骨科英文

骨科英语

骨科医生 orthopedist您好，我是骨科医生。您的腿怎么了？Hello, I'm an orthopedic surgeon. What happened to your leg?

导语：医学是通过科学或技术的.手段处理人体的各种疾病或病变的学科。下面是YJBYS小编收集整理的有关医学学科的英语专业名称，欢迎参考!

口腔/牙科科学 Oral/Dental Sciences

生物医学科学 Biomedical Science

临床心理学 Clinical Psychology

应用生物学 Applied Biology

医学技术 Medical Technology

细胞生物学 Cell Biology

医学 Medicine

生物学 Biology

护理麻醉学 Nurse Anesthesia

进化生物学 Evolutionary Biology

口腔外科学 Oral Surgery

海洋生物学 Marine Biology

微生物学 Microbiology

骨科医学 Osteopathic Medicine

分子生物学 Molecular Biology

耳科学 Otology

医学微生物学 Medical Microbiology

理疗学 Physical Therapy

口腔生物学 Oral Biology

足病医学 Podiatric Medicine

寄生物学 Parasutology

眼科学 Ophthalmology

植物生物学 Plant Physiology

预防医学 Preventive Medicine

心理生物学 Psychobiology

放射学 Radiology

放射生物学 Radiation Biology

康复咨询学 Rehabilitation Counseling

理论生物学 Theoretical Biology

康复护理学 Rehabilitation Nursing

野生生物学 Wildlife Biology

外科护理学 Surgical Nursing

环境生物学 Environmental Biology

治疗学 Therapeutics

运动生物学 Exercise Physiology

畸形学 Teratology

有机体生物学 Organismal Biology

兽医学 Veterinary Sciences

生物统计学 Biometrics

牙科卫生学 Dental Sciences

生物物理学Biophysics

牙科科学 Dentistry

生物心理学 Biopsychology

皮肤学 Dermatology

生物统计学 Biostatistics

内分泌学 Endocrinology

生物工艺学 Biotechnology

遗传学 Genetics

生物化学 Biological Chemistry

解剖学 Anatomy

生物工程学 Biological Engineering

麻醉学 Anesthesia

生物数学 Biomathematics

临床科学 Clinical Science

细胞生物学和分子生物学 Celluar and Molecular Biology

以上是小编为大家分享的关于常见的医学学科英语名称的相关内容，更多信息可以关注环球青藤分享更多干货

骨科英文

1.整形外科医生plastic surgeon

2.神经外科医生neurosurgeon

3.耳鼻喉科医生ENT doctor

4.专科医生medical specialist

5.全科医生general practitioner

6.实习医生houseman

7.内科医生physician （internist）

8.外科医生chirurgeon，surgeon

9.牙科医生dentist

10.牙外科医生surgeon dentist

11.鼻科医生Nasal doctors

12.耳科医生Ear doctors

13.口腔医生Oral doctors

14.眼科医生Ophthalmologists（oculist）

15.眼科专家eye doctor

16.脑科医生Brain doctor

17.胸科医生Chest doctors

18.儿科医生Pediatrician

19.妇科医生Gynecologist

20.产科医生obstetrician

21.产科男医师accoucheur

22.产科女医师accoucheuse

23.骨科医生orthopedist

24.皮肤科医生dermatologist

25.心理医生psychologist

扩展资料

医生，掌握医药卫生知识，从事疾病预防和治疗的专业人员的统称。医生，古代称大夫或郎中。现在“大夫”一词在北方人中也常用。在欧美医生普遍被称为“Physician”，只有外科医生被称呼为“Surgeon”。

自中世纪后人们普遍认为“内科学”=“医学”=“内科医生”=“医生Physician”。而外科医生的工作是美容和理发，只作为医疗补助工作存在，可是随着时代前进外科医生和药剂师都逐渐开始独自进行治疗，他们也变得被看作医生。外科医生的法语称呼为：Decin(Medusan)，德语是：Arzt(arutsuto)。但在英联邦英国外科医生，今天还以“密司脱”称呼。

医生的英文缩写是Dr

doctor：

n.

医生；大夫；博士；（钓鱼用的）人造蝇；〈澳／新西兰，非正式〉船上（或营地、驻扎地）的厨师；（热带地区的）凉爽海风

v.

篡改（文件，照片）；伪造；〈非正式〉给（某人）看病

medical department/department of internal medicine：内科surgical deparment;department of surgery: 外科pediatrics department: 小儿科 obstetrics and gynecology department: 妇产科ophtalmology department: 眼科dental department: 牙科ENT(ear-nose-throat)department: 耳鼻喉科urology department: 泌尿科dermatology department; skin department：皮肤科department of general surgery 普通外科orthopedic surgery department: 矫形外科traumatology department: 创伤外科plastic surgery: 整形外科anesthesiology department: 麻醉科pathology department: 病理科cardiology department: 心脏病科psychiatry department: 精神病科orthopedics department: 骨科department of cardiac surgery: 心脏外科department of cerebral surgery: 胸外科neurology department: 神经科neurosurgery department: 神经外科thoracic surgery department: 脑外科department of anus & intestine surgery 肛肠外科department of hepatobiliary surgery 肝胆外科department of traditional Chinese medicine：中医科department of infectious diseases 传染病科geriatrics department: 老人病专科hematology department: 血液科department of rheumatism 风湿科department of endocrinology 内分泌科department of plastic surgery 医学整形科hepatology department: 肝病专科nephrology department: 肾脏科department of venereology 性病专科department of physiotherapy 理疗科electrotherapy room 电疗科heliotherapy room 光疗科wax-therapy room 蜡疗科hydrotherapy room 水疗科central laboratory 中心实验室clinical labororatory 临床实验室bacteriological labororatory 细菌实验室biochemical labororatory 生化实验室serological labororatory 血清实验室laboratory of immunology 免疫室reception room, waiting room 侯诊室VIP waiting room 贵宾候诊室consultation room 诊察室therapeutic room 治疗室isolation room 隔离室audiometric room 测听室labour room 待产室 delivery room 分娩室fetal monitor room 胎心监护室induced abortion room 人工流产室rest room for induced abortion 人流休息室registration office: 挂号处out-patient department: 门诊部in-patient department: 住院部nursing department: 护理部consulting room: 诊室 emergency room: 急诊室emergency operation room 急诊手术室emergency observation room 急诊观察室admitting office: 住院处operation room: 手术室cystoscopy room 膀胱镜室department of endoscope 内镜区fibrescope room 纤维镜室gastroscope room 胃镜室color ultrasonic room 彩超室electrocardiogram room 心电图室electroencephalogram room 脑电图室dressing room 换药室outpatient Surgical Center 门诊手术中心X-ray department/department of radiology: 放射科blood bank: 血库hemodialysis room 血透室dispensary; pharmacy: 药房nutrition department 营养部 diet- preparation department 配膳室 therapeutic department 治疗室 supply-room 供应室 disinfection-room 消毒室 dressing room 换药室 mortuary 太平间 record room 病案室 doctor’s office 医生办公室nurse”s office 护士办公室nursing station 护士站ward: 病房medical Ward 内科病房 surgical Ward 外科病房pediatric Ward 儿科病房transfusion room 输液室surgery therapeutic room 外科治疗室coronary Care Unit (CCU) 心脏重症室resuscitation room 抢救室intensive Care Unit (ICU) 重症室medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU) 内科重症室neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) 新生儿重症室pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) 儿科重症室surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU) 外科重症室

牙医Dentist心理医生Psychologist妇科医生Gynaecologist外科医生Surgeon内科医生Internist儿科医生Department of pediatrics doctor眼科医生Ophthalmologist皮肤科医生Dermatologist骨科医生Orthopedics doctor心脏科医生Heart branch doctor肠胃科医生Stomach branch doctor血液科医生Blood branch doctor脑科医生Brain branch doctor

各种医生

A variety of doctors.

a variety of

英 [ə vəˈraiəti ɔv]  美 [e vəˈraɪɪti ʌv]

adj.多种的； 种种；

1.The garden offers a variety of attractions.

这花园有种种引人入胜之处。

2.A variety of heavy industries grew up alongside the port.

各种重工业沿着港口逐渐发展起来。

3.This architecture spans a variety of technologies, specifications, and standards.

这个架构使用了多种技术、规范和标准。

4. She produces elegant wedding gowns in a variety of sumptuous fabrics.

她用各种华贵的布料制作高雅的婚纱。

5.This can result in a variety of scalability and maintenanceproblems.

这会导致各种可伸缩性和维护问题。

骨科科普文章英语

科普 教育 对我国小康社会、和谐社会的建设有着重要的意义。下面是我带来的英语科普类 文章 ，欢迎阅读!

英语科普类文章1

听点小音乐 轻松学分数

Stuck on a tricky math problem? Start clapping. Grade school kids who learned about fractions through a rhythm-and-music-based curriculum outperformed their peers in traditional math classes. The work is inEducational Studies in Mathematics.

被一条数学题难住了?拍拍手试试吧。研究表明，小学生在有节奏感的音乐背景下学习分数知识的效果会好于传统课堂(具体研究发表在《数学教育研究》上的《学术性音乐：如何用音乐辅助三年级小学生学习基础分数》一文，作者：苏珊·科瑞等)。

Fractions let you divide up a measure of music into notes of varying length. For example, one four-beat measure could contain a single whole note held for all four beats, two half notes of two beats apiece, four quarter notes of a beat each, and so on. In the Academic Music program, based on the Kodaly method of musical education, students clap, drum and chant to memorize the lengths of musical notes—then solve problems in which fractional notes must add up to a full measure of music.

根据分数的概念，一节音乐可分成长短不一的几串音符。例如，一节四拍子的调子可包含一个代表四拍子的全音符，两个各代表一个二拍子的二分音符，四个各代表一个一拍子的四分音符……以此类推。在“学术性音乐”项目中，研究人员以科达伊的音乐教育 方法 为基础，让学生通过打拍子、敲鼓、合唱记住各音符的长度，学生必须把这些片段加起来，才能得到一节完整的音乐——如此实践可解决学生对分数的疑惑。

Sixty-seven students participated in the study. Half did math problems using the Academic Music system. And after six weeks, the students in the music program averaged 50 percent higher on tests than did the kids in regular math class. Fractions create a solid foundation for further math education—so mastering them is music to educators' ears.

有67名学生作为实验对象参与了本次研究，其中有一半在“学术性音乐”体系下解决数学问题。六周后，他们在测试中的得分要比普通班级中的学生平均高50%。分数是进一步进行数学知识教学的基础——如此看来，这还多亏了教育者的耳朵。

英语科普类文章3

十万年前的颜料工作室

Archeologists have discovered a paint production studio in an ancient South African cave A new archaeological find may signify one of the great leaps in human cultural and cognitive history. Because researchers have discovered a 100,000-year-old art studio. It was known that ochre—rock with red or yellow pigments—was used for paint even that far back in history. But there was scant evidence for how it was prepared and handled. Then, in 2008, researchers uncovered an ochre mixing kit in a South African cave. They found two abalone shells, most likely used for paint mixing and storage. They also found ochre, bone, charcoal, grindstones and hammerstones. The researchers say the ochre was probably rubbed on quartzite slabs to create a fine powder. It was then mixed and heated with other crushed substances, including other stones or mammal-bone. Microscopic striations on the inner abalone surface likely are likely scrape marks left during paint mixing. The research was published in the journal Science. The paint may have been used for body adornment or for long-gone artwork. And the presence of this paint-production laboratory indicates that the early humans knew basic chemistry and could plan for the future.

考古学家在南非的一个古老洞穴中发现了一个油漆制作工作室。这个新的考古发现可能是人类 文化 和认知历史的最伟大的跨越之一。因为研究人员发现的这个工作室产生于十万年前。众所周知，拥有红色或黄色色素的赭石岩一直被广泛运用于绘画中，但却少有证据显示它是如何制作并运用的。2008年，研究人员 在南非的山洞中发现了赭石混合工具， 两个可能用于调漆和储存的鲍鱼壳，除此之外他们还发现了赭石，骨头，炭笔和石锤。研究人员称，这些赭石很有可能经过在石英岩板上仔细研磨后，得到上等的粉末，然后再与 其他石头或者是哺乳动物的粉末混合并加热。用显微镜观察鲍鱼壳的内表面，你可以发现一些刮痕，这些都有可能是在混合颜料的过程中留下来的。这个发现已经被刊登在科学期刊上。这些颜料可能一直被运用在人体 彩绘 和长久失传的艺术品上。而且这些颜料制作工作室的存在表明了早期人类对化学已有了基本的了解并具有了规划未来的能力。颜料工具的一小步，人类历史的一大步——辛西亚莫。

英语科普类文章3

你知道发烧的妙处吗?

Fever can play a variety of roles, such as inhibiting pathogen replication. It also apparently increases the population of killer T cells of the immune system. Christopher Intagliata reports.

发烧有多种不同的作用，如抑制病菌复制。它还可以显著增加免疫系统中杀伤性T细胞的数量。

I've always thought that when I get a fever, it's my body trying to make things uncomfortable for the invading pathogen. And that's often true—higher temperatures can inhibit the bad guys' ability to replicate. But my fever may actually be a one-two-punch. In addition to slowing down the invader, the heat helps the immune system recruit more troops for a counter-attack. That finding appears in the Journal of Leukocyte Biology.

我很早就知道，发烧的时候，其实是我的身体正在对入侵的病原体做出抵抗。这是事实---高温可以抑制坏病菌复制的能力。但发烧更是一个组合打击。除了减缓病原体的入侵，高温可以帮助免疫系统召集更多的部队做出抵抗。这一研究发表在《白细胞生物学杂志》。

Researchers warmed up one group of mice to body temperatures of about 103 degrees Fahrenheit. They left another group at normal core temperature—about the same as ours. Then they injected both groups of mice with an antigen, a substance that attracts the attention of the immune system.

研究人员将一组老鼠的体温升高到103华氏度，另外一组保持正常体温---大约是人体温度。然后向这两组老鼠的体内注射抗原——一种会引起免疫系统反应的物质。

Blood samples taken three days later revealed that the feverish mice had nearly twice as many killer T-cells: the kind of immune cells that can hunt down infected cells or tumor cells, and slaughter them.

三天后，这两组老鼠的血样表明，体温较高老鼠组体内的杀伤性T细胞是正常组的2倍，这种免疫细胞可以追踪感染细胞或癌细胞，并将其消灭。

So when you're sick and you get the chills, the authors say, your body may be trying to tell you to hop under some blankets. Lie down, warm up and send a message. The heat is on.

所以，当你生病或感到寒冷时，表示你的身体正直向你传达信息--裹条毯子。躺在床上吧，热起来，身体自会做出反应。热度来袭啊。

I. CASE BACKGROUND1. Abstract:This website aims to analyze the key events leading to the construction of the Panama Canal, and detail certain environmental and tactical problems that threaten the canal today. The website historically examines why people wanted to construct the Panama Canal and details the efforts that lead to the construction of the canal. The website will also go into detail on how the U.S. supported the liberation of Panama, the decisive strategies it implemented to complete the canal, and a brief overview of events that take us to today's situation with the canal. Finally, the website ends on how environmental problems of deforestation and fresh water loss coincide to threaten the maintenance of the canal as well as its proposal to increase capacity to satisfy rising demands.2. Description:There has been a strong desire to have a canal run through the Central American isthmus since the early 16th century when the Spanish dominated the region. They sought to build a canal to achieve an easier route to access their colonies on the Atlantic and Pacific sides. Though, the Spanish government had plans in place no action was taken. Interest intensified to build a canal when gold was discovered in California in 1848. American settlers, looking for land and gold, wanted a quicker route than making the arduous trek across the continental U.S. In 1850, an international expedition composed of Colombia, France, Britain and the U.S. went to explore a claim made by Dr. Edward Cullen on how to cross the Darien Gap, the shortest distance between the tide waters of the Atlantic and Pacific in the Americas. The U.S. expedition, led by Navy Lieutenant Isaac Strain, arrived early and went into the Darien Gap without Cullen's guidance. Most of Strain's men died on the misguided expedition and Strain declared that a canal built through the Darien Gap was "impracticable." (McCullough, 22-23) In 1870, Commander Thomas Selfridge took two expeditions through the Darien Gap and followed Dr. Cullen's trail. While his first expedition faced many hardships getting from the Atlantic side to the Pacific, his expedition made it. Selfridge added insight on how the canal should be built, saying it must be "through-cut," at sea level. (McCullough, 44)Ferdinand Marie de Lesseps was not an engineer or an architect, he was an entrepreneur extraordinaire. "He had all the nerve, persistence, dynamic energy, a talent for propaganda, a capacity for deception and imagination." (53, McCullough) With his outgoing social manner and his dream firmly in place, de Lesseps made the construction of the Suez Canal happen. He was the chairman and president of the Suez Canal Company and was the charmed guardian for the fortunes of all his shareholders. De Lesseps had fascinating dreams that kept the public enthralled like railways from Paris to Moscow to Peking, or creating an inland sea in the Sahara Desert by breaking through a ridge on Tunisia's Gulf of Gabes and flooding a depression the size of Spain. (57, McCullough) He was able to handle and use money like no other man in his time. Though, in 1875 two things happened. One was the British took control of the Suez Canal, and while he remained president his influence was undercut. The second event that occurred was his decision to take on the project of building a canal between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans in the Americas.In the summer of 1875, de Lesseps declared his desire to build an inter-oceanic canal through the Americas at France's Geographical Society. (58, McCullough) In May of 1879, de Lesseps hosted a meeting with delegations of 22 countries around the world, discussing the tactics on how to build the canal. This delegation, the International Canal Congress, brought suggestions to the floor on the type and location. There was debate over whether the canal should be built in Panama or Nicaragua. When Panama was chosen, the next argument was whether it should be a sea level canal or a lock canal. De Lesseps declared that it would have to be a sea level canal. The problem of a sea level canal was seen right away in terms of the landscape that the canal was to be built on. The source of this problem was the Chagres River. "The absolutely unavoidable problem was the river. Any canal at Panama-a lock canal, a sea-level canal-would have to cross the river at least once. If a sea-level canal were cut through, the result would be a stupendous cataract. The fall of the river into the canal would be 42 feet and this measurement was based on the level of the river in the dry season, when the river was only a few feet deep. In the rainy season the river could be instantly transformed into a torrent, rising ten feet in an hour. The cost of controlling so monstrous a force-if it could be done at all-was beyond reckoning." (76, McCullough)Nicholas Joseph Adolphe Godin, chief engineer with the French Department of Bridges and Highways, agreed with one of the American delegates that the Chagres River needed to be bridged, though he decided for that to happen there needed to be dams creating two artificial lakes. These lakes would act like the lake in Nicaragua, when the Nicaragua plan was on the table. "There would be two artificial lakes, with flights of locks, like stairs, leading up to the lakes from the two oceans. As Lake Nicaragua was the essential element in the Nicaraguan plan, providing both easy navigation and an abundant source of water for the canal, so his man-made lakes would serve at Panama." (80, McCullough) These dams would allow the Charges River to flow into the lakes, providing an endless source of water for canal use. On May 28, 1879, Panama was pronounced the proper place for the canal and a sea-level canal was the type of canal that would be built.After de Lesseps returned to France from his three month visit to where the canal would be built, he immediately started fundraising and propagandizing the campaign. De Lesseps and France were confident; they had exceptional engineers and the experience of the Suez Canal. Though, in Panama they had to improvise. Panama was infinitely more challenging than the Suez in every aspect except for the distance and any lesson that Suez provided was useless and a hindrance. The French had to go into a thickly matted jungle that had poisonous reptiles, jaguars and pumas, and tons of insects. The summer of 1881, the French also discovered another deadly obstacle in their canal project; yellow fever and malaria. By the end of 1881 there were 2,000 men at work, including office and technical staff. As the number of laborers increased so did the death rate. By the end of 1883, 1,300 laborers had died throughout the year. While progress was being made laborers would die, at times on average of 200 per month. (McCullough, 160-161)The rate of sickness only got worse. The worst year for the French regime in Panama was 1885, where up to forty people per day died at times. (McCullough, 172) The death toll was not the only number increasing at a rapid rate, so too was the financial cost. De Lesseps’ efforts to raise the proper money were without comparison in his time. He was truly talented at raising money for his projects and inspired many of his countrymen. Unfortunately, the conditions kept getting more arduous in Panama and de Lesseps had to keep justifying to the French government to give him more money. While his efforts were valiant, on February 4, 1889, the shareholders of the original company assigned a liquidator and the French effort was brought to an end. De Lesseps could only whisper, “It is impossible! It is shameful!” (McCullough, 202)While de Lesseps’ might have wanted to continue his legacy of the construction of important canals throughout the world, the U.S. had other reasons. President Theodore Roosevelt and Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan were obsessed with naval power. Sea power was necessary to facilitate trade and peaceful commerce, therefore, the country with the greatest sea power would be able to wield great influence on the world stage. Therefore, long coastlines, good harbors, and power over the Suez and the soon-to-be Panama Canal was essential. Mahan’s theories on sea power conflicted with another major geopolitical, that of Sir Halford Mackinder. Mackinder believed that spatial integration and advanced technology on the interiors of continents was essential. (http://www.list.org/~mdoyle/theory.html) Perhaps the U.S. followed Mackinder and Mahan, because before de Lesseps arrived in Panama to begin work on the canal, the U.S. controlled the Panama Railroad that went from Colon, on the Northern Atlantic side, to Panama City on the Southern Pacific side. The railroad in addition to the canal in 1914, allowed the U.S. to control nearly all commodities and ships going between the Pacific and Atlantic oceans and vice versa.The burgeoning U.S. fleet needed to be able to move between the Caribbean and Pacific easier than taking the 18,000 mile route around South America. Secretary of State John Hay went to Colombia to negotiate the terms in buying the region so that the U.S. could start construction in the Colombian province of Panama. The Colombian Congress rejected the offer. Roosevelt who did not think highly of the Colombian government, demonstrated in this quote: "We were dealing with a government of irresponsible bandits," Roosevelt stormed. "I was prepared to . . . at once occupy the Isthmus anyhow, and proceed to dig the canal. But I deemed it likely that there would be a revolution in Panama soon." ( The U.S. sent battleships outside of Colon and Panama City to prevent the Colombian army from mobilizing, while the Panamanian rebels declared independence on November 3, 1903. The U.S. guaranteed sovereignty to Panama and paid them $10 million up front in order to have control over the canal zone.The U.S. would end up building the canal through Panama, opening up on 1914, though not without more deaths from illnesses. The U.S. did though have Dr. Gorgas who had developed treatment for Malaria and Yellow Fever, which were the main source of diseases in the region. Unlike the French who had to improvise, the Americans learned from the mistakes the French engineers made and were not bogged down by Panama’s terrain. The U.S. also shifted the engineering plan from a sea-level canal to a lock canal. In total, the U.S. suffered over 5,000 worker deaths, bringing the total to over 25,000 for the whole project over the thirty year period of the canal’s construction.Today, the Panama Canal faces a myriad of problems that need to be fixed, should the canal continue to be effective. Deforestation of the rainforest around the canal basin could lead to water loss. Considering the canal will be operating at maximum capacity all the time in 2009, due to increased trade between Asia and the Americas, fresh water used to fill the locks is emptying out at rapid rates. While this is not a concern during the wet season in Panama, during the dry season, between December and April, this could turn into a potential disaster. Deforestation can also hurt the burgeoning tourist industry, should most of the wildlife around the canal basin disappear. The other main problems that the Panama Canal faces today are the amount of ships that travel through the canal each day as well as the size of the ships. Last month, the Panamanian government decided to propose an enlargement program adding two more locks, one on the Atlantic side as well as the Pacific side. These locks will be able to increase the capacity of what the canal can handle, as well as provide enough room so that the post-Panamax ships that cannot fit through the current locks will be able to use the canal. Channels will be widened for these new locks and water reutilization plants will be established. Also, Gatun Lake is set to be deepened to increase water holding capacity. (Third Set of Locks Project, Fact Sheet)一,案例背景1 .摘要:这个网站旨在剖析关键事件导致建造巴拿马运河,并详细某些环境和战术问题,威胁运河的今天.网站历史研究的人,为什么要兴建巴拿马运河和细节的努力,导致建造的运河.该网站也将详述如何支持美国解放巴拿马,具有决定性的战略实施,完成南运河,并简要概述事件,我们今天的局面,与运河.最后,该网站的目的,就如何把环境问题,森林和淡水的损失,同时威胁到维持运河以及其提案,以增加其容量,以满足日益增长的需求.2 .描述:有一个强烈愿望,有一条运河,贯穿中美洲地峡初以来, 16世纪时,西班牙为主的地区.他们试图建立一个以运河,以达到一个更容易的途径进入他们的殖民地,对大西洋和太平洋.虽然,西班牙政府已经准备到位,没有采取任何行动.利息加紧修筑一条运河黄金时,被发现在加州1848 .美国定居,寻找土地和黄金,想要一个便捷的路线比作艰苦跋涉,横跨大陆,美国, 1850年,一个国际探险队组成,哥伦比亚,法国,英国和美国去探索提出的索赔博士爱德华卡伦对如何跨越包括darien差距,最短距离潮流水域是大西洋和太平洋在美洲.美国探险队,由海军中尉艾萨株,提前抵达,并进入了包括darien差距卡伦的指导.大部分菌株的男人就死了误导探险和应变宣称运河建成通过包括darien差距,是"不切实际" ( 2.69月22-23日) 1870年,司令托马斯空降仿真了两次考察,通过包括darien差距,并遵循卡伦博士的线索.而他的第一次探险队遇到了许多困难,从大西洋到太平洋,他的探险了.空降仿真洞察力,对如何运河应建说,它必须透过"禁" ,在海平面. ( 2.69 , 44 )费迪南德玛丽aranea不是一个工程师或建筑师,他是一个企业家开讲. "他所有的神经,毅力,活力,人才,为宣传,身份诈骗和想象力" ( 53岁, 2.69亿)与卸任的社会态度和梦想坚定地德aranea取得建造苏伊士运河发生.他是董事长兼总裁苏伊士运河公司是8548监护人的命运他的所有股东. 德aranea了迷人的梦羁市民着迷铁路一样,从巴黎到莫斯科到北京,或创造一个内海,在撒哈拉大沙漠中突破了里奇对突尼斯的海湾加贝斯和洪水气压大小西班牙. ( 57 , 2.69 ) ,他能否有效地处理和利用这些钱,没有其他人在他的时候.虽然,在1875年两件事情.其一是英国控制了苏伊士运河,而他仍然是总统,他的影响力被削弱. 第二次发生的事件,他决定采取对工程建设的一条运河与太平洋和大西洋,在美洲.在夏季, 1875年,德aranea宣布他的愿望,即建立一个跨大洋运河通过在美洲的法国地理学会的会员. ( 58 2.69 ) ,可在1879年,德aranea主持召开了各代表团, 22个国家在世界各地,讨论战术,就如何建设运河.这个代表团,国际运河国会提出建议,向地板上的类型和地点.有争论运河应建于巴拿马和尼加拉瓜.巴拿马时,被选定后,另一个论点是,我们是否应该海平面运河或运河船闸.德aranea宣布,它势必要经历一个海平面运河.问题海平面运河被马上从景观,是运河将建成.这问题的根源是查格雷斯河. "绝对不可避免的,问题是河.任何运河在巴拿马举行了运河船闸,海平面运河将要过河至少一次.如果海平面运河被划破,结果将是一个了不起白内障.秋季河水入运河,将42英尺这种测量是基于一级河流在旱季时,河水只有几英尺深.在雨季河水可瞬间转化成洪流,上升10英尺,在一个小时.成本控制等弥天的力量, 如果它可以做到在所有被清算以后. " ( 76 , 2.69 )尼古拉约瑟夫夫奥努丁总工程师法文系,桥梁和公路,同意一个美国代表说, 查格雷斯河需要加以弥合,但他决定为做到这一点,需要有水坝形成两个人工湖.这些湖泊会像湖中,尼加拉瓜,在尼加拉瓜计划是放在桌上. " ,将有两个人工湖,同航班的铁锁,像楼梯,导致该湖由两大洋.至于尼加拉瓜湖是必不可少的因素,在尼加拉瓜计划,同时提供简单易用的导航功能和丰富的水源供运河,所以他的人造湖泊将在巴拿马. " ( 80 , 2.69 ) ,这些水坝将使收费河流流入湖泊,提供了无尽的水源使用运河.于1879年5月28日,巴拿马宣告各得其所,为运河和海平面运河类型运河将建成.经过德aranea返回法国,从他3个月的访问,而运河将建成后,他立即开始筹款和宣传活动. aranea德和法国人的信心;他们有着非凡的工程师和经验丰富的苏伊士运河.虽然,在巴拿马只好凑合.巴拿马是无限的难度大于苏伊士在各个方面,除了距离和任何教训苏伊士提供的是没用的一个障碍.法国已经到了一个厚厚但这就是弱肉强食了有毒的爬行动物,美洲虎和美洲狮,一吨昆虫.夏天, 1881年,法国又发现了另一个致命的障碍,他们在运河工程;黄热病和疟疾.截至1881年共有2000名男子在工作,包括办公室和技术人员.随着一系列的劳动者增加,所以没有死亡率.截至1883年, 1300名华工死于贯穿全年.而正在取得进展,劳动者会死的时候,平均每月200 . ( 2.69 , 160-161 )率病只有越变越糟.最差的一年,法国政权巴拿马是1885年,有多达40人,每天死亡的时候. ( 2.69 , 172 ) ,死亡人数不仅数量增长快,所以也被财务费用.德aranea '努力提高妥善钱比较,在他的时候.他是真正的天才,在筹钱,为他的计划,并激发他的许多同胞.不幸的是,保存条件越来越艰苦,在巴拿马和de aranea保持了理向法国政府给他更多的钱.而他的努力得到了英勇的,对1889年2月4日,股东对原公司指定清算人和法国努力告一段落.德 aranea只能嘀咕, "这是不可能的!实在可耻! " ( 2.69 , 202 )而德aranea '也许是想继续他所遗留下来的建筑重要的,运河在世界各地,美国也有其他原因.总统罗斯福和队长阿尔弗雷德马汉厌倦了痴迷的海军实力.海上力量是必要的, 以促进贸易和商业的和平,因此,该国最大的海上力量将能发挥很大的影响力在世界舞台上.因此,有漫长的海岸线,优良的港口,电力超过苏伊士运河和不久将巴拿马运河是必不可少的.马汉的理论,对海权的冲突,与另一家大型缘,爵士mackinder排出. mackinder认为,空间整合和先进技术对内饰大洲是必不可少的. ( ~ mdoyle / theory.html )也许美国走mackinder和马汉,因为在此之前德aranea抵达巴拿马开始工作,对运河,美国控制巴拿马铁路, 1814年结肠癌,对北部大西洋一方,在巴拿马市对南大西洋方面.铁路除了运河, 1914年允许美国几乎控制所有商品和船只来往太平洋和大西洋,反之亦然.新兴的美国舰队必须能够来往于加勒比海和太平洋地区较容易以 18000英里的路线周围南美洲.国务卿约翰海伊前往哥伦比亚进行谈判的条件,买区域,使美国可以动工,在哥伦比亚省的巴拿马.哥伦比亚国会拒绝了.罗斯福没有瞧得起哥伦比亚政府表明,在此引述他的话: "我们打交道的政府不负责任的土匪, "罗斯福破门. "我当时准备.一下子占据地峡无论如何,并着手挖掘运河.但我认为它有可能将是一场革命,巴拿马很快. " ( ) 1美国派出战舰之外结肠癌和巴拿马市,以防止哥伦比亚军队调动,而巴拿马叛军宣布独立, 1903年11月3日.美国保证主权巴拿马向他们支付1000万美元的前面,以控制运河区.美国落得建设运河通过巴拿马,开放的1914年, 虽然没有更多的人死于疾病.美国虽然没有博士gorgas曾研制治疗疟疾和黄热病,其中主要来源地区的传染病.不同于法国人来了一段即兴,美国人的错误中汲取经验,法国工程师了,并没有陷入巴拿马的地形.美国也转向工程计划从海平面运河锁定运河.总起来,美国遭受了5000多名工人死亡,使总数达到 25000多名,为整个工程在过去30年期间,运河的建造.今天,运河面临着很多问题,需要加以固定,如果运河继续有效.砍伐雨林围绕运河流域可能导致水土流失.考虑到运河将满负荷运行的所有时间,在2009年,由于之间的贸易增加,亚洲和美洲,淡水用来填补门锁是排空出高速率.虽然这不是一个关注的雨季期间,在巴拿马,每逢旱季, 12月至4月,这可能变成一个潜在的灾难.毁林也伤害了蓬勃发展的旅游业,应大多数野生围绕运河流域消失.另一个主要问题是巴拿马运河今天面临数额的船只穿越运河每天以及大小船只.上个月,巴政府已经决定提出的扩大计划,并增加了两个锁,一个是关于大西洋方以及太平洋侧.这些锁,将能够提高能力,有什么运河能处理,以及提供足够的空间,使后巴拿马型船舶不能适合通过这次锁,将能够使用运河.渠道将拓宽为这些新的门锁和中水回用厂,将被建立.同时, gatun湖设为深化,以增加蓄水能力. (第三套船闸工程概况)

骨科英文缩写

psychiatrist 心理医生Surgeon 外科医生医疗主任 Clinical Director 食疗技师 Dietary Technician 急诊技师 Emergency Medical Technician 健美师 Fitness Instructor 病历员 Medical Records Clerk 看护员 Nursing Administrator 职业疗法 Occupational Therapist 药学师 Pharmacist 药品技师 Pharmacy Technician 理疗师 Physical Therapist 助理医师 Physician's Assistant 有氧治疗师 Respiratory Therapist 语言心理学家 Speech Pathologist 脊椎指压治疗者 Chiropractor 牙科助理 Dental Assistant 牙科医生 Dentist 牙科保健 Dental Hygienist 牙科技师 Dental Technician 整牙医生 Orthodontist 家庭护理 Home Health Aide 实验技师 Lab Technician 护士 Nurse 看护助手 Nursing Aide 护士长 Nursing Supervisor 眼科医生 Optician 助理兽医 Veterinary Assistant 兽医 Veterinarian 精神病医师 Psychiatrist 外科医生 Surgeon 内科医生 Physician 儿科医生 Pediatrician 住院医师 Resident Doctor 中医师 Herb Doctor 助产士 Accoucheur

各种医生

A variety of doctors.

a variety of

英 [ə vəˈraiəti ɔv]  美 [e vəˈraɪɪti ʌv]

adj.多种的； 种种；

1.The garden offers a variety of attractions.

这花园有种种引人入胜之处。

2.A variety of heavy industries grew up alongside the port.

各种重工业沿着港口逐渐发展起来。

3.This architecture spans a variety of technologies, specifications, and standards.

这个架构使用了多种技术、规范和标准。

4. She produces elegant wedding gowns in a variety of sumptuous fabrics.

她用各种华贵的布料制作高雅的婚纱。

5.This can result in a variety of scalability and maintenanceproblems.

这会导致各种可伸缩性和维护问题。

1.     medical specialist  专科医生

2.     physician (internist)  内科医生

3.     surgeon  外科医生

4.     paediatrician  儿科医生

5.     ophthalmologist  眼科医生

6.     pharmacist  药剂师

7.     general practitioner  全科医师

8.     clinician  临床医师

9.     gynecologist  妇科医生

10.   plastic surgeon  整形外科医生

11.   dentist 牙医

12.   psychologist  心理医生

13.   therapist  理疗师

14.   cardiologist  心脏病科医师

15.   dermatologist  皮肤科医生

16.   podiatrist  足病医生

17.   allergist  过敏症专科医生

18.   obstetrician  产科医生

19.   ENT doctor  耳鼻喉科医生

20.   orthopedist  骨科医生

21.   veterinarian  兽医

22.   houseman  实习医生

扩展资料：

doctorn.博士；医生，大夫；神学家；医疗设备

mediciner医生

medical man医生

Drabbr.(=dead reckoning)速度三角形定位法；(=doctor)医生，博士

doc.doctor 医生，博士

1.很多医生和护士已经夜以继日地工作数周了。

Dozens of doctors and nurses have been working day and night for weeks

2.要不是医生的照料我现在就不能跟你讲话了。

If it had not been for the doctor's care I should not be speaking to you now.

3.医生说她患的是腹绞痛，长大了就没事了。

The doctor said it was colic and that she would grow out of it.

medical department/department of internal medicine：内科surgical deparment;department of surgery: 外科pediatrics department: 小儿科 obstetrics and gynecology department: 妇产科ophtalmology department: 眼科dental department: 牙科ENT(ear-nose-throat)department: 耳鼻喉科urology department: 泌尿科dermatology department; skin department：皮肤科department of general surgery 普通外科orthopedic surgery department: 矫形外科traumatology department: 创伤外科plastic surgery: 整形外科anesthesiology department: 麻醉科pathology department: 病理科cardiology department: 心脏病科psychiatry department: 精神病科orthopedics department: 骨科department of cardiac surgery: 心脏外科department of cerebral surgery: 胸外科neurology department: 神经科neurosurgery department: 神经外科thoracic surgery department: 脑外科department of anus & intestine surgery 肛肠外科department of hepatobiliary surgery 肝胆外科department of traditional Chinese medicine：中医科department of infectious diseases 传染病科geriatrics department: 老人病专科hematology department: 血液科department of rheumatism 风湿科department of endocrinology 内分泌科department of plastic surgery 医学整形科hepatology department: 肝病专科nephrology department: 肾脏科department of venereology 性病专科department of physiotherapy 理疗科electrotherapy room 电疗科heliotherapy room 光疗科wax-therapy room 蜡疗科hydrotherapy room 水疗科central laboratory 中心实验室clinical labororatory 临床实验室bacteriological labororatory 细菌实验室biochemical labororatory 生化实验室serological labororatory 血清实验室laboratory of immunology 免疫室reception room, waiting room 侯诊室VIP waiting room 贵宾候诊室consultation room 诊察室therapeutic room 治疗室isolation room 隔离室audiometric room 测听室labour room 待产室 delivery room 分娩室fetal monitor room 胎心监护室induced abortion room 人工流产室rest room for induced abortion 人流休息室registration office: 挂号处out-patient department: 门诊部in-patient department: 住院部nursing department: 护理部consulting room: 诊室 emergency room: 急诊室emergency operation room 急诊手术室emergency observation room 急诊观察室admitting office: 住院处operation room: 手术室cystoscopy room 膀胱镜室department of endoscope 内镜区fibrescope room 纤维镜室gastroscope room 胃镜室color ultrasonic room 彩超室electrocardiogram room 心电图室electroencephalogram room 脑电图室dressing room 换药室outpatient Surgical Center 门诊手术中心X-ray department/department of radiology: 放射科blood bank: 血库hemodialysis room 血透室dispensary; pharmacy: 药房nutrition department 营养部 diet- preparation department 配膳室 therapeutic department 治疗室 supply-room 供应室 disinfection-room 消毒室 dressing room 换药室 mortuary 太平间 record room 病案室 doctor’s office 医生办公室nurse”s office 护士办公室nursing station 护士站ward: 病房medical Ward 内科病房 surgical Ward 外科病房pediatric Ward 儿科病房transfusion room 输液室surgery therapeutic room 外科治疗室coronary Care Unit (CCU) 心脏重症室resuscitation room 抢救室intensive Care Unit (ICU) 重症室medical Intensive Care Unit (MICU) 内科重症室neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) 新生儿重症室pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU) 儿科重症室surgical Intensive Care Unit (SICU) 外科重症室

骨科耗材英文

医疗用高值耗材包括如下，分类如下：

1、血管介入类：涉及：冠状动脉、结构性心脏病、先天性心脏病、周围血管等

导管、导丝、球囊、支架及辅助材料

2、非血管介入类：涉及：气管、消化道（食管、肠道、胆道、胰腺）、膀胱、直肠等

导管、导丝、球囊、支架、各种内窥镜涉及的材料

3、骨科植入：涉及：脊柱、关节、创伤等

人工关节（椎体、椎板），固定板（钉、针、架、棒、钩），人工骨、修补材料等

4、神经外科：

颅内植入物、填充物等

5、电生理类：

标测导管、消融导管等

6、起搏器类：涉及：心脏、膀胱等

永久、临时、起搏导管、心脏复律除颤器、起搏导线等

7、体外循环及血液净化：

人工心肺辅助材料、透析管路、滤器、分离器、附件等

8、眼科材料：

晶体、眼内填充物等

9、口腔科：

印膜、种植、颌面创伤修复、口腔充填、根管治疗、粘接、义齿、正畸、矫治等材料

10、其他：

人工瓣膜、人工补片、人工血管、高分子材料等

扩展资料：

相关延伸：医用耗材

分类形式：

《中华人民共和国海关进出口税》明文规定：光学、照相、电影、计量、检验、医疗或外科用仪器及设备、钟表、乐器的零件、附件为第18类（共22类），涉及医疗相关商品又细分为电气医疗装置及仪器、机械疗法器具、矫形器具、放射用器具、教学示范用器具等；而医用耗材则相应作为附件归于其中。

现阶段国家对于医用耗材没有统一分类标准。

一是由中小医院主管人员根据工作经验进行分类；二是根据厂家标准分类，各厂标准各异；

三是完全按照国家药监局和地方药监局所发放的注册证名称进行分类；

四是由医院主管人员参照国家药监局分类目录，将所有产品注册名称集中起来，加上个人工作经验和临床医生对耗材通用叫法，以及厂家对该产品的生产品名，将所有产品重新进行二次分类编码。

参考资料来源：百度百科-医用耗材

参考资料来源：百度百科-高值医用耗材

Consume Material，好像是

consumer goods. 我同意这个.

墨盒 mo he 1.an ink box for Chinese calligraphy or painting 消耗 xiao hao 1.consumption; attrition; depletion; expense; wear and tear 2.to gnaw at; to chew up; to eat into; to consume; to deplete; to devitalize 材料 cai liao 1.[Informal] (of information) a material 2.materials; makings; stuff 配件 pei jian 1.accessories; fittings; an assembly; a fixture; appurtenances