微信上卖的考研英语作文模版
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Composition is a fundamental skill in postgraduate English study, 17 candidates early in the review, do not completely ignore review of English writing, suggest that you master the skill of propositions based on English writing articles and writing, at the time of review the words and reading, also trained in composition.全国硕士研究生统一招生考试(简称考研)指教育主管部门或招生机构为选拔研究生而组织的相关考试的总称,由国家考试主管部门和招生单位组织的初试和复试组成。选拔要求因层次、地域、学科、专业的不同而有所区别。外语、思想政治理论、高等数学等公共科目由全国统一命题,专业课主要由各招生单位自行命题(部分专业通过全国联考的方式进行命题)。硕士研究生招生方式分为全日制和非全日制两种。学完规定的全部课程且考试合格并通过硕士学位论文答辩者,授予国家颁发的硕士研究生毕业证书和硕士学位证书。学习形式存在全脱产、半脱产、在职学习三种形式。
Composition is a fundamental skill in postgraduate English study, 17 candidates early in the review, do not completely ignore review of English writing, suggest that you master the skill of propositions based on English writing articles and writing, at the time of review the words and reading, also trained in composition.
考研英语小作文模板信微博
书信作文模板——邀请信
Dear ______ ,
①There will be a ______(内容)at/in ______(地点)on ______(时间). ②We would be honored to have you there with us.
③The occasion will start at ______(具体时间). ④This will be followed by a ______(进一步的安排). ⑤At around ______(时间), ______(另一个安排).
⑥I really hope you can make it. ⑦RSVP before ______(通知你的最后期限).
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
写作技巧
① 一定要分段。同样字数,同样篇幅和同样的内容的英语作文。分段写和不分段写至少相差3-6分。没有分段的作文,阅卷老师会觉得你没有逻辑,印象分就开始扣了。
② 要点齐全。对于邀请信,不可以出现缺少人物、地点、时间等等重要信息。
③ 词汇多样。对于高中生来说,如果再用初中学过的单词,作文还是不会得到高分的,这就是背单词的重要性。
范围参考
Dear Tim ,
I am greatly honored to formally invite you to participate in Mr. Old Fish’s wedding ceremony with Ms. Fujiwora to be held at Beijing Grand Hotel from 8 to 10 . on April 1, 2007.
As you are a close friend of us, we would very much like you to attend the celebration and share our joy. The occasion will start at seven o’clock in the evening, with the showing of their wedding ceremony. This will be followed by a dinner party. At around ten, we will hold a small musical soiree, at which a band will perform some works by Bach and Strauss. If you do not have any prior appointment on April 1, we look forward to the pleasure of your company.
Yours sincerely,
Li Ming
亲爱的蒂姆:,
我非常荣幸地正式邀请您参加Old Fish先生与Fujiwora女士的婚礼,婚礼将于2007年4月1日晚上8点至10点在北京大酒店举行。
由于您是我们的亲密朋友,我们非常希望您参加庆祝活动并分享我们的喜悦。婚礼将在晚上七点开始,届时将举行他们的婚礼。随后将举行晚宴。十点左右,我们将举行一场小型音乐晚会,届时一支乐队将演奏巴赫和施特劳斯的一些作品。如果您在4月1日之前没有预约,我们期待您的光临。
谨上,
李明
英语书信作文格式:1. 信头:发信人的地址和日期;2. 称呼:对收信人的称呼;3. 信的正文:信的主体部分;4. 结束语:结尾客套话;5. 签名:发信人签名,写在结束语的下面,稍偏右。 扩展资料 1、信头:指发信人的地址和日期。写在信纸的右上角,可以从靠近信纸的中央写起。信头上面要留空白。先写发信人地址。地址的写法与汉语不同,要先写小地方,后写大地方。在地址的下面写上日期。日期的顺序是:月、日、年,或者:日、月、年。。在年份之前有一个逗号。 2、称呼:指对收信人的称呼。写在信头之下,从信纸的左边开始。 3、信的正文:指信的主体部分。从称呼的下一行第一段顶边写。从第二段起每段第一个词都缩进3或5个字母写。 4、结束语:指正文下面的结尾客套话。一般从信纸的中央靠右写起,第一个字母大写,末尾用一逗号。 5、签名:指发信人签名。写在结束语的下面,稍偏右。 另外,英文信封写法与汉语的不同。一般把收信人的地址写在信封的中央或偏右下角。第一行写姓名,下面写地址。发信人的姓名和地址写在信封的左上角,也可以写在信的背面。 英文书信的注意点: (1)结尾语的第一个字母要大写,最后还要加上逗点。 (2)若要针对收信的对象,将结尾语加以区分,则对于比较亲密的对方,可以用Sincerely;对于一般的朋友可用Your friend;如果是儿女写给父母,就用Your loving son(daughter)。 在结尾语下面的署名必须亲自签名,不可用打字的,而且在签名之后,也不加任何的标点符号 英文信封的写法: 1、在信封的左上角写「寄信人」的`名字和住址。 2、在信封的中间或右下角偏左的地方写「收信人」的名字和住址。 3、寄信人不自称Mr.、Mrs.或Miss,但是在收信人的姓名前则必须加上尊称Mr.、Mrs.或Miss以示礼貌。 4、住址的写法与中文相反;英文住址原则上是由小至大,如必须先写门牌号码、街路名称,再写城市、省(州)和邮政区号,最后一行则写上国家的名称。 5、在信封的右上角贴上邮票。 6、信封上的邮政区号,在州名之后以五位数阿拉伯数字表示,前三位数代表州或都市,后两位数表示邮区。
英文书信的格式:
1、信头(Heading):
指发信人的姓名(单位名称)、地址和日期,一般写在信纸的右上角。
一般公函或商业信函的信纸上都印有单位或公司的名称、地址、电话号码等,因此就只需在信头下面的右边写上写信日期就可以了。
英文地址的写法与中文完全不同,地址的名称按从小到大的顺序:第一行写门牌号码和街名,第二行写县、市、省、州、邮编、国名,然后再写日期。
标点符号一般在每一行的末尾都不用,但在每一行的之间,该用的还要用,例如在写日期的时候。
2、日期的写法:
如:1997年7月30日,英文为:July 30,1997(最为普遍), July 30th,1997,30th July,1997等。1997不可写成97。
3、信内地址(Inside Address):
在一般的社交信中,信内收信人的地址通常省略,但是在公务信函中不能。将收信人的姓名、地址等写在信头日期下方的左角上,要求与对信头的要求一样,不必再写日期。
4、称呼(Salutation):
是写信人对收信人的称呼用语。位置在信内地址下方一、二行的地方,从该行的顶格写起,在称呼后面一般用逗号(英国式),也可以用冒号(美国式)。
写给亲人、亲戚和关系密切的朋友时,用Dear或My dear再加上表示亲属关系的称呼或直称其名(这里指名字,不是姓氏)。
例如:My dear father,Dear Tom等。
写给公务上的信函用Dear Madam,Dear Sir或Gentleman(Gentlemen)。注意:Dear纯属公务上往来的客气形式。
Gentlemen总是以复数形式出现,前不加Dear,是Dear Sir的复数形式。
写给收信人的信,也可用头衔、职位、职称、学位等再加姓氏或姓氏和名字。
例如:Dear Prof. Tim Scales, Dear Dr. John Smith。
5、正文(Body of the Letter):
位置在下面称呼语隔一行,是信的核心部分。因此要求正文层次分明、简单易懂。
和中文信不同的是,正文中一般不用Hello!(你好!)正文有缩进式和齐头式两种。
每段书信第一行的第一个字母稍微向右缩进些,通常以五个字母为宜,每段第二行从左面顶格写起,这就是缩进式。
但美国人写信各段落往往不用缩进式,用齐头式,即每一行都从左面顶格写起。商务信件大都采用齐头式的写法。
6、结束语(Complimentary Close):
在正文下面的一、二行处,从信纸的中间偏右处开始,第一个词开头要大写,句末用逗号。不同的对象,结束语的写法也不同。
写给家人、亲戚,用Your loving grandfather,Lovingly yours,Lovingly等。
写给熟人、朋友,用Yours cordially,Yours affectionately等。
写业务信函用Truly yours(Yours truly),Faithfully yours(Yours faithfully)等。
对上级、长辈用Yours obediently(Obediently yours),Yours respectfully(Respectfully yours)等。
7、 签名(Signature):
低于结束语一至二行,从信纸中间偏右的地方开始,在结束语的正下方,在签完名字的下面还要有用打字机打出的名字,以便识别。
职务、职称可打在名字的下面。当然,写给亲朋好友的信,就不必再打了。
8、附言(Postscript):
一封信写完了,突然又想起遗漏的事情,这时用.表示,再写上遗漏的话即可,要长话短说。通常在信末签名下面几行的左方,应于正文齐头。
注意:在正式的信函中,应避免使用附言。
考研英语小作文格式:
1、DearXXXX,首字母都要大写,还有靠左顶格写。
(1)知道对方的姓:。
(2)知道对方的名字:DearBob。
(3)知道对方的职位:DearPresident。
(4)知道与对方的关系:DearFriend。
(5)不知道对方是谁:DearSirorMadam。
2、正文分三段,可以写目的、要求等内容,每段缩进4个字母,正文全部右对齐,一段没写完,第二行顶格写。
3、结尾,通用Sincerely yours和LiMing注意大小写。
小作文万能写信目的
A. I am writing this letter to you to make suggestions for sth.
B. I am writing this letter to you to make a complaint about sth.
C. I am writing this letter to you to ask for some advice about sth.
D. I am writing this letter to you to recommend sth.
E. I am writing this letter to you to apply for sth.
F. I am writing this letter to you to invite sb to attend sth.
G. I am writing this letter to express my sincere gratitude for sth.
H. I am writing this letter to express my sincere congratulations on sth.
微信英文版微信
vivo手机可进入微信--我--设置--通用--多语言--English,即可设置为英文。
若有更多疑问,可进入vivo官网/vivo商城APP--我的--在线客服或者vivo官网网页版--下滑底部--在线客服--输入人工客服进入咨询了解。
微信设置英文版的方法:1、首先登录自己的微信,点击右下角的“我”。2、接下来点击设置选项。3、在设置的选项中,选择通用选项。4、在通用下,点击多语言选项。5、进入多语言后,选择English,接下来点击右上角的保存选项。这时微信的语言就是英文了。微信(WeChat)是腾讯公司于2011年1月21日推出的一款面向智能终端的即时通讯软件。微信为用户提供聊天、朋友圈、微信支付、公众平台、微信小程序等功能,同时提供城市服务、拦截系统等服务。2012年4月,腾讯公司将微信推向国际市场,更新为“Wechat”。微信由深圳腾讯控股有限公司(TencentHoldingsLimited)于2010年10月筹划启动,由腾讯广州研发中心产品团队打造。该团队经理张小龙所带领的团队曾成功开发过Foxmail、QQ邮箱等互联网项目。腾讯公司总裁马化腾在产品策划的邮件中确定了这款产品的名称叫做“微信”。更多关于微信怎么设置英文版,进入:查看更多内容
考研英语作文模版
写作是一个思路表达的过程,我们需要清晰地表述出题目的要求,有效的完成命题人给我们的任务。接下来我们结合2019年小作文题目来看介绍信邀请信怎么来写。Directions:Suppose Professor Smith asked you to plan a debate on the theme of city traffic. Write him an email to1) suggest a specific topic with your reasons, and2) tell him about your arrangements.You should write about 100 words on the ANSWER SHEET.Don’t use your own name. Use “Li Ming” instead. (10 points)通过阅读题目关键词 plan a debate on the theme of city traffic,suggest,reason, arrangements可以看出,我们这次的任务是一封建议/介绍信。任务是假设Professor Smith让你规划一次以城市交通为主题的的辩论会。要求我们写一封电子邮件,其中目的有两个:首先是辩论赛的主题,提出建议并且阐明原因;其次告诉对方你如何安排(可以自由发挥,建议大家写辩论赛举办的具体时间和地点)。接下来我们就来结合模板谈谈思路如何进行:一般来说,我们在试卷的左上角表明对方职位和姓名:即Dear Professor Smith。注意:在这里英文书写一般用逗号不用冒号,切记!【模板】 接下来,在第一段我们要表明自己的目的:比如I am writing this e-mail tomake suggestions for (doing) sth.(建议信)make a complaint about sth.(投诉信)seek some advice about sth.(咨询信)extend an invitation to sb. for sth.(邀请信)to answer your letter about sth.(回复信)recommend you sth.(推荐信)make an application for sth.(申请信)express my sincere gratitude.(感谢信)express my sincere congratulations.(祝贺信)补充:(1)当收信人不认识自己时,需要在前增加:自我介绍,表示相关基本句式: I am+身份+who+表示相关身份可选: student, undergraduate, graduate, resident, citizen, customer表示相关: who majors in…; who is in charge of…; who takes an interest in…;who is concerned about…; who has bought…补充:(2)如涉及到比赛、活动等时:增加“简介”基本句式: It will be held in+地点+on+时间地点可选: in the hall, in the gym, in the playground, in the library.....时间可选: on May 20, on Sunday.....【应用】结合题目要求来看,教授是认识我们的,故第一段我们可以写为:Dear Professor Smith,I am writing this e-mail to you to suggest a topic for the debate on the theme of city traffic (来自题目要求,可以稍作改写). It is such a great honbor to arrange such an interesting activity. (这句话我们可以在建立类中直接套用,划线动词可以替换)。The debate will be held on May 20th in the student centre Room 203. (最后要交代时间和地点,初步完成写作任务之arrangement)【模板】第二段:针对书信类型,分角度选择模板,角度可选择:原因+作用(适用于推荐信、申请信、感谢信、祝贺信)。The primary factors are as follows. Firstly, there is/are 原因(名词短语) in 事物,which will be of great value for you to 作用(do sth 要写动词原形) . What is more, thefact that 原因(要写完整结构的句子) contributes to 作用(写 V-ing 短语或 N 词短语形式【应用】Dear Professor Smith,I am writing this e-mail to you to suggest a topic for the debate on the theme of city traffic. It is such a great honbor to arrange such an interesting activity. 。The debate will be held on May 20th in the student centre Room 203.The theme of the debate could be “Should Private Car Owners be Accountable for the Traffic Jam” (二段首句直接引出任务一话题:辩论会的主题,注意双引号和首字母大写) The primary factors are as follows. Firstly, there are public concerns in city traffic jams, which will be of great value for us to discuss (结尾处动词可以结合话题稍微灵活处理). What is more, the fact that individual factors might be involved (结合我们设定的话题“个人车主是否应该对交通堵塞负责”) contributes to the solution of the problem.【理论】第三段:表示期待回信,并祝好。① I sincerely/really hope that my advice(建议信);complaint(投诉信);Inquiry(咨询信);Application(申请信);Recommendation(推荐信);Invitation(邀请信)...I’m looking forward to the reponse at your earliest convenience.补充:(1)涉及到情感时(感谢信、祝贺信)句前增加表达情感:Once again, I feel so grateful for your help.(感谢信)Once again, I feel very proud of your achievement.(祝贺信)【应用】Dear Professor Smith,I am writing this e-mail to you to suggest a topic for the debate on the theme of city traffic. It is such a great honbor to arrange such an interesting activity. 。The debate will be held on May 20th in the student centre Room 203.The theme of the debate could be “Should Private Car Owners be Accountable for the Traffic Jam” . The primary factors are as follows. Firstly, there are public concerns in city traffic jams, which will be of great value for us to discuss. What is more, the fact that individual factors might be involved contributes to the solution of the problem.I sincerely hope that my advice can make this debate meaningful and inspiring. (划线词可以在不同建立类中替换使用). I’m looking forward to the reponse at your earliest convenience. (期待您的回信在书信中都可以套用)Yours,Li Ming(不要忘记落款署名)下面总结一下这道题的解题方法,形成思路如下:首先在拿到题目后,浏览题目要求,确定书写内容。再结合模板,第一段表明写作目的和部分重要内容;第二段结合模板给出原因;第三段表示期待和展望。希望各位同学可以在相信大家在最后的几天中,对小作文中的模板,勤加练习。在这里,老师预祝各位同学在考研英语考试中取得满意的分数!
考研英语作文格式如下:
1、分段方式。
英语中的分段方法有两种,一种是段首缩进4/5个字符;另一种是段首缩进顶格,段间空一行。这两种类型的分段方式不能同时使用。建议读者使用第一种方法,即在段首缩进,因为这也是中国人熟悉的方法。
2、大小写原则。
英语中的大写字母有三种类型:句子开头、专有名词和标题。
句首大写:句首字母皆应大写(分号后句首不可大写;冒号后若为完整句子,句首大写)。
专有名词大写:约定俗成的专有名词,如人名、地名等必须大写。
标题大写:标题第一个字母必须大写;实词首字母大写;超过五个字母的虚词首字母大写,如between,without等;其余字母小写。
3、缩写原则。
考研英语作文为正式文体,首先要做的是避免缩写。
助动词+not建议不要缩写,中间应要有空格,如:am not,is not,are not,was not,were not,have not,has not,need not等。但can+not不能在中间有一个空格,应写成cannot。
如果一个专有名词被缩写,第一次必须使用全称,而缩写则需在全名后面的括号内标注,第二次开始才可以用缩写。
另外,允许有部分约定俗成的简写,如i.e.,viz.,etc.等。它们出现在句中,后面必须有小点。如果这些缩写位于句尾,后面只要一个小点即可,不再需要句号。但是e.g.不建议使用。
三段式作文注意事项:
1、作文卷面要保持整洁,不要连笔,不要涂改。这是获取印象分的重点!
2、全文的第一句和各段的第一句必须是文章的中心句,好能用复杂句表达。这是因为阅卷老师一般没有那么多的时间去看作文,所以只能大概浏览下各段的首句,这是获得得分的关键!
3、全文结构布局:全文分为三段,第一段3句,第二段5句,第三段4句,可根据具体情况调整!段落中,第一句是topic,第二三句是detail,第三句是conclusion。
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书信(感谢、道歉、建议、求职/离职、申请、投诉、倡议、询问、慰问、推荐)1. 格式称呼:位于作文第一行,顶格写,后面加逗号。不知道对方姓名、职位等信息时称呼可以用 Dear Sir or Madam, 或To Whom It May Concern; 知道对方的身份或姓名时,称呼可以用Dear Mr./Mrs. + 姓, 或Dear+ 职位,如:Dear Professor, Dear Mr. Smith, ; 如果是给熟悉的人则可以用Dear + 名, 如:Dear Jim/Betty.正文:可采用齐头式,即每一段每一行都顶格写。或者采用缩进式,即每段首行缩进四个字母。结束语:位于正文右下角,第一个单词的首字母要大写,后面要加逗号。常用结束语有:Yours,/Yours truly, / Yours sincerely, 等署名:位于结束语下方。考研作文不允许署真名,题目中一般要求签名为“Li Ming”或”Zhang Wei”。2. 篇章结构第一段:表明身份,写信目的(1-2句)。第二段:针对题目中的要求进行写作(描述事情的经过、缘由、以及提出的建议)(3-4句)。第三段:表示感谢、期待回信或表达希望。(1-2句)Una
考研究英语作文模版
2011年考研英语作文写作模板讲解 考研英语写作的文章一般包括一个开头段、若干扩展段和一个结尾段。开头段和结尾段一般比扩展段短。各种段落的作用、特点和写作方法如下所示。 一、开头段 开头段一定要语言精练,并且直接切入主题。开头段一般不对主题进行深入的探讨,具体的论证或叙述应该在扩展段进行。 开头段的常用核心句型: 1.The arguer may be right about…, but he seems to neglect (fail) to mention (takes into account) the fact that…. 2.As opposed to (Contrary to) widely (commonly / generally) held (accepted) belief (ideas / views), I believe (argue) that… 3.Although many people believe that…, I doubt (wonder)whether the argument bears much analysis (close examination). 4.The advantages of B outweigh any benefit we gained from (carry more weight than those of / are much greater than) A. 5.Although it is commonly (widely / generally) held (felt / accepted / agreed) that…, it is unlikely to be true that…. 6.There is an element of truth in this argument (statement), but it ignores a deeper and more basic (important / essential) fact (reason) that…. 7.It is true that (True, / To be sure, / Admittedly,)…, but this is not to say (it is unlikely / it doesn’t follow / it doesn’t mean / it won’t be the case) that…. 8.The main (obvious / great) problem (flaw / drawback) with (in) this argument (view / remark) is that it is ignorant of (blind to) the basic (bare) fact that…. 9.It would be possible (natural / reasonable) to think (believe / take the view) that…, but it would be absurd (wrong) to claim (argue) that…. 10.In all the discussion and debate over…, one important (basic) fact is generally overlooked (neglected). 11.There is absolutely (in fact) no (every) reason for us to believe (accept / resist / reject) that…. 12.Logical (Valid / Sound) as this argument and I wholeheartedly agree with it, it appears insignificant (absurd) when…is taken into consideration(account). 13.To assume (suggest) that…is far from being proved (to miss the point). 14.A close (careful) inspection (examination / scrutiny) of this argument would reveal how flimsy (groundless /fallacious) it is. 15.On the surface (At first thought), it (this) may seem a sound (an attractive) suggestion (solution / idea), but careful weighing on the mind (on closer analysis / on second thought), we find that… 16.Too much emphasis placed on (attention paid to / importance attached to)…may obscure (overlook / neglect) other facts…. 17.The danger (problem / fact / truth / point) is that…. 18.What the arguer fails to understand (consider / mention) is that…. 19.However just (logical / sound / valid) this argument may be, it only skims the surface of the problem. 20.Among the most convincing (important) reasons given (cited / offered / identified) by people for…, one should be stressed (emphasized / mentioned). 21.As far as I am concerned, however, I believe that…. 22.I believe that the title statement is valid because (of)…. 23.I agree with the above statement because I believe that…. 24.Although I appreciate that…, I cannot agree with the title statement. 25.There is a public controversy nowadays over the issue of…. Those who object to…argue that…. But people who favor…, on the other hand, argue that…. 26.Currently (In recent years / In the past few years / For many years now), there is (has been) a(n) general (widespread / growing / widely held) feeling towards (concern over / attitude towards / trend towards / awareness of / realization of / illusion of / belief in)…. 27.Now it is commonly (widely / generally / increasingly) believed (thought / held / accepted/ felt / recognized / acknowledged) that…. But I wonder (doubt) whether…. 28.These days we are often told that (often hear about)…, but is this really the case? 二、中间段 中间段是文章的正文,其作用是从不同的层面对文章主题进行具体和详实的解释和论证。 1、中间段的一般特征 ① 篇幅一般比开头段和结尾段长。 ② 每段有相应的主题句。 ③包含定义、解释、描写,说明主题思想的扩展句可以采用实例、数据或个人经历等写作手段。 ④不同种类的段落采用不同的扩展手段。 2.中间段的常用核心句型: 1.Although the popular belief is that…, a current (new / recent) study (survey / poll / investigation) indicates (shows / demonstrates) that…. 2.Common sense tells us that…. 3.The increase (change / failure / success) in…mainly (largely / partly) results from (arises from / is because of)…. 4.The increase (change / failure / success) in…is due to (owing to / attributable to) the fact that…. 5.Many people would claim that…. 6.One may attribute (ascribe / owe) the increase (decrease / change ) to…, but…is not by itself an adequate explanation. 7.One of the reasons given for…is that…. 8.What is also worth noticing is that…. 9.There are many (different / several /a number of / a variety of)causes (reasons) for this dramatic (marked / significant) growth (change / decline / increase) in…. First,…. Second,…. Finally,…. 10.There is no evidence to suggest that…. 11.Why are (is / do / did)…? For one thing,…. For another,…. 12.Another reason why I dispute the above statement is that…. 13.It gives rise to (lead to / bring /create) a host of problems (consequences). 14.There are numerous reasons why…, and I shall here explore only a few of the most important ones. 15.It will exert (have / produce) profound (far-reaching / remarkable / considerable / beneficial / favorable / undesirable / disastrous) effect (influence) on…. 16.A multitude of factors could account for (contribute to / lead to / result in / influence) the change (increase / decrease / success / failure / development) in…. 17.In 2000, it increased (rose / jumped / shot up) from 5 to 10 percent of the total (to 15 percent / by 15 percent). 18.By comparison with 2002, it decreased (dropped / fell) from 10 to 5 percent (to 15 percent / by 15 percent). 19.It accounts for 15 percent of the total. 20.There were 100 traffic accidents in April, an increase of 5 percent in a five-month period. 21.By 2002, only (less than / more than / almost / about / over/ as many as) three quarters (40 percent of / one out of five / one in four) college population (graduates / housewives) as against (as compared with) last year (2002) preferred to (liked)…. 22.With the development (improvement / rise / growth / general recognition / acknowledgement / realization) of…, vast changes awaits this country’s society. 23.Now people in growing (ever-increasing / significant) numbers are beginning (coming / getting) to believe (realize / recognize / understand / accept / see / be aware) that…. 24.According to a(n) recent (new / official) study (survey / report / poll),…. 25.History (Our society) is filled (abounds) with the examples of…. 26.The story (case / instance / situation) is not rare (isolated / unique), it is one of many examples (typical of dozens). 27.A (one) recent (new / general / nationwide) study (survey / poll / investigation) conducted (taken) at a university by (officials / scientists / experts) indicates (reveals / suggests / shows / proves / demonstrates) that…. 28.According to (As can be seen in / As is shown in) the figures (statistics / findings / data / graph / table) released (provided) by the government (an institute), it can be learned (seen / predicted) that…. 29.There is (no) good (every / little / sufficient / considerable / strong) evidence (proof) to 30.Personal experience (Examples I heard / read of) leads me to conclude that…. 31.We must admit the undeniable fact that…. 32.No one can deny (ignore / doubt / overlook / obscure / brush aside) the fact that…. 33.Experience (Evidence) suggests (shows) that…. 34.Take for example…who (that)…. 35.The same is true of…. 36.As the saying goes,“….” 三、结尾段 结尾段的核心句型: 1.From what has been discussed above (Taking into account all these factors / Judging from all evidence offered), we may safely draw (reach / come to / arrive at) the conclusion that…. 2.All the evidence (analysis) supports (justifies / confirms / warrants / points to) a(n) unshakable (unmistakable / sound / just) conclusion that…. 3.It is high time that we place (lay / put) great (special / considerable) emphasis on the improvement (development / increase / promotion) of…. 4.It is high time that we put an end to the deep-seated (unhealthy / undesirable / deplorable) situation (tendency / phenomenon) of…. 5.We must look (search / call / cry) for an immediate action (method / measure), because the present (current) situation (phenomenon / tendency / state / attitude) of…, if permitted (allowed) to continue (proceed), will surely (certainly) lead to (result in) the end (destruction / heavy cost) of…. 6.There is no easy (immediate / effective) solution (approach / answer / remedy) to the problem of…, but…might be useful (helpful / beneficial). 7.No easy method (solution / recipe / remedy) can be at hand (found / guaranteed) to solve (resolve / tackle) the problem of…, but the common (general / public) recognition of (realization of / awareness of / commitment to) the necessity (importance / significance) of…might be the first step towards change (on the right way / in the right direction). 8.Following these methods (suggestions) may not guarantee the success in (solution to)…, but the pay-off will be worth the effort. 9.Obviously (Clearly / No doubt), if we ignore (are blind to) the problem, there is every chance that…. 10.Unless there is a common realization of (general commitment to)…, it is very likely (the chances are good) that…. 11.There is little doubt (no denying) that serious (special / adequate / immediate / further) attention must be called (paid / devoted) to the problem of…. 12.It is necessary (essential / fundamental) that effective (quick / proper) action (steps /measures / remedies) should be taken to prevent (correct /check / end / fight) the situation (tendency / phenomenon). 13.It is hoped (suggested / recommended) that great (continuous / persistent / sustained / corporate) efforts should be made to control (check/ halt / promote) the growth (increase / rise) of…. 14.It is hoped that great efforts should be directed to (expended on / focused on) finding (developing / improving)…. 15.It remains to be seen whether…, but the prospect (outlook) is not quite encouraging (that rosy). 16.Anyhow, wider (more) education (publicity) should be given to the possible (potential / grave /serious / pernicious) consequences (effects) of…. 17.To reverse (check / control) the trend (tendency) is not a light task (an easy job), and it requires (demands / involves / entails) a different state of mind towards (attitude towards / outlook on)…. 18.For these reasons, I strongly recommend that…. 19.For the reasons given above, I feel that…. 四、段落扩展中的常用词语 1、总结关系过渡词语 generally speaking, generally, as a general rule, in general, on a larger scale, to take the idea further, to take the above opinion to an extreme, in a sense, in one sense, in a way, to some extent, in my opinion, in my view, as for me, as far as I am concerned, obviously, undoubtedly, in terms of, in conclusion, in short, in brief, in summary, in a word, on the whole, to sum up, to conclude 2、比较对比关系过渡词语 similarly, likewise, like, too, equally important, the same as, in common, in the same way, on the contrary, on the one hand, on the other hand, otherwise, in sharp contrast, whereas, rather than, conversely, instead, in/by contrast, but, however, yet, nevertheless 3、列举关系过渡词语 for example, for instance, as an example, as a case in point, such as, namely, that is, like, thus, first, second, third, finally, in the first place, initially, first of all, to begin with, to start with, what is more, furthermore, eventually, besides, in addition (to that), first and foremost, last but not least, next, also, moreover, for one thing, for another 4、因果关系过渡词语 because (of), as, since, for, owing to, due to, thanks to, on account of, as a result of, result in (from), consequently, for the reason that, as a consequence, consequently, if follows that, accordingly, therefore, hence 5、让步关系过渡词语 although, even though, after all, in spite of, despite, granted that 6、强调关系过渡词语 anyway, certainly, surely, obviously, to be sure, especially, particularly, above all, in deed, in fact, even worse, needless to say, most important of all, no doubt 。
写作原文 AS Is(注意大小写) shown above, a funny hen claimed that her eggs with(that后面应该跟的是从句,从句中应包含谓语动词,建议将with改为have) no edge and the like which is the most fundamntional(拼写错误,改为fundamental)。
(作者这句话是要表达什么内容?)Simple as the drawing is, the symbolic meaning behind ti(改为it) is as deep as ocean(注意句末标点)Honesty is not only necessary, but also indepensible(拼写错误,改为indispensable)。 As the old Chinese proverb says:"Honesty is gold。
" However,in no country other than China, it has been said that, the problum(拼写错误,改为problem) of opposite the pormise(拼写错误,改为promise) more serious(句子逻辑关系不明确,改为the opposite of the original promise is more serious),and people fail to attach attention to the "gold"。 Individuals and anizations can make money, take porfits(拼写错误,改为profits) and even obtain wealth by attend promise。
To be honest can also have added (改为add) benefit of increasing one's knowledge, giving us a new perspective of outside world。 According to a survey conducted by China Acadmy(拼写错误,改为Academy)of Science(CAS),honesty can relieve not only pressure but also anxiety and such problums(拼写错误,改为problems)as depression, stress, isolation and solitude(注意句末标点)All in all,obtain(改为obtaining,一句话中只能有一个谓语动词)the promise plays a key role in our daily life。
The unhonest(改为dishonest,表示“不诚实的”,没有unhonest一词), in view of the plexity of such issue,we must treat it socially,economically and culturally。 with(首字母大写) a proper law, an up-to-date solution, a right perspective and alert public,it will be a matter of time before the problum(拼写错误,改为problem) bees things of the past。
(最后一段缺乏逻辑关系,建议重写) 总体点评 作文能够按照写作要求来写,写作格式基本符合要求。但是文中的问题较多,比如:单词的拼写问题、语法问题、句子的逻辑关系问题等。
希望作者在后面的复习中,先不要急于写文章,从基本的入手,先积累词汇、学习基本语法、积累并模仿高分语言佳句;将重点放在语句模仿上,有空多读外文期刊,了解英语的地道表达,从而不断提高自己的写作水平。 建议作者将每周的时间做一个合理的规划,一周练习一篇作文即可,在练习这篇作文时,可先积累此方面的词汇,之后两天可查找有关方面的经典表达及例文,然后再模仿佳句,等这些都做到位时,再组织文章。
看图作文在英语作文中是大家普遍缺乏练习的一种类型,一个提高的方式就是看范例和点评,针对其中的错误进行自我修正。
考学生or烤家长: 写作原文 In the given picture, there are many parents standing at the gate of (outside)the examination room。 As we see, they are so worried that the sweat began (begin)to pour down their face。
In china, it is mon knowledge that the exam decides (may determine)the future of children。 Hence, it reflects the problem that the (加上current Chinese表意更完整)educational system is unreasonable。
In fact, the problem has existed for several years。 Especially in china, the examination score decides the children's development in the future。
(语法正确,但句意不合理。改为the examination score may influence children's future development。
)In a sense, the examination seems to be the only standard that chooses the talents(can be used to select talents)。 Furthermore, it is so terrible educational system (the educational system is so terrible)。
I think we must take some effective measures to solve this problem。 In my opinion, we should adopt the following measures。
On the one hand, we should reform the educational institution and establish a more flexible approach to choose the talent (select talents)。 On the other hand, parents should give up the idea that the exam is the only key to judge (measure)children's ability。
总体点评 本文立意正确,内容切题,结构完整,需注意以下问题:1、文章的立意虽然正确,且深入切题,但文章的内容不够丰富充实,原因分析不够深刻。 第二段在分析造成现象的时候提出了三点“考试决定孩子的未来”“考试是选拔人才的唯一标准”“教育制度很差”——“考试为什么会决定孩子的未来,它怎样决定了孩子的未来?”“为什么是选拔人才的唯一标准?(在现有的实情方面,因为其他方法难以实施和操作)”“教育制度很差,体现在什么方面?”2、文章内容的衔接逻辑不是很清楚,如第二段先说“考试决定未来”后说“考试是选拔人才的唯一标准”,而实际上“正因为在目前考试是选拔人才的唯一标准,所以考试在某种意义上决定了孩子的未来”。
3、文章依然存有少许汉式思维的句子,有的词组搭配不合理,应在此方面加强。多模仿一些经典佳句。
因此,建议作者以后在写作之中不要提笔就写,先列出一个大纲,把自己的思路理顺,使自己的文章逻辑清晰,通顺流畅。 参考分数(满分20分):12 英语写作水平的提升需要不断地练习,在改正错误中不断取得进步,不怕犯错误,怕明知道犯错误却不面对。
看了范文和点评,希望大家有思考,有提高。
高尔基曾这样说过:“写文章,开头第一句是最难的,好像音乐里的定调一样,往往要费好长时间才能找到它。因此,对于一篇文章来说,开头如何也决定了这篇文章的精彩程度,而四级作文的开头也同样重要。下面,我们来看一些精彩的考研英语段首句吧!
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1)关于……人们有不同的观点。一些人认为……
There are different opinions among people as to。Some people suggest that。
2)俗话说……,它是我们前辈的经历,但是,即使今天,它在许多场合仍然使用。
There is an old saying。It is the experience of our forefathers,however,it is correct in many cases even today.
3)现在,……,它们给我们的日常生活带来了许多危害。首先,……;其次,……。更为糟糕的是……。
Today,。,which have brought a lot of harms in our daily ,。,Second,。What makes things worse is that。.
4)现在,……很普遍,许多人喜欢……,因为……,另外……。
Nowadays,it is mon to。.Many people like。.because。.Besides,。.
5)任何事物都是两面性,……也不例外。它既有有利的一面,也有不利的一面。
Everything has o sides and 。.is not an has both advantages and disadvantages.
6)关于……人们的观点各不相同,一些人认为……,在他们看来,……
People's opinions about 。 vary from person to people say thatt。.To them,。.
7)人类正面临着一个严重的问题……,这个问题变的越来越严重。
Man is now facing a big problem。.which is being more and more serious.
8)……已成为人的关注的热门话题,特别是在年轻人当中,将引发激烈的辩论。
has bee a hot topic among people,especially among the young and heated debates are right on their way.
9)……在我们的日常生活中起着越来越重要的作用,它给我们带来了许多好处,但同时也引发一些严重的问题。
has been playing an increasingly important role in our daily has brought us a lot of benefits but has created some serious problems as well.
10)根据图表/数字/统计数字/表格中的百分比/图表/条图形/成形图可以看出……。很显然……,但是为什么呢?
According to the figure/number/statistics/percentages/ in the chart/bar graph/line/graph, it can be seen that。.Obviously,。,but why?
最后,晨星成长计划希望大家在考场上充分发挥。考研、留学,爱好培养可以找晨星申请3到30万的成长资金,详情登陆晨星成长计划官网查询!
作文模板的话一般得分都不高,还不如自己写。很多同学提到考研英语作文痛苦不已,究竟怎样在英语作文中取得高分,让自己少走弯路?考研英语作文高分秘诀,唯“积累”二字。
1.考研英语词汇的积累:考研要求同学们掌握大纲上5500词汇,尽管不能一一掌握,但也要掌握常用词汇。大家不妨从考研历年真题入手,将真题中的考研词汇全部“消灭掉”。每碰到一个拿不准的单词,就记到本子上,查出在文章中的具体意思以及其他比较常用的释义,然后在空闲的时间,经常翻阅(有本《考研真相》真题书是直接做好的)。
2.语法的积累:英语写作中,语句对错的唯一检查标准便是语法是否正确。同学们在复习过程中,除了记住辅导班老师上课讲的语法知识外,还应该准备一本专门讲语法的书,仔细推敲里面的语法知识,要能够在脑袋里面形成一个清晰的语法结构图。考研英语写作中,如果能够出现非谓语动词、从句以及一些插入语,会为文章增色不少。
3.阅读的积累:同学们平时应该大量阅读英语美文,可以订阅一些英语报刊,摘抄美文进行背诵。注意总结一些高难句模板,在写作中时自然而然地运用几句也可以为作文加分不少。
4.练笔的积累:有些同学平时从来很少写作文,认为多记一些模板就可以了。其实,大家平时应该多练练笔,可以用英语写一些日记,一个星期至少写1到2篇的英语作文,并且经常找老师修改,纠正自己的语法错误,只有这样才能够逐渐让英语写作能力得到提高。
5.书写的积累:这是一个被很多同学所忽视的问题。由于考研为扫描后再阅卷,电脑中看起来,要比在试卷上的更潦草,所以大家的书写非常重要,漂亮的英语书写能够为作文加分,同学们在平时应当有意识加强书写训练。
(注:考研英语写作《写作160篇》――第一本考研英语话题写作)
. is just the same as…/is pared to…/is like…
例句:Life in the middle of marriage if often pared to wire walking, for in the early years spouses attract each other and in late years they need each other.
of the great men o北京哪家考研专业课辅导最好ne said that…/There is an old saying that…
例句:A gifted American psychologist once said that it is an illusion to believe in the Sunday-school truth—more fort, more happiness.
推荐考研英语写作:【红宝书】考研英语写作(图画+话题)180篇,主要背的是书中经典必背的文章,当然预测部分也有背,快速浏览一些热点话题,这样在考场上你才能写出至少令自己满意的文章来。
以下是个人在写作中摸索的复习方法。 NO。
1 背诵 第三步骤就是背诵:背诵一些经典的话题范文,尽量达到“滚瓜烂熟、脱口而出、多多益善”。 例如文章里的高分佳句,可以选择性的熟记加之模仿,灵活运用到写作中去。
NO。2写作 写作写作,背完之后还是要动笔写!“好记性不如烂笔头”,可以拿考题多加练习。
可以找有范文的题目进行练习,因为这样方便写完后能与范文进行对比。 NO。
3仔细对比 第三个就是仔细对比,写完后对照范文从三个方面去研究:第一个是内容,也就是构思和原文有何区别;第二个是语言,也就是用词、用句和原文有何区别?第三个是结构,就是你的行文思路和原文有什么区别?这是第二个步骤,写作的区别其实就是写作的弱点。 写完一篇之后及时检查文章是否切题,行文是否流畅,有无严重语法错误等,同时通过与范文的比较可以及时发现自己的不足,例如要检查图画内容是否准确地被表达出来,题目所给提示是否完整地反映在文章之中。
NO。4第四个步骤就是默写:背熟后把书合上,把这篇文章默写下来。
默写后,做一个工作:仔细对比原文发现写作弱点,你会发现你默写的文章和原文会有一些出入。包括拼写、语法、标点,这种错误就是你写作的弱点,把这些错误用红笔标出来。
发现自己的错误及时更正,然后自我总结,以免下次再犯。 NO。
5 模仿 第五个步骤就是模仿:什么叫模仿?就是仿写你背过的文章再写出一篇新文章。 在背完一篇文章后,要想想这篇文章有什么精彩的词组、词汇和句型可以使用。
然后换一个话题,把这篇作文用一下,用里面词汇、词组和句型去构思另一篇文章。
看图作文在英语作文中是大家普遍缺乏练习的一种类型,一个提高的方式就是看范例和点评,针对其中的错误进行自我修正。
养老“足球赛”: 写作原文 As is depicted in the picture, a poor old man, rolling like a football, is kicked beeen(改为among,注意beeen和among的区别,beeen表示在两者之间,among则表示在三者或三者以上之间) his three sons and daughter(改为a daughter)。 Unwilling to be responsible for their father ,the daughter and sons spare no effort to kick the old man as far as possible。
We are irritated to see in the picture(建议放到句首或句末) the pathetic fact that these people go to any length to avoid surporting(拼写错误,改为supporting) their parents。 Unfortunately, what we have seen in the picture isn't a rare phenomenon。
However,what factor it is that results in this situation? (汉语式英语,改为what is the cause of this situation?) For one thing, in my opinion, the decreased importance attached to the moral education contributes to the lack of ethnic conception,leading (建议改为定语从句,which leads)to the consequence that paople(拼写错误,改为people) don 't esteem and(改为or,肯定句中用and,否定句中用or) value their parents。 For another, faced with the pressure of work and house installment, young people can hardly make ends meet, let alone taking good care of their old parents who is(改为are,定语从句的先行词为parents,从句中的谓语动词应用are) fragile to a sudden disease such as heart attack。
There is no denying that further attention must be paid to the problem by the government。 To handle this worsening situation, more money should be involed(拼写错误,改为involved) in the pension to guarantee the daily life of old people。
In addition, instead of merely focusing on the scores, schools ought to put more stress on moral education。(结尾较为仓促,可适当添加总结性的话语) 总体点评 考研作文的整体思路你已经基本掌握;但还存在个别简单的语法错误、单词拼写错误及汉语式英语的问题。
建议作者多读、多积累好的词汇及句子;之后可按照佳句进行模仿,以达到用地道的英语表达方式描述自己想法的目的;再者,写完之后一定要认真检查,减少失分点。 参考分数(满分20分):12 英语写作水平的提升需要不断地练习,在改正错误中不断取得进步,不怕犯错误,怕明知道犯错误却不面对。
看了范文和点评,希望大家有思考,有提高。
为了在不久的将来,成为一名会英语的研究生,我们从现在就开始看英语作文积累词汇。下面是我给大家整理的研究生英语作文范文,供大家参阅!
Sleep is very ancient. In the electroencephalographic sense we share it with all the primates and almost all the other mammals and birds: it may extend back as far as the reptiles.
There is some evidence that the two types of sleep, dreaming and dreamless, depend on the life-style of the animal, and that predators are statistically much more likely to dream than prey, which are in turn much more likely to experience dreamless sleep. In dream sleep, the animal is powerfully immobilized and remarkably unresponsive to external stimuli.
Dreamless sleep is much shallower, and we have all witnessed cats or dogs cocking their ears to a sound when apparently fast asleep. The fact that deep dream sleep is rare among prey today seems clearly to be a product of natural selection, and it makes sense that today, when sleep is highly evolved, the stupid animals are less frequently immobilized by deep sleep than the smart ones. But why should they sleep deeply at all? Why should a state of such deep immobilization ever have evolved? Perhaps one useful hint about the original function of sleep is to be found in the fact that dolphins and whales and aquatic mammals in general seem to sleep very little. There is, by and large, no place to hide in the ocean. Could it be that, rather than increasing an animal's vulnerability, the function of sleep is to decrease it? Wilse Webb of the University of Florida and Ray Meddis of London University have suggested this to be the case. It is conceivable that animals who are too stupid to be quiet on their own initiative are, during periods of high risk, immobilized by the implacable arm of sleep. The point seems particularly clear for the young of predatory animals. This is an interesting notion and probably at least partly true.
全文翻译:
睡眠的进化
睡眠是古老的。 从脑电图上看,我们人类和所有灵长目动物以及几乎所有的哺乳动物 和鸟类都一样需要睡眠;甚至爬行类动物也有睡眠。 有证据显示,有梦睡眠和无梦睡眠这两种类型的睡眠取决于该动物的生活方式。 从统计上看,食肉动物比被捕食动物有更多的 有梦睡眠,而被捕食动物更多地无梦睡眠。
动物在有梦睡眠时,被有效地解除动作能力, 并且对外界刺激缺乏反应。 无梦睡眠则要浅得多。 我们都看到过猫和狗在显然的酣睡中, 有一点响动耳朵就会竖起来。 被捕食动物很少有深度的有梦睡眠,这看来显然是自然选择 的结果。
而且这一点是有道理的:当睡眠高度进化以后,愚笨的动物比聪明的动物更少在 深度睡眠状态下丧失动作能力。
但是动物为什么要进入深度睡眠呢?为什么这样的无动作状 态也会进化出来呢? 海豚、鲸鱼以及水生哺乳动物睡眠都极少,这一事实可以给睡眠的根本 功能提供有用的线索。 海洋中是没有藏身之处的。 会不会是这样,睡眠不但不增加动物受 伤害的可能性,反而是减少了这种可能性呢?佛罗里达大学的 Wilse Webb 和伦敦大学的 Ray Meddis 认为情况就是如此。 可以想像得出,在危险的时刻,那些由于太愚笨而不能自动保 持安静的动物,会不由自主地变得动弹不得。 这一点在食肉动物的幼兽身上表现得特别明 显。 这是一个很有意思的看法,它至少部分是正确的。
The ways of history are so intricate and the motivations of human actions so complex that it is always hazardous to attempt to represent events covering a number of years, a multiplicity of persons, and distant localities as the expression of one intellectual or social movement; yet the historical process which culminated in the ascent of Thomas Jefferson to the presidency can be regarded as the outstanding example not only of the birth of a new way of life but of nationalism as a new way of life. The American Revolution represents the link between the seventeenth century, in which modern England became conscious of itself, and the awakening of modern Europe at the end of the eighteenth century. It may seem strange that the march of history should have had to cross the Atlantic Ocean, but only in the North American colonies could a struggle for civic liberty lead also to the foundation of a new nation.
Here, in the popular rising against a "tyrannical" government, the fruits were more than the securing of a freer constitution. They included the growth of a nation born in liberty by the will of the people, not from the roots of common descent, a geographic entity, or the ambitions of king or dynasty. With the American nation, for the first time, a nation was born,
not in the dim past of history but before the eyes of the whole world.
全文翻译:美国革命的历史意义
历史的进程是如此错综复杂,人类行为的动机是如此令人费解,以至于想把那些时间跨度大,涉及人数多,空间范围广的事件描述成为一个智者或一场社会运动的表现的企图是危 险的。 然而以托马斯·杰弗逊登上总统宝座为高潮的那一段历史过程可以被视为一个特殊 的例子。
在这段历史时期里不仅诞生了新的生活方式,而且民族主义成为了一种新的生活 方式。 美国独立战争成为联结 17 世纪现代英格兰的自我意识和 18 世纪末现代欧洲的觉醒 的纽带。 历史的行程需要跨越大西洋,这看起来似乎有些奇怪,但却只有在北美殖民地为 民权和自由的斗争才能导致新国家的建立。
这里,反对"暴政"的民众起义的成果不仅是获 得一个包含更多自由的宪法,还包括了一个依照人民的意愿诞生在自由中的国家的成长。这 个国家不是基于血缘、地理、君主或王朝的野心。 由于有了美国,第一次一个国家的诞生不是发生在历史模糊的过去,而是在全世界人们的眼前。
People appear to be born to compute. The numerical skills of children develop so early and so inexorably that it is easy to imagine an internal clock of mathematical maturity guiding their growth. Not long after learning to walk and talk, they can set the table with impressive accuracy-- one knife, one spoon, one fork, for each of the five chairs. Soon they are capable of noting that they have placed five knives, spoons and forks on the table and, a bit later, that this amounts to fifteen pieces of silverware. Having thus mastered addition, they move on to subtraction. It seems almost reasonable to expect that if a child were secluded on a desert island at birth and retrieved seven years later, he or she could enter a second-grade mathematics class without any serious problems of intellectual adjustment.
Of course, the truth is not so simple. This century, the work of cognitive psychologists has illuminated the subtle forms of daily learning on which intellectual progress depends. Children were observed as they slowly grasped -- or, as the case might be, bumped into -- concepts that adults take for granted, as they refused, for instance, to concede that quantity is unchanged as water pours from a short stout glass into a tall thin one.
Psychologists have since demonstrated that young children, asked to count the pencils in a pile, readily report the number of blue or red pencils, but must be coaxed into finding the total. Such studies have suggested that the rudiments of mathematics are mastered gradually, and with effort. They have also suggested that the very concept of abstract numbers - the idea of a oneness, a twoness, a threeness that applies to any class of objects and is a prerequisite for doing anything more mathematically demanding than setting a table - is itself far from innate.
全文翻译:儿童的数学能力
人似乎生来就会计算。 孩子们使用数字的技能发展得如此之早和如此必然,很容易让 人想象有一个内在的精确而成熟的数字钟在指导他们的成长。
孩子们在学会走路和说话后 不久,就能以令人惊叹的准确布置桌子--五把椅子前面分别摆上一把刀、一个汤匙、一把叉子。 很快地,他们就能知道他们已在桌面上摆放了五把刀、五个汤匙、五把叉子。 没有多 久,他们就又能知道这些东西加起来总共是 15 把银餐具。
如此这般地掌握了加法之后,他 们又转向减法。 有一种设想几乎顺理成章,那就是,即使一个孩子一出生就被隔绝到荒岛上,七年后返回世间,也能直接上小学二年级的数学课,而不会碰到任何智力调整方面的大 麻烦。当然,事实并没有这么简单。
本世纪认知心理学家的工作已经揭示了智力发展所依 赖的日常学习的微妙形式。 他们观察到孩子们缓慢掌握那些成年人认为理所当然的概念的 过程,或者是孩子们偶然遇到这些概念的过程。 他们也观察到孩子们拒绝承认某些常识的 情况。 比如: 孩子们拒绝承认当水从短而粗的瓶中倒入细而长的瓶子中时,水的数量没有 变化。 心理学家们而后又展示一个例子, 即:让孩子们数一堆铅笔时,他们能顺利地报出 蓝铅笔或红铅笔的数目,但却需诱导才能报出总的数目。 此类研究表明:数学基础是经过 逐渐努力后掌握的。
他们还表示抽象的数字概念,如可表示任何一类物品并且是在做比摆 桌子有更高数学要求的任何事时都必备的一、二、三意识,远远不是天生就具备的。