for the quantities of life—., economic goods and services—concern for the quality of life, that is, for the physical, human, and social environment of modern man and modern community. A Philosophy of Management What the business enterprise needs is a principle of management that will give full scope to individual strength and responsibility, and at the same time give common direction of vision and effort, establish team work, and harmonize the goals of the individual with the common weal. The only principle that can do this is management by objectives and self-control. It makes the commonweal the aim of every manager. It substitutes for control from outside the stricter, more exacting and more effective control from the inside. It motivates the manager to action not because somebody tells him to do something or talks him into doing it, but because the objective needs of his task demand it. He acts not because somebody wants him to but because he himself decides that he has to—he acts, in other words, as a free man. Picking People the Basic Rules Making the right people decisions is the ultimate means of controlling an organization well. Such decisions reveal how competent management is, what its values are, and whether it takes its job seriously. No matter how hard managers try to keep their decisions a secret—and some still try hard—people decisions cannot be hidden. They are eminently visible. Decision-Making and the Computer The Effective Executive Peter F. Drucker As a result, decision-making can no longer be confined to the very small group at the top. In one way or another almost every knowledge worker in an organization will either have to become a decision-maker himself or will at least have to be able to play an active, an intelligent, and an autonomous part in the decision-making process. What in the past had been a highly specialized function, discharged by a small and usually clearly defined organ—with the rest adapting within a mold of custom and usage—is rapidly becoming a normal if not an everyday task of every single unit in this new social institution, the large-scale knowledge organization. The ability to make effective decisions increasingly determines the ability of every knowledge worker, at least of those in responsible positions, to be effective altogether. There are additional implications of the computer for decision-making. If properly used, for instance, it should free senior executives from much of the preoccupation with events inside the organization to which they are now being condemned by the absence or tardiness of reliable information. It should make it much easier for the executive to go and look for himself on the outside; that is, in the area where alone an organization can have results. There is indeed ample reason why the appearance of the computer has sparked interest in decision-making. But the reason is not that the computer will “take over” the decision. The reason is that with the computer’s taking over computation, people all the way down the line in the organization will have to learn to be executives and to make effective decisions. 管理的范畴 彼得·德鲁克 商业企业和公共服务机构一样也是社会的基本组成部分。它们的存在不是为了自己，而是为了实现某种特定目标和满足社会、组织或个人的某种特殊需求。它们本身不是目的，而是手段和工具。对企业提出的正确问题不是“企业是什么？”，而是“它们应该做什么？”和“它们的任务是什么？” “管理层是什么？”这个问题是次要的，首先我们必须根据并通过管理层的任务来对它下定义。 管理层面对着三项必须执行以确保组织机构履行其自身的职责和功能并完成任务，他们同样重要，但性质不同。 1)确保组织机构的特定目标和使命，无论其为企业，医院或是大学； 2)使工作富有成效，员工工作效率更高； 3)对社会产生影响并肩负起社会责任。 使命 一个组织机构是为了其特定的目标和使命而存在，并有着特定的社会功能。企业的使命和社会功能就是创造经济业绩。 就第一项任务——经济业绩而言，企业和非企业组织是不同的。而他们其他的任务则非常相似。但只有企业才把创造经济业绩作为其特定使命；我们为旗下的定义为：为创造经济业绩而存在的组织。而其他组织如医院、教堂、医院、大学和军队是不以经济业绩为目标和使命的。作为企业，经济业绩却是基本的任务和目标。 企业做任何决策和行动都会把经济业绩放在首位。只有通过它生产的成果才能证明它的存在的价值。如果管理层无法使得企业创造经济成就，那它就是失败的；如果企业不能提供有消费意愿的消费者能支付价格的范围内的产品和服务，那么它就是失败的；如果企业不能改进或提高创造财富的能力，那么它同样是失败的。这就意味着，无论社会实行什么样的经济或者政治政策，企业的责任都是盈利。 使员工取得成就 管理层的第二项任务就是使员工工作卓有成效并取得成就。企业或任何其他组织机构只有一种真正的资源：人。企业管理层通过有效地利用人力资源而使得企业达到成功。企业的管理层通过工作获得业绩。因此，使工作富有成效使管理层的基本任务。但同时，当今社会的各种组织机构越来越成为个人发挥自己专业特长，谋求自身在社会、团体中的地位，以及寻求自我成功、实现自我价值的场所。所以，使员工取得成就就日益重要，并且成为衡量组织机构业绩的一种尺度，并成为了管理层的一项任务。 根据工作本身的规律来组织工作仅仅是工作富有成效的第一步。使工作富有成效的第二步要困难得多，它需要使工作室和员工去做——这一规律和工作本身的规律是截然不同的。要使员工取得成就，这意味着要将人作为一种具有各种独特的生理和心理特征、能力，以及具有各种独特的局限性和独特的行为方式的生命个体来对待。 社会责任 管理的第三项任务就是使企业承担起社会责任，对社会产生积极的影响。没有一个组织机构可以独立于社会，并以自己为目的。每一个机构都是社会的一个组成部分，为社会而存在。企业机构也不例外。我们不能因为自由的企业对商业界有利就想当然地认为它是正当的，只有它有利于社会时，我们才可以认为它是正当的。 企业的存在并不是为工人和管理者提供工作岗位或是为向股东提供红利，而是为了向消费者提供商品或服务。医院的存在也不是为了医生和护士，而是为了那些想通过医院的治疗就能不在重返医院的患者提供医疗服务。从心理的角度、地理的角度、文化的角度和社会的角度来看，各种组织机构都应该是整个社会的组成部分。 为了做好自己的本职工作——创造和提供更经济的物品和服务，企业必然会对民众、社团、和社会起到一定的作用。企业就必须对某些人，例如那些自己的目的和目标并不局限于企业的雇员，行使自己的责权。企业必然对社会的其他成员起到某种作用，例如，它与社会其他成员有着一种“邻里关系”，它为社会其他成员提供就业岗位，为政府提供税收来源，同时，它也会造成产品的浪费和环境的污染。于是，在我们这个由各种组织机构组成的、具有各种功能的社会中，企业就必须逐渐地将自己的基本注意力放在人类生活的量（即不断通过向社会提供更多的产品和服务）和质（即通过不断提高与现代人和现代社会相适应的物质、生活、社会环境质量）上。 基本管理原则 企业所需要的管理原则必须既能充分调动每个员工的专长和责任感，同时又能规定共同的努力方向和愿景，开展团队工作，并对个人目标和共同利益进行协调。 能做到这一点的唯一途径就是实施目标管理和自我管理。目标管理和自我管理能把企业的共同利益变成每个管理人员的目标，并且以要求更高、更严并富有成效的内部控制来取代外部控制。这种管理原则会激励管理者采取行动，不是因为有人要他们这样或说服他们这么做，而是因为他们的目标需要他们采取行动。管理人员之所以会采取行动，不是因为有人要求他们，而是因为他们自己决定要采取行动。换句话说，他们能够向自由人一样行动。 用人决策的基本原则 正确的人事决策是控制好组织机构的重要手段。人事决策体现了管理层的竞争力和他们的价值观，以及他们对待本职工作的态度。无论管理者如何设法保密他的人事决策，虽然有人还正在这么做，但人事决策是不会被隐瞒的。它们是显而易见的。 这样一来，决策不再是最高层中少数人的事。在现代机构户，几乎每个知识工作者或多或少都已成为决策者，要不至少也得在决策的过程个发挥着积极的、主动的和令人大开眼界的作用。在过去，决策是一件高度专业化的工作，它是由极少数人和专业部门来做的。而对其他部门来说，只是按照某种习惯的模式贯彻执行这些决策罢了。可是在当前那些规模较大的知识机构中，决策正在变成一种常规工作．尽管目前尚未达到日常工作的程度。进行有效决策的能力．现在已越来越成为知识工作者工作能力强弱的一种表现，至少对那些想提高工作效率、负有一定责任的知识工作者更是如此。 决策和电脑 彼得·德鲁克 电脑当然还可以用于决策的其他方面。比如，只要使用适当，电脑可以帮助高级管理者从繁杂的事务中解脱出来。由于缺乏可靠的信息，他们往往不得不埋头于那些事务之中。有了电脑后，管理者就会有更多的机会走到外界去看一看，因为只有外界才是企业效益的真正根源。 的确有充分的理由可以说明，电脑的出现已激起了人们对决策的新兴趣。但这并不是说电脑将会“取代”人来进行决策。电脑真正的好处是它可以代替人进行复杂的运算，从而使机构内的各层管理人员有更多的时间可以学习如何当好管理者，如何做出卓有成效的决策。

关于地理方面的英文单词

按照拼音的起始字母分类的，按照字母找你需要的好了，都是关于自然地理学方面的。A岸礁（fringing reef）B半岛（peninsula）饱和带（saturation zone）堡礁（barrier reef）暴雨径流（storm flow）雹灾（hail damage）北半球（northern hemisphere）北回归线（Tropic of Cancer）北极（North Pole）辫状河（braided stream）滨（shore）冰擦痕（glacial stria）冰川（glacier）冰川学（glaciology）冰斗（cirque）冰斗冰川（cirque glacier）冰盖（ice sheet）冰后期（post-glacial）冰期（ice age）冰楔（ice wedge）冰原（ice field）剥蚀面（denudation）剥蚀作用（denudation）C残积物（eluvium）草原（steppe）草原气候（steppe climate）草原土壤（steppe soil）侧向侵蚀（lateral erosion）产流（runoff generation）产沙量（sediment yield）常绿阔叶林（evergreen broad-leaved forest）潮汐通道（tidal intel）沉积作用（sedimentation）沉积物（sediments）沉积相（sedimentary facies）城市气候（urban climate）城市热岛（climatography）承压地下水（confined groundwater）赤道（Equator）赤道带（equatorial zone） 冲沟（gully）冲击层（alluvium）冲击扇（alluvial fan）冲积物（lluvium）冲击锥（alluvial cone）吹蚀（deflation）垂直地带性（vertical zonality）D大陆（continent）大陆度（continentality）大陆架（continental shelf）大陆性气候（continental climate）大陆坡（continental slope）大气圈（atmosphere ）大气污染（atmospheric pollution）带（belt）单面山（cuesta）淡水湖（fresh water lake）丹霞地貌（"Danxia" landform）刃脊（ar te）岛屿（island）倒置地貌（inverted landform）地方气候（local climate）地带（zone）地带性（zonality）低地（lowland）地理过程（geographical process）地理环境（geographical environment）地理经度（longitude）地理纬度（latitude）地理学（geography）地理系统（geosystem）地理因子（geographical factors）地貌（landform）地貌成因（geomophogensis）地貌学（geomorphology）地貌组合（landform assemblage）地壳均衡（isostasy）地球（earth）地区（area）地下河（underground river）地下水位（water table）地形气候学（topoclimatology）地中海气候（Mediterranean climate）顶级群落（climax）冻害（freezing damage） 动物地理学（zoogeography） 动物区系（fauna） 洞穴堆积（cave deposit）冻胀（frost heaving）断层谷（fault valley）断层三角面（triangular facet）断层崖（fault scarp）断块山（block mountin）堆积作用（deposition）多年冻土（permafrost） F反照率（albedo）方山（mesa）非地带性（azonelity）非可再生资源（nonrenewable resourcea）分水岭（waterdivide）峰（peak）焚风（foehn）峰林（peak foest）风化（作用）（weathering）风化层（weathered crust）风化壳（weathered crust）风口（wind gap）风棱石（wind-faceted stones）风蚀（wind erosion）风蚀脊（yardang）风蚀坑（blowout pit）风蚀洼地（deflation hollow）风速（wind speed）蜂窝状沙丘（honeycomb dunes）风向（wind direction）G干谷（dry valley）干热风（dry-hot wind）干燥度（aridity）干燥气候（arid climate）高草草原（prairie）高山矮曲林（alpine krummholz）高山土壤（high mountain soil）高原（plateau）高原气候（plateeau climate）沟谷（ravine）构造地貌学（structural geomorphology）构造湖（tectonic lake,structural lake）构造阶地（structural plateau）谷（valley）古气候（palaeoclimate）鼓丘（drumlin）古土壤（paleosoil）硅铝粘土型风化壳（siallite-clay weathered crust）硅铝碳酸盐型风化壳（siallite-carbonate weathered crust）硅铝-铁质和富铝型风化壳（siallite-ferrite and alllite weathered crust）硅铝-氧化物-硫酸盐型风化壳（siallite-chloride-sulphate weathered crust）过程线（hydrograph）H海（sea）海岸（sea coast）海岸阶地（coastal terrace）海拔（高度）（altitude）海沟（trench）海岭（oceanic ridge）海陆风（sea-land breeze）海蚀洞（sea cave）海蚀台（abrasion platform）海蚀崖（sea cliff）海蚀柱（sea stack）海蚀作用（marine erosion）海滩（coastal beach）海峡（strait）海洋性气候（maritime climate）海洋污染（marine pollution）海渊（abyssal deep）寒潮（cold wave）寒带（cold zone）旱生植物（xerophyte）含水层（aquifer）旱灾（drought damage）河床（river bed）河流补给（river feeding）河流袭夺（river capture）河流学（potamology）河漫滩（floodplain）褐土（cinnamon soil）河网密度（drainage density）河源（headwaters）黑钙土（chernozem）横谷（transverse valley）横向沙丘（transverse dune）洪峰流量（peak discharge）洪积扇（proluvial fan）洪积物（proluvium）洪水（flood）洪水位（flood level）红壤（red earth）红树林（mangrove）湖盆（lake basin）湖泊富营养化（lake eutrophication）湖泊水文学（water hydrology）滑坡（landslide）滑塌（collapse）化学风化（作用）（chemical weathering）环礁（atoll）环境背景值（environmental background value）环境地理学（environmental geography）环境地球化学（environmental geochemistry）环境管理（environmental management）环境容量（environmental capacity）环境污染（environmental pollution）环境演化（environmental evolution）环境影响评价（environmental impact assessment）环境质量（environmental quality）荒漠（desert）荒漠化（desertification）荒漠气候（desert climate）荒漠土壤（desert soil）黄壤（yellow earth）黄土（loess）黄土地貌（loess landform）黄土梁（loess ridge）黄土峁（loess hill）黄土塬（loess tableland）灰化土（podzolic soil）汇流（flow concentration）灰漠土（gray desert soil）汇水区（catchment area）火山（volcano）火山湖（volcanic lake）火山作用（vulcanism）J极地冰川（polar glacier）极地气候（polar climate）季风（monsoon）季（风）雨林（monsoon forest）季节性湖泊（seasonal lake）极圈（Arctic Circle）积温（accumulated temperature）极夜（polar night）极昼（poka day）岬角（cape）间冰期（interglacial period）碱土（solonetz）降水（precipitation）角峰（horn）阶地（terrace）景观（landscape）景观地球化学（landscape geochemistry）警戒水位（warning stage）径流（runoff）径流变率（variability of runoff）径流模数（runoff modulus）径流系数（runoff coefficient）局部侵蚀基准面（local base level）K喀斯特（karst）喀斯特地貌（karst landform）可再生资源（renewable resources）矿泉（mineral spring）L涝（waterlogging）离堆山（meander core）栗钙土（chestnut soil）历史气候（historical climate）裂点（kinck point）岭（range）流量（discharge）流水地貌（fluvial landform）流域（drainage area）流域分水线（basin divide）冷害（cold damage）陆地蒸发（land evaporation）陆连岛（tombolo island）落水洞（sinkhole）绿洲（oasis）M梅雨（Meiyu,plum rain） N南半球（southern hemisphere）南回归线（Tropic of Capricorn）南极（South Pole）泥沙运动（sediment movement）泥石流（debris blow）泥炭（glacier）年正常径流量（annual normal runoff）牛轭湖（ox-bow lake）P抛物线形沙丘（parabolic dune）盆地（basin）片蚀（sheet erosion）漂砾（boulder）平顶海山（guyot）平原（plain）坡地（slope）坡面流（overland flow）瀑布（waterfall）普通自然地理学（general physical grageophy）Q气候（climate）气候变迁（climatic change）气候带（climatic zone）气候地貌学（climatic geomorphology）气候分类（climatic classification）气候区（climatic region） 根据特定判据看来，具有相对均匀气候的某一区域。〔14〕气候区划（climatic regionalization）气候系统（climatic system）气候型（climatic type）气候学（climatology）气候要素（climate factor）气候灾害（climate damage,climatic hazard）气候资源（climatic resources）潜蚀作用（underground erosion）侵蚀基准面（base level of erosion）侵蚀面（erosion surface）侵蚀循环（erosion surface）侵蚀作用（erosion）丘陵（hill）区划（regionaliation）曲流（meander）全球性海面升降（eustatic movement）群丛（association）群岛（archipelago）群系（formation）R热带（tripical zone）热带雨林气候（tripical rainforest climate）热水平衡（heat-water balance）人工湖（man-made lake）日界线（date line）溶洞（karren）溶斗（doline）溶蚀（corrosion）溶蚀谷（polje）溶蚀盆（uvala）入渗（infiltration）S萨瓦纳（savanna）萨瓦那气候（savanna climate）三角洲（delta）三维地带性（three dimension）森林气候（forest climate）森林上限（upper forest limit）森林土壤（forest soil）沙暴（sandstrom）沙漠（sandy desert）沙垅（sand ridge）沙嘴（sand spit）山（mountain）山地气候（mountain cliamte）山谷风（mountian-valley breeze）珊瑚礁（coral reef）山麓（piedmont）山脉（mountain range）生境（habitat）生态平衡（ecological balance）生态系统（ecosystem）生物地理群落（biogeocoenosis）生物地理学（biogegraphy）生物区系（biota）生物圈（biosphere）湿害（wet damage）石林（stone pinacles）时区（time zone）湿润气候（humid climate）竖井（shaft）水力学（hydraulics） 水面蒸发（water surface evaporation）水能（hydropower）水平地带性（horizontal zonality）水平衡（water budget,water balance）水圈（hydrosphere）水生植物（hydrophyte）水体（water body）水体污染（water body pollution） 水土保持（water and soil conservation）水土流失（water and soil loss）水团（water mass）水位（water stage）水文测验（hydrometry）水文地理学（hydrogeography）水文学（hydrology）水循环（water cycle）水质（lake quality）水资源（water resources）溯源侵蚀（headward erosion）碎屑型风化壳（clastic weathered crust）T台地（platform）台风（typhoon）泰加林（taiga）太阳辐射（solar radiation）苔原（tundra）苔原气候（tundra climate）滩脊（beach ridge）天然堤（natural levee）土地（land）土地单元（land unit）土地分类（land classifiation）土地类型（land type）土地系统（land system）土壤地理学（pedogeography）土壤侵蚀（soil erosion）土壤水（soil water）土壤污染（soil pollution）土壤资源（soil resources）土体蠕动（soil creep）退水曲线（recession curve）UU形谷（U-shape valley）W洼地（depression）微咸湖（brackish-water lake）温带（temperate zone）纹泥（varve）物候学（phenology）物理风化（作用）（physical wathering）无霜期（frost-free period）X峡谷（gorge）下切侵蚀（downcutting）咸水湖（salt-water lake）小冰期（little ice age）小气候（microclimate）小生境（microhabitat）泻湖（lagoon）信风（trade wind,trades）新构造运动（neotectonic movement）新月形沙丘（crescent dune）行星风系（planetary wind system） 悬冰川（hanging glacier）悬移质（suspended load）雪线（snow line）Y亚热带（subtripical zone）沿滨泥沙流（longshore drift）盐湖（salt lake）岩石圈（lithosphere）演替（succession）盐土（solonchak）洋（ocean）羊背石（roche moutonnee）洋盆（oceanic basin）夷平面（planation surface）硬叶常绿林（sclerophyllous forest）雨林（rainforest）雨影（rain shadow）Z灾害地理学（hazard geography）照叶林（laurel forest）沼泽（mire,swamp）针叶林（coniferous forest）植被（vegetation）植被型（vegetation type）支流（tributary）指示植物（indicator plant）植物地理学（phytogeography）植物区系（flora）植物群落（plant community）蒸发（evaporation）种群（population）中生植物（mesophyte）洲（continent）猪背脊（hogback ridge）砖红壤（laterite）准平原（peneplain）自然地理学（physical grageophy）自然景观（natural landscape）自然灾害（natural hazard）自然资源（natural resources）自然综合体（natural complex）棕钙土（brown soil）纵谷（longitudinal valley）综合自然地理学（integrated physical grageophy）综合自然区划（integrated physicogeographical regionalization）棕漠土（brown desert soil）棕壤（brown earth）纵向沙丘（longitudinal dune）总蒸发（evapotranspiration）

峡谷 canyon 瀑布 waterfall 火山 volcano 平原 plain 高原 plateau 地理环境 geographical enviroment 地貌 landscape 沙漠 desert 绿洲 oasis 地震 earthquake 山脉 mountain 河流 river 湖泊 lake 大洋 ocean 大陆架 continental shelf 大陆 continent 山口 pass 火山口 crater 小丘 hill 近海 sea 公海 highseas 森林 forest 盆地 basin 国境 border一、 Grand Canyon 峡谷 Falls 瀑布 Volcano 火山 Plain 平原 Plateau 高原 Geographical environment 地理环境 Geographic outlook 地理面貌 二、 physical geography 自然地理 economic geography 经济地理 geopolitics 地理政治论 ethnography 民族志 cosmography 宇宙志 cosmology 宇宙论 geology 地理学 toponymy 地名学 oceanography 海洋学 meteorology 气象学 orography 山志学 hydroaraphy 水文学 vegetation 植被 relief 地形，地貌 climate 气候 Earth 地球，大地 Universe, cosmos 宇宙 world 世界 globe 地球仪 earth, globe 地壳 continent 大陆 terra firma 陆地 coast 海岸 archipelago 群岛 peninsula 半岛 island 岛 plain 平原 valley 谷地 meadow （小）草原 prairie （大）草原 lake 湖泊 pond 池塘 marsh, bog, swamp 沼泽 small lake 小湖 lagoon 泻湖 moor, moorland 荒原 desert 沙漠 dune 沙丘 oasis 绿洲 savanna, savannah （南美）大草原 virgin forest 原始森林 steppe 大草原 tundra 冻原 三、 gabbro 辉长岩 gadolinium 钆 gagate 煤精 gage line 水位站基准线 gage rod 标尺 galena 方铅矿 galenite 方铅矿 gallery forest 长廊林 gallium 镓 galvanometer 电疗 gamete 配子 gametophyte 配子体 gamma 反差系数 gamma radiation 辐射 gamma ray activity 射线放射性 gamma ray background 射线背景 gamma ray detector 射线探测器 gamma ray log 射线测井 gamma ray spectrometer 射线能谱仪 gangue mineral 脉矿物 gangue rock 脉岩 gaping fault 张开断层 garden city 花园城市 garigue 常绿矮灌木丛 garnet 石榴石 garnierite 硅镁镍矿 gas 瓦斯 gas coal 气煤 gas constant 气体常数 gas exchange 气体交换 gas exchange quotient 气体交换系数 gas expansion method 气体膨胀法 gas flame coal 长焰炭 gas gangrene 气性坏疽 gas geochemistry 气体地球化学 gas ion 气体离子 gas permeability 透气性 gas thermometer 气体温度表 gaseous inclusion 气体包裹体 gasogenic anomaly 气成异常 gaussian elimination 高斯消去法 gazetteer 地名表 gel 凝胶体 gel peptization 凝胶分散 gelatin 煤 gelic cambisols 冰冻始成土 gelic gleysols 冰冻潜育土 gelic histosols 冰冻有机土 gelic planosols 冰冻粘磐土 gelic regosols 冰冻粗骨土 gemmology 宝石学 gene 遗传原质 genealogical tree 系统树 genealogy 系统 general cartography 普通地图学 general circulation 总环流大气环流 general geochemistry 普通地球化学 general map 一览图 generalization 综合 generalization by the representation of groups 概念综合 generalized heat content 热函 generation of relief 地形世代 genesis 发生 genetic factor 遗传因子 genetic homogeneity 成因均匀性 genetic information 遗传信息 genetic profile 发生剖面 genetics 遗传学 genotype 遗传型 gentle breeze 微风 gentle slope 缓坡 genus 属 geoanalysis 地学分析 geoanticline 地背斜 geobiochemical circulation 地球生物化学循环 geobiochemistry 地球生物化学 geobotanical control 地植物蝶 geobotanical prospecting 地植物勘探 geobotanical survey 地植物学甸 geobotany 地植物学 geocancerology 肿瘤地理学 geocentric coordinates 地心坐标 geocentric latitude 地心纬度 geocentric longitude 地心经度 geocentric system 地心系统 geocentric system of the universe 地心体系 geochemical anomaly 地球化学异常 geochemical balance 地球化学平衡 geochemical barriers 地球化学障 geochemical behavior 地球化学性状 geochemical character of the elements 元素的地球化学性质 geochemical classification 地球化学分类 geochemical control 地球化学的控制 geochemical culmination 地球化学的积顶点 geochemical cycle of elements 地球化学的元素循环 geochemical detailed survey 地球化学详查 geochemical differentiation 地球化学分异酌 geochemical dispersion 地球化学分散 geochemical drainage reconnaissance 地球化学水系普查 geochemical drainage survey 水地球化学测量 geochemical ecology 地球化学生态学 geochemical endemia 地球化学地方病 geochemical environment 地球化学环境 geochemical exploration 地球化学勘探 geochemical facies 地球化学相 geochemical gas survey 气体地球化学测量 geochemical gradient 地球化学梯度 geochemical index 地球化学指数 geochemical indicators 地球化学指标 geochemical landscape 地球化学景观 geochemical leading elements 地球化学标准元素 geochemical map 地球化学图 geochemical mapping 地球化学填图 geochemical migration of elements 地球化学的元素迁移 geochemical process 地球化学过程 geochemical profile 地球化学剖面 geochemical prospecting 地球化学探矿;地球化学勘探 geochemical province 地球化学区 geochemical recognition 地球化学善查 geochemical reconnaissance 地球化学踏勘 geochemical relief 地球化学地势 geochemical soil survey 土壤地球化学测量 geochemical surface 地球化学面 geochemical survey 地球化学勘探 geochemistry 地球化学 geochemistry of individual elements 个别元素地球化学 geochemistry of landscape 景观地球化学 geochemistry of lithoshere 岩石圈地球化学 geochemistry of mineral deposits 矿床地球化学 geochemistry of the atmosphere 大气地球化学 geochemistry of the heay element 重元素地球化学 geochemistry of the hydrosphere 水圈地球化学 geochemistry of the soil 土壤地球化学 geochronologic scale 地质年代表 geochronologic unit 地质年代单位 geochronology 地质年代学 geochronology of varve clay 纹泥地质年代 geochryology 冻土学 geocratic periods 大陆扩展期 geodesic line 大地线 geodesic satellite 测地卫星 geodesy 测地学 geodetic astronomy 大地天文学 geodetic azimuth 大地方位角 geodetic base 大地测量基线 geodetic chain 控制网 geodetic coordinate system 大地坐标系 geodetic coordinates 大地坐标 geodetic equator 大地赤道 geodetic latitude 大地纬度 geodetic line 大地线 geodetic longitude 大地经度 geodetic network 大地控制网 geodetic point 大地点 geodetic quadrangle 大地四边形 geodetic satellite 测地卫星 geodetic survey 大地测量 geodetic zenith 大地天顶 geodetics 测地学 geodimeter 光电测距仪 geodynamics 地球动力学 geoenergetic theory 地球能量论 geoflexure 地球褶皱 geognosy 地球构造学 geographic azimuth 地理方位角 geographic coordinate net 地理坐标格网 geographic coordinate values 地理坐标值 geographic coordinates 地理坐标 geographic cycle 地理循环 geographic data 地理资料 geographic data base 地理资料库 geographic data handling 地理数据外理 geographic elements 地理要素 geographic information 地理信息 geographic information system 地理信息系统 geographic latitude 地理纬度 geographic longitude 地理经度 geographic meridian 地理子午线 global pollution 全球污染 global radiation 环球辐射 global remote sensing 全球遥感 global satellite system 全球卫星系统 globe 地球仪 globe ligthning 球状闪电 globigerina ooze 抱球虫软泥 globular jointing 球状节理 globular projection 全球投影 glossaqualf 舌状白土潮淋溶土 glossic chernozems 舌状黑钙土 glossudalf 舌状土湿淋溶土 glowing cloud 鲜光云 glucose 葡萄糖 glycolysis 糖解 glycophyte glykiphyte 淡土植物 glyptogenesis 地形雕塑酌 gneiss 片麻岩 gneissic schistosity 片麻理 gneissose granite 片麻状花岗岩 gnomonic projection 球心投影 goethite 针铁矿 gold deposit 金矿床 gold ore 金矿 golets 秃峰 goniometer 测角仪 goniometric network 测角网 gonochorism 雌雄异体 good tilth 良好耕性 goods traffic 货流 gorge 峡谷 gossan 铁帽 gouge clay 脉壁泥 gout 痛风 graben 地堑 graben valley 断块谷 gradation 分级 grade 等级 graded bedding 序粒层 graded bench 均衡阶地 graded coasts 夷海岸 graded colors 梯度色调 graded river 均衡河流 graded sediments 分级沉积 gradient 梯度 gradient coupling 梯度耦合 gradient currents 坡降流 gradient wind 梯度风 gradiometer 重力梯度仪 graduated symbol 不依比例尺等级符号 graduation 分划 grain 微粒 grain aphid 谷类蚜虫 grain crops 谷类罪 grain size 粒子大小 grain size distribution curve 粒度分布曲线 grain size distribution of soil 土壤粒径分配 graining 磨砂目 grains of ice 冻雨 gram atom 克原子 gram equivalent 克当量 gram molecule 克分子 gram negative bacteria 革兰氏阴性细菌 gram positive bacteria 革兰氏阳性细菌 gram staining method 革兰氏染色法 gramineae 禾本科 grance coal 光亮型煤镜煤 granite gneiss dome 花岗片麻岩穹丘 granite layer 花岗质岩层 granite pegmatite 花岗伟晶岩 granite porphyry 花岗斑岩 granite sand 花岗岩砂粒 granitic subsoil 花岗岩发育的心土 granitic texture 花岗状结构 granitite 黑云花岗岩 granitization 花岗岩化 granodiorite 花岗闪长岩 granodolerite 花岗粗玄岩 granophyre 花斑岩 granosyenite 花岗正长岩 granular aggregate 团粒状团聚体 granular structure 粒状结构 granular variation 粒度变异 granularity 粒度 granulated fertilizer 颗粒肥料 granulation 粒化酌 granule 团粒 granule roundstone 粒状圆石 granulometric composition 颗粒组成 graph 图表 graphic adjustment 图解平差 graphic data base 图形数据库 graphic display 图形显示 graphic index of the maps 地图一览表 graphic resection 图解后方交会 graphic scale 图解比例尺 graphic texture 文象结构 graphical enlargement 图解放大 graphometer 测角器 grass heathland 丛草原 grass marsh pine forest 草本沼泽松林 grass minimum temperature 最低地面温度 grass moor 沼泽草原 grass pine forest 草本松林 grass savanna 禾草稀噬草原 grass sod 草皮 grass spruce forest 草云杉林 grasses 禾本种 grassland 草地 grassland establishment 建成草地 grassland in the forest 林中草地 grassland science 草地生态学 grassland survey 草地甸 grassy bog 禾草沼泽 graticule 地理坐标网 graticule intersections 经纬网交点 graticule plate 制图格网版 graticule templete 制图格网展绘模片 graticule ticks 经纬网延伸短线 grating 光栅 grating constant 光栅常数 grating equation 光栅方程 grating spectrograph 光栅光谱仪 gravel 砾 gravel ground 砾质土 gravel layer 砾石层 gravel soil 砾质土 gravelly loam 砾质壤土 graver 刻刀 gravimertrical geodesy 大地重力测量学 gravimeter 重力仪 gravimetric analysis 重量分析 gravimetry 重力测量学 gravitation 引力 gravitational anomaly 重力异常 gravitational constant 引力常数 gravitational differentiation 重力分异 gravitational geomorphology 重力地貌 gravitational potential 重力势 gravitational prospecting 重力勘探 gravitational water 重力水 gravitational wave 重力波 gravitative differentiation 重力分异 gravity 重力 gravity acceleration 重力加速度 gravity anomaly belt 重力异常带 gravity constant 重力常数 gravity dam 重力坝 gravity disturbance 重力扰动 gravity field 重力场 gravity field of the earth 地球重力场 gravity flow 重力流 gravity folds 重力褶皱 gravity gliding 重力滑动 gravity gradient 重力梯度 gravity ground water 地下重力水 gravity measurement 重力测定 gravity measurement at sea 海上重力测量 gravity point 重力点 gravity potential 重力势 gravity prospecting 重力勘探 gravity reduction 重力归算 gravity slope 重力坡 gravity solution 重液 gravity spring 重力泉 gravity tectonics 重力构造 gray brown desert soil 灰棕漠境土;灰棕色荒漠土 gray brown forest soil 灰棕色森林土 gray brown podzolic soil 灰棕色灰化土 gray cinnamonic soil 灰褐土 gray desert soil 灰钙土 gray desert steppe soil 灰漠草原土 gray ferruginous soil 灰色铁质土 gray forest gley soil 潜育灰色森林土 gray forest soil 灰色森林土 gray humic acid 灰色胡敏酸 gray level distribution 灰度分布 gray level resolution 灰度分辨率 gray scale 灰度等级;灰度标 gray solodic soil 灰色脱碱土 gray warp soil 灰色冲积土 graywacke 杂砂岩 grayzems 灰色森林土 grazing 放牧 grazing capacity 载畜量 grazing district 牧区 grazing land 牧地 grazing season 放牧季节 greasy lustre 脂肪光泽 great ice age 大冰期 great soil group 土类 green algae 绿藻类 green fooder 青饲料 green index number 绿色指数值 green manure 绿肥 green moss 青苔 green mud 绿泥 green pigment 绿色色素 green revolution 绿色革命 green rock 绿色岩 green schist 绿色片岩 green sulfur bacteria 绿色硫黄细菌 greenhouse 温室 greenhouse effect 温室效应 greenland high 格陵兰高压 greenschist facies 绿色片岩相 greenstone 绿岩 greenwich meridian 格林尼治子午线 gregariousness 群集度 greisen 云英岩 griblet 思 grid 格网 grid bearing 坐标象限角 grid convergence 子午线收敛角 grid coordinates 平面直角坐标 grid data 网格点数据 grid line 坐标格网线 grid map 网格地图 grid north 格网北 grid reference 参考坐标格网 grid square 坐标方格 grid ticks 格网标记 grit 粗砂岩 gritty soil 砂砾质土 grobal environment 全球环境 groove 小沟 gross production 总产量 gross productivity 总生产能力 ground 地面 ground avalanche 地崩 ground coefficient 地基系数 ground control center 地面控制中心 ground control point 地面控制点 ground cover 死地被物 ground drain 地下排水 ground fog 低雾 ground humidity 土壤湿度 ground ice 底冰 ground layer 贴地层 ground level 地面高程 ground moistening 地下湿润 ground moraine 冰底碛 ground photogrammetry 地面摄影测量 ground pressure 地压 ground range resolution 地距分辨率 ground receiving station 地面接收站 ground resolution 地面分辨率 ground return 地面反射 ground survey 地面测量 ground temperature 地面温度 ground truth data 地面实况数据 ground truth investigation 地面实况甸 ground truth sites 地面实况点 ground vegetation 地面植被 ground vegetation cover 地面植被 ground visibility 地面能见度 ground water 潜水 ground water budget 地下水平衡 ground water cascade 地下水跌差 ground water depth 地下水深度 ground water divide 地下分水界 ground water lateritic soil 潜水砖红壤性土 ground water level 地下水位 ground water occurrence 地下水赋友存条件 ground water paddy soil 地下水水稻土 ground water podsol soil 潜育灰化土 ground water podzol 潜水灰壤 ground water pollution 地下水污染 ground water recharge 地下水补给 ground water reservoir 地下水库 ground water run off 地下径流 ground water soil 潜水土壤 ground water spring 潜水泉 ground water storage 地下水储量 ground water surface 地下水面 ground water table 地下水位 groundmass 石基 groundwater 地下水 groundwater pollution 地下水污染 groundwater recession 地下水位下降 groundwater runoff 地下径流 group 群 group reaction 组反应 group synchronization 群同步 grouping 分组 grove 小林 growing delta 生长三角洲 growing point 生长点 growing season 生长期 growth 生长 growth curve 生长曲线 growth factor 生长因子 growth information 长势信息 growth regulator 生长第物质 growth ring 生长轮 growth substance 生长物质 grubbing 挖除伐根 gruenerite 铁闪石 guanite 鸟粪石 guano 鸟粪 guidance 制导 guide copy 底图 guide elements 旨元素 guide fossil 标准化石 gulch 冲沟 gulf 海湾 gully erosion 挖深浸蚀 gullying 沟道下切 gum tree forest 桉村林 gust 阵风 gust frequency 阵风频率 gustiness 阵性 gutenberg discontinuity 古登堡间断面 guttation 吐水 gymnosperms 裸子植物 gypsic horizon 石膏层 gypsic xerosols 石膏干旱土 gypsic yermosols 石膏漠境土 gypsophil 喜石膏植物 gypsophilous plants 喜石膏植物 gypsophyte 石膏植物 gypsum crust 石膏结壳 gypsum salt series 石膏盐分系列 gypsuming 施用石膏 gyre 环流 gyro 陀螺仪 gyrocompass 回转罗盘 gyrostat 回转稳定器 gyrotheodolite 陀螺经纬仪 gyttja 腐殖泥

GEOGRAPHY 地理geography 地理geographer 地理学家hemisphere 半球meridian 子午线，经线parallel 平行圈，纬线latitude 经度longitude 精度elevation 海拔altitude 高度temperate latitudes 温带地区horizon 地平线equator 赤道tropics 热带地区Arctic 北极Antarctic(Antarctica) 南极expedition 探险time zone 时区topography 地形，地形学plain 平原plateau (highland) 高地lowland 低地basin 盆地cavern (cave) 洞穴terrain 地域subterranean ( underground) 地底下coastland 沿海地区island 岛屿continental island 大陆岛volcanic island 火山岛coral island 珊瑚岛islet 小岛peninsular 半岛continent 大陆continental shelf 大陆架ranges 山脉valley 峡谷canyon 峡谷channel (strait) 海峡remote-sensing 遥感的terrestrial 地球的，陆地的terrestrial heat (geothermal) 地热terrestrial magnetism (geomagnetism) 地磁continental drift 大陆漂移学说sea-floor spreading 海床扩展evaporation 蒸发salinity 含盐度ocean bottom 海床sediment 沉淀物，沉积物tropical 热带的temperate 温带的frigid 寒带的formation 形成frost heaving 冻胀现象fieldstone 卵石hemisphere 半球meridian 子午线，经线parallel 平行圈，纬线latitude 经度longitude 精度elevation 海拔altitude 高度temperate latitudes 温带地区horizon 地平线equator 赤道tropics 热带地区Arctic 北极Antarctic(Antarctica) 南极expedition 探险time zone 时区topography 地形，地形学plain 平原plateau (highland) 高地lowland 低地basin 盆地cavern (cave) 洞穴terrain 地域subterranean ( underground) 地底下coastland 沿海地区island 岛屿continental island 大陆岛volcanic island 火山岛coral island 珊瑚岛islet 小岛peninsular 半岛continent 大陆continental shelf 大陆架ranges 山脉valley 峡谷canyon 峡谷channel (strait) 海峡remote-sensing 遥感的terrestrial 地球的，陆地的terrestrial heat (geothermal) 地热terrestrial magnetism (geomagnetism) 地磁continental drift 大陆漂移学说sea-floor spreading 海床扩展evaporation 蒸发salinity 含盐度ocean bottom 海床sediment 沉淀物，沉积物tropical 热带的temperate 温带的frigid 寒带的formation 形成frost heaving 冻胀现象fieldstone 卵石brown desert soil棕漠土brown earth棕壤longitudinal dune纵向沙丘evapotranspiration总蒸发A岸礁（fringing reef）B半岛（peninsula）饱和带（saturation zone）堡礁（barrier reef）暴雨径流（storm flow）雹灾（hail damage）北半球（northern hemisphere）北回归线（Tropic of Cancer）北极（North Pole）辫状河（braided stream）滨（shore）冰擦痕（glacial stria）冰川（glacier）冰川学（glaciology）冰斗（cirque）冰斗冰川（cirque glacier）冰盖（ice sheet）冰后期（post-glacial）冰期（ice age）冰楔（ice wedge）冰原（ice field）剥蚀面（denudation）剥蚀作用（denudation）C残积物（eluvium）草原（steppe）草原气候（steppe climate）草原土壤（steppe soil）侧向侵蚀（lateral erosion）产流（runoff generation）产沙量（sediment yield）常绿阔叶林（evergreen broad-leaved forest）潮汐通道（tidal intel）沉积作用（sedimentation）沉积物（sediments）沉积相（sedimentary facies）城市气候（urban climate）城市热岛（climatography）承压地下水（confined groundwater）赤道（Equator）赤道带（equatorial zone）冲沟（gully）冲击层（alluvium）冲击扇（alluvial fan）冲积物（lluvium）冲击锥（alluvial cone）吹蚀（deflation）垂直地带性（vertical zonality）D大陆（continent）大陆度（continentality）大陆架（continental shelf）大陆性气候（continental climate）大陆坡（continental slope）大气圈（atmosphere ）大气污染（atmospheric pollution）带（belt）单面山（cuesta）淡水湖（fresh water lake）丹霞地貌（"Danxia" landform）刃脊（ar te）岛屿（island）倒置地貌（inverted landform）地方气候（local climate）地带（zone）地带性（zonality）低地（lowland）地理过程（geographical process）地理环境（geographical environment）地理经度（longitude）地理纬度（latitude）地理学（geography）地理系统（geosystem）地理因子（geographical factors）地貌（landform）地貌成因（geomophogensis）地貌学（geomorphology）地貌组合（landform assemblage）地壳均衡（isostasy）地球（earth）地区（area）地下河（underground river）地下水位（water table）地形气候学（topoclimatology）地中海气候（Mediterranean climate）顶级群落（climax）冻害（freezing damage）动物地理学（zoogeography）动物区系（fauna）洞穴堆积（cave deposit）冻胀（frost heaving）断层谷（fault valley）断层三角面（triangular facet）断层崖（fault scarp）断块山（block mountin）堆积作用（deposition）多年冻土（permafrost）F反照率（albedo）方山（mesa）非地带性（azonelity）非可再生资源（nonrenewable resourcea）分水岭（waterdivide）峰（peak）焚风（foehn）峰林（peak foest）风化（作用）（weathering）风化层（weathered crust）风化壳（weathered crust）风口（wind gap）风棱石（wind-faceted stones）风蚀（wind erosion）风蚀脊（yardang）风蚀坑（blowout pit）风蚀洼地（deflation hollow）风速（wind speed）蜂窝状沙丘（honeycomb dunes）风向（wind direction）G干谷（dry valley）干热风（dry-hot wind）干燥度（aridity）干燥气候（arid climate）高草草原（prairie）高山矮曲林（alpine krummholz）高山土壤（high mountain soil）高原（plateau）高原气候（plateeau climate）沟谷（ravine）构造地貌学（structural geomorphology）构造湖（tectonic lake,structural lake）构造阶地（structural plateau）谷（valley）古气候（palaeoclimate）鼓丘（drumlin）古土壤（paleosoil）硅铝粘土型风化壳（siallite-clay weathered crust）硅铝碳酸盐型风化壳（siallite-carbonate weathered crust）硅铝-铁质和富铝型风化壳（siallite-ferrite and alllite weathered crust）硅铝-氧化物-硫酸盐型风化壳（siallite-chloride-sulphate weathered crust）过程线（hydrograph）H海（sea）海岸（sea coast）海岸阶地（coastal terrace）海拔（高度）（altitude）海沟（trench）海岭（oceanic ridge）海陆风（sea-land breeze）海蚀洞（sea cave）海蚀台（abrasion platform）海蚀崖（sea cliff）海蚀柱（sea stack）海蚀作用（marine erosion）海滩（coastal beach）海峡（strait）海洋性气候（maritime climate）海洋污染（marine pollution）海渊（abyssal deep）寒潮（cold wave）寒带（cold zone）旱生植物（xerophyte）含水层（aquifer）旱灾（drought damage）河床（river bed）河流补给（river feeding）河流袭夺（river capture）河流学（potamology）河漫滩（floodplain）褐土（cinnamon soil）河网密度（drainage density）河源（headwaters）黑钙土（chernozem）横谷（transverse valley）横向沙丘（transverse dune）洪峰流量（peak discharge）洪积扇（proluvial fan）洪积物（proluvium）洪水（flood）洪水位（flood level）红壤（red earth）红树林（mangrove）湖盆（lake basin）湖泊富营养化（lake eutrophication）湖泊水文学（water hydrology）滑坡（landslide）滑塌（collapse）化学风化（作用）（chemical weathering）环礁（atoll）环境背景值（environmental background value）环境地理学（environmental geography）环境地球化学（environmental geochemistry）环境管理（environmental management）环境容量（environmental capacity）环境污染（environmental pollution）环境演化（environmental evolution）环境影响评价（environmental impact assessment）环境质量（environmental quality）荒漠（desert）荒漠化（desertification）荒漠气候（desert climate）荒漠土壤（desert soil）黄壤（yellow earth）黄土（loess）黄土地貌（loess landform）黄土梁（loess ridge）黄土峁（loess hill）黄土塬（loess tableland）灰化土（podzolic soil）汇流（flow concentration）灰漠土（gray desert soil）汇水区（catchment area）火山（volcano）火山湖（volcanic lake）火山作用（vulcanism）J极地冰川（polar glacier）极地气候（polar climate）季风（monsoon）季（风）雨林（monsoon forest）季节性湖泊（seasonal lake）极圈（Arctic Circle）积温（accumulated temperature）极夜（polar night）极昼（poka day）岬角（cape）间冰期（interglacial period）碱土（solonetz）降水（precipitation）角峰（horn）阶地（terrace）景观（landscape）景观地球化学（landscape geochemistry）警戒水位（warning stage）径流（runoff）径流变率（variability of runoff）径流模数（runoff modulus）径流系数（runoff coefficient）局部侵蚀基准面（local base level）K喀斯特（karst）喀斯特地貌（karst landform）可再生资源（renewable resources）矿泉（mineral spring）L涝（waterlogging）离堆山（meander core）栗钙土（chestnut soil）历史气候（historical climate）裂点（kinck point）岭（range）流量（discharge）流水地貌（fluvial landform）流域（drainage area）流域分水线（basin divide）冷害（cold damage）陆地蒸发（land evaporation）陆连岛（tombolo island）落水洞（sinkhole）绿洲（oasis）M梅雨（Meiyu,plum rain）N南半球（southern hemisphere）南回归线（Tropic of Capricorn）南极（South Pole）泥沙运动（sediment movement）泥石流（debris blow）泥炭（glacier）年正常径流量（annual normal runoff）牛轭湖（ox-bow lake）P抛物线形沙丘（parabolic dune）盆地（basin）片蚀（sheet erosion）漂砾（boulder）平顶海山（guyot）平原（plain）坡地（slope）坡面流（overland flow）瀑布（waterfall）普通自然地理学（general physical grageophy）Q气候（climate）气候变迁（climatic change）气候带（climatic zone）气候地貌学（climatic geomorphology）气候分类（climatic classification）气候区（climatic region） 根据特定判据看来，具有相对均匀气候的某一区域。〔14〕气候区划（climatic regionalization）气候系统（climatic system）气候型（climatic type）气候学（climatology）气候要素（climate factor）气候灾害（climate damage,climatic hazard）气候资源（climatic resources）潜蚀作用（underground erosion）侵蚀基准面（base level of erosion）侵蚀面（erosion surface）侵蚀循环（erosion surface）侵蚀作用（erosion）丘陵（hill）区划（regionaliation）曲流（meander）全球性海面升降（eustatic movement）群丛（association）群岛（archipelago）群系（formation）R热带（tripical zone）热带雨林气候（tripical rainforest climate）热水平衡（heat-water balance）人工湖（man-made lake）日界线（date line）溶洞（karren）溶斗（doline）溶蚀（corrosion）溶蚀谷（polje）溶蚀盆（uvala）入渗（infiltration）S萨瓦纳（savanna）萨瓦那气候（savanna climate）三角洲（delta）三维地带性（three dimension）森林气候（forest climate）森林上限（upper forest limit）森林土壤（forest soil）沙暴（sandstrom）沙漠（sandy desert）沙垅（sand ridge）沙嘴（sand spit）山（mountain）山地气候（mountain cliamte）山谷风（mountian-valley breeze）珊瑚礁（coral reef）山麓（piedmont）山脉（mountain range）生境（habitat）生态平衡（ecological balance）生态系统（ecosystem）生物地理群落（biogeocoenosis）生物地理学（biogegraphy）生物区系（biota）生物圈（biosphere）湿害（wet damage）石林（stone pinacles）时区（time zone）湿润气候（humid climate）竖井（shaft）水力学（hydraulics）水面蒸发（water surface evaporation）水能（hydropower）水平地带性（horizontal zonality）水平衡（water budget,water balance）水圈（hydrosphere）水生植物（hydrophyte）水体（water body）水体污染（water body pollution）水土保持（water and soil conservation）水土流失（water and soil loss）水团（water mass）水位（water stage）水文测验（hydrometry）水文地理学（hydrogeography）水文学（hydrology）水循环（water cycle）水质（lake quality）水资源（water resources）溯源侵蚀（headward erosion）碎屑型风化壳（clastic weathered crust）T台地（platform）台风（typhoon）泰加林（taiga）太阳辐射（solar radiation）苔原（tundra）苔原气候（tundra climate）滩脊（beach ridge）天然堤（natural levee）土地（land）土地单元（land unit）土地分类（land classifiation）土地类型（land type）土地系统（land system）土壤地理学（pedogeography）土壤侵蚀（soil erosion）土壤水（soil water）土壤污染（soil pollution）土壤资源（soil resources）土体蠕动（soil creep）退水曲线（recession curve）UU形谷（U-shape valley）W洼地（depression）微咸湖（brackish-water lake）温带（temperate zone）纹泥（varve）物候学（phenology）物理风化（作用）（physical wathering）无霜期（frost-free period）X峡谷（gorge）下切侵蚀（downcutting）咸水湖（salt-water lake）小冰期（little ice age）小气候（microclimate）小生境（microhabitat）泻湖（lagoon）信风（trade wind,trades）新构造运动（neotectonic movement）新月形沙丘（crescent dune）行星风系（planetary wind system）悬冰川（hanging glacier）悬移质（suspended load）雪线（snow line）Y亚热带（subtripical zone）沿滨泥沙流（longshore drift）盐湖（salt lake）岩石圈（lithosphere）演替（succession）盐土（solonchak）洋（ocean）羊背石（roche moutonnee）洋盆（oceanic basin）夷平面（planation surface）硬叶常绿林（sclerophyllous forest）雨林（rainforest）雨影（rain shadow）Z灾害地理学（hazard geography）照叶林（laurel forest）沼泽（mire,swamp）针叶林（coniferous forest）植被（vegetation）植被型（vegetation type）支流（tributary）指示植物（indicator plant）植物地理学（phytogeography）植物区系（flora）植物群落（plant community）蒸发（evaporation）种群（population）中生植物（mesophyte）洲（continent）猪背脊（hogback ridge）砖红壤（laterite）准平原（peneplain）自然地理学（physical grageophy）自然景观（natural landscape）自然灾害（natural hazard）自然资源（natural resources）自然综合体（natural complex）棕钙土（brown soil）纵谷（longitudinal valley）综合自然地理学（integrated physical grageophy）综合自然区划（integrated physicogeographical regionalization）棕漠土（brown desert soil）棕壤（brown earth）纵向沙丘（longitudinal dune）总蒸发（evapotranspiration）

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