本文作者:小思

量点初中英语语法电子书

小思 09-18 10
量点初中英语语法电子书摘要: 量点初中英语语法初中英语语法汇总(一)一.词类(Parts of Speech)名词 英文名称The Noun(缩写为n.) 表示人或事物的名称 例词boy,clock,bo...

量点初中英语语法

初中英语语法汇总(一)一.词类(Parts of Speech)名词 英文名称The Noun(缩写为n.) 表示人或事物的名称 例词boy,clock,book等冠词 英文名称The Article(缩写为art.) 用在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人和或事物。 例词a(an),the代词 英文名称The Pronoun(缩写为pron) 用来代替名词、形容词或是数词 例词we,that,his,what形容词 英文名称The Adjective(缩写为adj.) 用以修饰名词,表示人或事物的特征例词 old,red,fine,good.数词 英文名称The Numeral(缩写为num.) 表示数量或是顺序。例词 one,thirteenfirst动词 英文名称The Verb(缩写为v.) 表示动作或状态。例词sit,go,be(am,is,are)副词 英文名称The Adverb(缩写为adv.) 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词。例词nottoo,here,very介词 英文单词The Preposition(缩写为prep.) 表示名词、代词等和句中其他词的关系。 例词in,on,of,to,under.连词 英文单词The Conjunction(缩写为conj.) 用来连接词与词、短语与短语或句与句。 例词and,or,but.感叹词 英文单词The Interjection(缩写为interj.) 表示说话时的喜悦、惊讶等情感。 例词oh,hello,hi,er.二.名词(Nouns)1.总的说来,名词分专有名词和普通名词两类。专有名词: 表示具体的人,事物,地点或机构的专有名称。 Lucy China 中国 Asia 亚洲 Beijing 北京 。专有名词的第一个字母要大写。普通名词: 表示某些人,某类事物,某种物质或抽象概念的名称。例如: teacher 老师 tea 茶 reform 改革 普通名词又可进一步分为四类 1) 个体名称: 表示单个的人和事物。 house 马 car 汽车 room 房间 apple 苹果 fun 风扇 picture 照片 2) 集体名称: 表示一群人或一些事物的名称。 people 人们 family 家庭 army 军队 government 政府 group 集团 3) 物质名词:表示物质或不具备确定形状和大小的个体的物质。 fire 火 steel 钢 air 空气 water 水 milk 牛奶 4)抽象名词:表示动作,状态,品质或其他抽象概念。 labour 劳动 health 健康 life 生活 friendship友情 patience耐力 2.名词按其所表现的事物的性质分为可数名词和不可数名词。可数名词(Countable Nouns)有复数形式,如:an apple two apples a car some cars不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)一般没有复数形式.抽象名词, 物质名词和专有名词一般是不可数名词。 sand 沙 sugar 糖 有少数名词即可作可数名词,也可作不可数名词,但含义不同。 glass 玻璃 glass 玻璃杯 paper 纸 paper 报纸,文件 名词的功能 名词在句中作主语, 宾语,介词宾语,宾语补助语,表语以及名词短语作状语。 The bag is in the desk. bag 作主语。 书包在桌子里边。 I washed my clothes yesterday. clothes 作宾语。 昨天我洗了我的衣服。 This is a good book. book 作表语。 这是一本好书。 We elected him our monitor. monitor作宾语补助语。 我们选他为我们的班长。 Mary lives with her parents. parents作介词宾语. 玛丽和她的父母亲住在一起。 He is a Party member. Party 作定语. 他是一名党员。 They study hard day and night. day and night作状语。 他们白天黑夜地学习。3.可数名词有单数(the Singular Nunmber)和复数(the Plural Number)两种形式。名词的复数形式(The Plural Form Nouns)的部分规则如下:1) 一般情况下,在词尾加 -s. 例如: bags,maps,pens,desks,workers 2) 以s,sh,ch,x等结尾的词加-es.例如:buses watches boxes3) 以ce,se,ze,(d)ge等结尾的词加-s.例如:licences blouses oranges4) 以辅音字母+y结尾的词变y为i再加-es.例如:babies families5) 名词以 -f 或 -fe 结尾的,把 -f 或-fe 变成 -ves. bookshelves, wives, knives 注:英语中有些名词的复数形式是不规则的,需要一一记忆常见的有, man - men woman - women foot - feet tooth - teeth mouse - nice ox - oxen sheep - sheep dear - dear fish - fish 英语中有些名词总是以复数形式出现。 scissors 剪刀 goods 货物 trousers 裤子 clothes 衣服 glasses 玻璃杯 4.名词的所有格(The Possessive Case of Nouns)在英语中,名词的格有三个,主格,宾格和所有格。它们的形式及其变化表示与其他词的关系。实际上, 主格和宾格通过它在句中的作用和位置来确定。 The bird is in the tree. 鸟在树上。 bird 作主语, 是主格。 I saw a film yesterday. 昨天我看了一场电影。 film 作宾语,是宾格。 名词的所有格: 名词中表示所有关系的形式叫做名词所有格。 Lu Xun's book is worth reading. 鲁迅的书值得一读。 This is my father's room. 这是我父亲的房间。 名词所有格的构成单数名词 加's 例词:Mike's father以s结尾的复数名词 加' 例词:the teachers' room不以s结尾的复数名词 加's 例词:men's women's三、代词(Pronouns)1.人称代词(Personal Pronouns)第一人称单数主格I(复数We) 单数宾格me(复数us)第二人称单数主格you(复数you) 单数宾格you(复数you)第三人称单数主格he,she,it(复数they) 单数宾格him,her,it(复数them)2.物主代词(Possessive Pronouns)形容词性物主代词第一人称单数my(复数our)形容词性物主代词第二人称单数your(复数your)形容词性物主代词第三人称单数his,her,its(复数their)名词性物主代词第一人称单数mine(复述ours)名词性物主代词第二人称单数yours(复数yours)名词性物主代词第三人称单数his,hers,its(复数theirs)四、数词(Numeral)表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。基数词(Cardinal Numbers)1 one 2 two 3three 4four 5five 6six11eleven 12twelve 13thirteen 20twenty21twenty-one 40fouty 100one hundred五、动词(Verb)一般现在时(The Simple Present Tense)一般现在时表示现在的状态如:He is twelve.She is at home.表示经常的或是习惯性的动作.如:I go to school at 7:30 every day.表示主语具备的的性格和能力等如:She like apple.They know English.1.动词be(Verb to be)肯定式I am......否定I am not....肯定式You are...否定式You are not....肯定式He/She/It is....否定式He/She/It is not....疑问句和简略答语Am I ....?Yes,you are./No,I you are not.Are you....?Yes,I am./No,I am not.2.There be结构"There is/are+某物/某人+某地/某时"这样一种句型,大致相当于汉语"某地/某时有某物/某人"的说法.句子的is/are和后面所跟的名词在数方面必须是一致.肯定式:There is(There's)a table in your room.There are(There're)some pencils on the desk.否定式:There is not(There isn't)any cats here.There are not(aren't)any cats here.疑问式和简略答语Is there a ruler in your bag?Yes,there is./No,there is not(isn't).Are there any people in that house?Yes,there are./No,there are not(aren't).How many kites are there in the sky?There are thirteen.六、介词(Prepositions)介词一般用于名词或代词前,表示该词与句子其他成分的关系.介词后面的名词或代词称为介词宾语.介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语.本册课本出现的介词短语如下:at: at home at school at six thirtybehind: behind the door/tree behind one's chairbeside: beside the door beside the housefrom: from one to a hundredin: in Row/Team/Class/Grade4in one's school/grade/class/team/romin your desk/pencil-box/bedroomin the picture in the same class in different classesin English in the hat in the morning/afternoonlike: like this/thatnear: near the window near the door of: a picture of a classroom a map of Chinathe name of her cat the wall of their classroonon: on the desk/chair on the floor on the wall on the bikeon the dutyto:(a quarter)to ten (go)to school/bed/work under: under the desk/table under the tree/window under one's chair/bed(1) 表示时间:at: 表示某一时间点如: at noonon: 表示特定的日子如: on Christmasin: 表示一段不具体的时间如: in the morning, in the Second world war如表示在某一特定的早上、下午则用on如: on a cold morning, on a hot afternoon, on Sunday morningduring: 表示期间内的某个时期如: during the night, during the Second World Warfor: 其后接表示一段时间长度的词如: for three daysthrough: 表示在整个期间没有间歇例: It snowed through the night.till/until: 表示动作持续的终点例:I studied hard till twelve o'clock last night.by: 表示动作完成期限例: I'll be back by five o'clock.since: 表示某动作的起始点例:I have studied English since 1990.(2) 表示地点:at: 表示较小的地点如: arrived at the school gatein: 表示较大的地点如: arrived in Shanghaifor: 表示目的地例: I'll leave for Shanghai.above: 表示上面,上方,其反意词是belowover: 表示垂直上方,其反意词是under例: The dog jumped over the table.through: 表示穿过如: through the forestacross: 表示平原上的跨越例: I want to walk across the road.七、句子的种类(Kinds of Sentences)英语的句子按照用途可分为以下四类:陈述句 用途是用来说明事实或说话人的看法 例句:I can see a map on the wall.I think it's his.疑问句 用途是用来提出问题. 例句:Are you Mr Green?Can you find it ? How old are you?祈使句 用途是用来表示请求和命令. 例句: Sstand up.Come in,please.Let's play games.感叹句 用途是用来表达强烈的感情. 例句:What a fine day it is!How beautiful the flowers are!八、一般疑问句和 特殊疑问句一般疑问句子和特殊疑问句一般疑问句(General Question)一般是指用Yes或No回答的疑问句。例如:Is she at school today? Yes,she is/No,she isn't.Can you see a pencile on the desk? Yes,I can./No,I can't.Do you play football? Yes,they do./No,they don't.特殊疑问句是以特殊疑问词开头的疑问句. (二)一.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级(The Comparative and Superlative Degrees of Adjective and Adverbs)大多数形容词和副词有三个等级:1)原级,即原形。2)比较级,表示“较……”或“更……一些”的意思。3)最高级,表示“最……”的意思。 1.形容词和副词比较级和最高级的构成(1)规则变化单音节词和少数双音节词一般在词尾加-er或-est cold colder coldeststrong stronger strongestfast faster fastestslow slow slowest以字母e结尾的形容词,加-r或-st nice nicer nicest large larger largest重读闭音节词只有一个辅音字母时,应先双写辅音字母,再加-er或-estbig bigger biggestthin thinner thinnesthot hotter hottest以“辅音字母+y”结尾的双音节词,先改“y”为“i”,再加-er或-esteasy esaier easiesthappy happier happiestearly earlier earliest少数以-er,-ow 结尾的双音节词clever(聪明的)未尾加-er,-est clever cleverer cleverestnarrow narrower narrowest多音节词和部分双音节词在词前加more或mostdelicious more delicious most deliciousinteresting more interesting most intertingeasily more easily most easilycarefully more carefully most carefully(2)不规则变化good/well better best bad/badly worse worst much/many more most little less least far farther/further farthest/furthest 2.形容词和副词的比较级和最高级的用法比较级:表示两者(人或事物)的比较 Mr King is taller than Mr ReadThis mooncakes is nicer than that one。The tractor is going faster than the bike。最高级:表示三者或三者以上(人或事物)的比较,其中有一个在某一方面超过其他几个时,用最高级。最高级的前面一般要加定冠词the。后面可带of(in)短语来说明比较的范围。Whose drawing is he best of all?She is the youngest in the class.The taxi is going ghe fastest.Mr Qin is walking tje slowest of all.注:在形容词和副词的比较级前,有时可以用much,a little等来修饰,如:much better a little taller二。数词(Numerals)(2)序数词(Ordinal Numbers)序数词表示事物的顺序,往往与定冠词the连用。fist 1st twentieth 20thsecond 2nd twenty-first 21ththird 3nd thirieth 30thfourth 4nd thirty-ninth 39thfifth 5nd fortieth 40thsixth 6th fiftieth 50thseventh 7th sixtieth 60theighth 8th seventieth 70thnineth 9th ninetieth 80thtenth 10th hundredth 100th eleventh 11th one hundred and first 101sttwelfth 12th三、冠词(Articles)冠词是一种虚词,让在名词的前面,帮助说明名词的含义,冠词分不定冠词(The Indefinite Article)和定冠词(The Define Article)两种,a(an)是不定冠词。a用在辅音之前,如:a roada boy;an用在元音之前,如:an hour ;an old man等;the是定冠词。1.不定冠词的用法用于可数名词的单数形式前,指人或事物的某一种类。Susan is a scientist.Pass me an orange,please.指某人或某事,但不具体说明何人或何物。A boy is looking for you。We work five days a week。表示“一”这个数量,但数的概念没有one强烈。We are going to have an English lesson tomorrow。I have a mouth,a nose,two eyes and two ears。用于某些固定的词组中。a few ,a little ,a lot of ,a moment ago2.定冠词的用法。特指某些人或某些事物 Show me the photo of the boy。The book on the desk is mine。指双方都知

2017初中英语语法知识点归纳?为了帮助同学们更好的复习英语语法,以下是我总结的初中英语语法知识点,希望对于同学们的英语学习有所帮助和裨益,祝大家的学习越来越好!和我一起来看看吧。初中英语名词语法知识点总结 一、名词(n.) 表示人、事物或抽象概念的名称的词 (一)名词的分类 名词分为普通名词和专有名词,其中普通名词包括可数名词和不可数名词,可数名词可用作单数,也可用作复数。 可数名词包括个体名词(表示一类人或物的个体。如:boy,desk,cat,window)和集体名词(由若干个体组成的集合体。如:family,class,police)。 不可数名词包括物质名词(表示无法分为个体的实物。如:water,paper,silk,money)和抽象名词(表示性质、行为、状态、感情或其它抽象概念。如:work,happiness,music,difficulty,housework) 专有名词表示个人、地方、机构、组织等。如:Tom,the Great Wall,the Spring Festival,France,the United States) (二)名词的数 1.可数名词有单数和复数两种形式,其复数形式的构成主要有以下几种: (1)一般情况下,在词尾加s. eg.book——books,dog——dogs,pen——pens,boy——boys 以轻辅音结尾的名词后的s的读音为[s],以浊辅音和元音结尾名词后的s读音为〔z〕。 (2)以s,x,ch,sh结尾的词名词变复数时,要在词尾加es. eg.beach——beaches,brush——brushes,bus——buses,box—boxes(es读音为〔iz〕 (3)以“辅音字母+y”结尾的名词,先变y为i,再加es. eg.city——cities,family——families,documentary——documentaries,country——countries, strawberry——strawberries(ies读音为[iz]) (注:以“元音字母+y”结尾的词,直接在词尾加-s.eg.boys,holidays,days) (4)以o结尾的名词,变复数时情况如下: ①,.tomato—tomatoes,potato—potatoes, hero—heroes negro ——negroes mongo——mongoesp ②结尾是两个元音字母的加s,eg.zoo—zoos,radio——radios ③某些外来词变复数时词尾加s,eg. piano—pianos ④一些名词的缩写形式变复数时,词尾加s, eg.photo(photograph)——photos,kilo(kilogram)kilos ⑤zero变复数时,既可加s,也可加 eg.zeros/zeroes (5)以f或fe结尾的名词变复数时,先把f或fe变为v,再加es. eg.wife——wives,leaf leaves,half——halves,knife—knives,thief——thieves(res读音为[vz] (注意:roof的复数为roofs; scarf的复数为scarfs/scarves) (6)有些名词由单数变复数时,不是在词尾加s或es,而是变换其中的字 eg.man——men,woman——women,policeman——policemen,Englishman——Englishmen,Frenchman——Frenchmen, foot——feet, tooth——teeth, child——children,mouse—mice,Ox—Oxen(公牛) (7)还有一些名词的单数和复数形式相同。 eg.Chinese,Japanese,sheep,deer,fish (8)另一些名词本身即是复数形式,不可用作单数。 eg,people,police,trousers,pants,clothes,scissors 另外,①当一个名词作定语说明另一个名词时,这个名词一般用单数。 eg.an apple tree,five apple trees,a girl friend,two girl friends,a twin sister 但是,当man和woman作定语修饰复数名词时,就要用其复数形式。 eg.two men teachers,three women doctors ②可用“量词+of+名词复数”这一结构表示可数名词的数量。 eg.a room Of students,two boxes Of pencils 2.不可数名词一般没有复数形式,它的“量”的表示方式如下。 (1)表不定数量时,一般用much,(a)little,a lot of/lots of,some,any等词修饰。 eg,much money,a little bread (2)表确定数量时,一般用“数词+量词+of+不可数名词。如:two/three/…+量词复数十of+不可数名词。 eg.a bag Of rice,two glasses Of milk,four bottles Of water 3.有些名词既可作可数名词也可作不可数名词,但词义有所不同。 eg: fruit水果——fruits表示不同种类的水果;food食物——foods各种食品;fish鱼——fishes鱼的种类;drink饮料、酒——a drink一杯/一份饮料、一杯酒; cloth布——,a cloth桌布、抹布; sand沙——sands沙滩; tea茶——a tea一杯茶;chicken鸡肉——a chicken小鸡;orange橘汁——an orange橘子; glass玻璃——a glass玻璃杯,glasses眼镜; paper纸——a paper试卷、论文;wood木头——a wood小森林;room空间、余地——a room房间 (三)名词的所有格(表示人或物的所属关系) (1)有生命的名词所有格以及表示时间、距离、城镇、国家等的名词所有格。 ①不是以s结尾的名词变成所有格时,在词尾加’s. eg.Mike’s watch;Women’s Day ②以s结尾的名词变成所有格时,只加’。 eg.teachers’office,students’rooms ③两个或两个以上名词并列,表示共同所有,只需在最后一个名词后加’s. eg.Tom and Mike’s room汤姆和迈克的房间(表示汤姆和迈克共有一间房) ④两个或两个以上名词并列,表示分别所有,需在几个名词后都加’s. eg.Mary’s and Jenny’s bikes玛丽和詹妮的自行车(表示玛丽和詹妮各自的自行车) (2)无生命的事物的名词所有格常用of结构 eg.a map Of China,the beginning Of this game,the door Of the room (3)特殊形式 ①可用’s和of短语表示的名词所有格 eg.the boy’s name=the name Of the boy(男孩的名字) the dog’s legs=the legs of the dog(狗的腿) China’s population=the population Of China(中国的人口) China’s capital=the capital of China(中国的首都) ②双重所有格 eg.a fiend of my mother’s我妈妈的一个朋友 a picture of Tom’s汤姆的一张图片 初中英语副词语法知识点总结 初中英语副词的用法: ⑴ 修饰动词,表示时间、地点、程度、方式、频度等。一般位于动词之后,如果动词有宾语,则要位于宾语之后。频度副词常位于助动词和连系动词be 之后或实义动词之前。例如:He arrived only yesterday. 他是昨天才到的。There were clothes lying here and there on the floor. 地板上到处都是衣服。I have been terribly worried about you all day. 我一整天都非常为你担心。She plays the piano very well. 她钢琴弹得很好。The boy is always asking his parents for money. 那个男孩老是向他父母要钱。She never goes to the cinema. 她向来不看电影。 ⑵ 修饰形容词、副词、介词短语,一般前置,只有enough例外,需要后置。例如:She seems quite happy. 她看上去相当愉快。You've done rather badly in the test. 你考得够糟糕的。The wind was right in our faces. 风迎面吹来。This girl is not old enough to go to school. 这个女孩还没有到上学的年龄。He didn't run fast enough to catch the train. 他跑得不够快,没有赶上火车。 ⑶ 用作表语,多为与介词同形的副词和表示方位的副词。例如:Is anybody in? 里面有人吗?有人在家吗?Father is away. 父亲离家在外。I am downstairs and my brother is upstairs. 我住楼下,我哥哥住楼上。My friend is still abroad. 我的朋友还在国外。 ⑷ 少数表示地点或时间的副词还可用作定语,一般位于名词之后。例如:I hope you'll enjoy your stay here. 希望你在这里过得愉快。I met a friend of mine on my way home. 在我回家的路上,我碰到一位朋友。What did you think of the meeting yesterday? 你觉得昨天的会开得怎样? ⑸ 副词的比较等级用法与形容词一样。 初中英语副词的分类 1、 时间和频度副词: now,then,often,always,usually,early,today,lately,next,last,already,generally,frequently, seldom,ever,never,yet,soon,too, immediately, hardly,finally,shortly, before, ago,sometimes, yesterday. 2、 地点副词: here, there, everywhere, anywhere, in, out, inside, outside, above, below, down, back, forward, home, upstairs, downstairs, across, along, round , around, near, off, past, up, away, on. 3、方式副词: carefully, properly, anxiously, suddenly, normally, fast, well, calmly, politely, proudly, softly, warmly 4、 程度副词,放在被修饰词之前: much,little, very,rather,so,too,still, quite, perfectly, enough, extremely, entirely,almost, slightly. 5、 疑问副词,一般放在句首: how, when, where, why. 6、关系副词,一般放在句首: when, where, why. 7、连接副词: how, when, where, why, whether. 初中语法重点副词注释: 1.as…as…常构成一些词组:as soon as…(一旦…就…), as well as…(同样), as+形容词/副词+as possible(尽可能……地)。如:Please ring me up as soon as you get to Beijing.(请你一到北京就给我写信。)/ Miss Gao hurried to the school gate as quickly as possible.(高小姐尽快地赶到了校门口。) [注释] "as long / much as + 名词"可以表示"长达/多达…"的含义。如:The house costs as much as five hundred thousand yuan.(那幢房子花费高达50万元。)/ They stayed in the cave(山洞)as long as two weeks.(他们呆在山洞里长达两周。) 2. later、after、ago、before的用法:①"一段时间+later/ago"分别表示"(多久)以后/以前",主要用于过去时态。②"after/before+某个时刻"分别表示"在某时刻之后/之前",此时两个词是介词。③ago与before:ago只能用于过去时,before用于完成时。如:He had an accident a week ago.(一周前出了一个事故)/ Some years later, the boy became a very famous singer.(数年后这个男孩成了著名的歌唱家)/ Have you been there before?(你从前到过那儿吗?)/ After a few years he gave up smoking.(过了几年他戒了烟。) 3.above、below、over、under的用法:在上下方用above和below,在高低处用over和under.如:The stars are high above in the sky.(星星高挂在空中) / A plane flew over quickly.(一架飞机从头顶飞过。) 当above、below、over、under是介词性质时,意义相似。 4. too、also、either、nor的用法:too("也")用于肯定句和疑问句的末尾,且用逗号隔开;also("也")用于肯定句句子谓语动词之前;either("也")用于否定句末尾,也用逗号隔开;nor("也不")用于倒装句句首;如:Are you American,too?(你也是美国人吗?)/ He is not happy and I am not happy, either.(他不愉快,我也不。) / He didn't watch the football game. Nor did I.(他没有看足球赛,我也没有。)/ You can also find the market is very good.(你还可以发觉那个市场很好。) 5. enough、too、so、very、quite、very much的用法: enough ("足够,十分")放在形容词或副词之后;too("太")、very("非常")、quite("相当")、so("如此地")等放在形容词或副词之前,very much("非常")放在动词之后。如:It's too/so/very/quite expensive.(它太贵/那么贵/非常贵/相当贵。)/ I don't like sweets very much.(我不很喜欢糖果) [注意] very与 much的区别:very修饰形容词、副词的原级和现在分词形容词,much修饰形容词和副词的比较级;much还可以修饰疑问句和否定句中的动词,very不可以。如:He is very stupid.(他很笨)/ The film was very moving and everyone swept.(电影非常动人,大家都哭了)/ You must work much harder or you will fail to enter the good school.(你得学习更努力,不然你考不进那所好学校)/ I don't like him much.(我不太喜欢他) 6. sometimes、 sometime、 some times 、some time的用法:sometimes(有时)用于一般现在时、 sometime(在将来某时)用于将来时、 some times(数次)表示次数、some time(一些时间)表示一段时间。如:Sometimes they go hiking in the mountains.(他们有时徒步旅行到山里去)/ I will stay here some time.(我会在这儿呆些时候的。)/ I will meet your father sometime.(我什么时候要见见你的父亲。) 7. how、what用于感叹句的用法:对句子中的形容词或副词感叹时用how,对人或事物(可能含有形容词作修饰语)进行感叹用what. 如:What a fine day (it is) today!(今天天气真好!) / How difficult (the problem is)!((问题)真难呀!) 8.already、yet的用法:在完成时中,already一般用于肯定句,yet一般用于否定句和疑问句。如:Have you done it already?(你已经做好了?) / I have not had my breakfast yet.(我还没有吃早饭呢。) 9. hard与hardly的用法:hard作为副词意思是:"努力地,猛烈地",hardly是否定词,意思是:"几乎不",一般与情态动词can/could连用。如:They study English very hard.(他们英语学得很刻苦)/ You can hardly see a person spit in a public place.(在公共场所你几乎看不到一个人随地吐痰) 10. like...very much、like...better(=prefer)、like...best的用法:三个短语分别表示"非常喜欢"、"更喜欢"、"最喜欢"。如:I like baseball very much.(我非常喜欢棒球)/ Do you like butter better than cheese?( / They like hamburgers best. 11."quite/what+a+形容词+名词"的用法:记住:①quite/such/what...+a+形容词+名词;②too/so/how+形容词+a+名词;③rather+a+形容词+名词 = a+ rather+形容词+名词。如:I have never seen such a strange guy(家伙).(我从未见过这样奇怪的家伙) / It is quite a nice day for a walk.(这真是散步的好日子) 中考英语语法易错易混知识点 1.Because he was ill yesterday, so he didn’t go to work. (×) Because he was ill yesterday, he didn’t go to work. (√) He was ill yesterday, so he didn’t go to work. (√) [析] 用though, but表示“虽然……,但是…… ”或用because, so 表示“因为……,所以……”时,though和but 及because和so 都只能择一而用,不能两者同时使用。 2.The Smiths have moved Beijing. (×) The Smiths have moved to Beijing. (√) [析] 不及物动词后接名词或代词作宾语时,要在动词之后加上适当的介词;但不及物动词后接home, here, there等副词作宾语时,动词之后不必加任何介词。 3.The box is too heavy for him to carry it. (×) The box is too heavy for him to carry. (√) [析] the box既是这句话的主语, 也是不定式to carry的逻辑宾语,若句末再加上it,就和the box重复了。 4.Each of the boys have a pen. (×) Each of the boys has a pen. (√) [析] 复数名词前有表个体的each of, one of, every,either of等词组修饰,或有表否定的neither of, none of 等词组修饰时,谓语动词要用单数形式。 5.Neither he nor you is good at English. (×) Neither he nor you are good at English. (√) [析] either... or..., neither... nor..., not only..., but also... 等词组连接句子的两个主语时,谓语动词遵循“就近一致原则”, 即由靠近谓语的那个主语决定谓语的人称和数用何种形式。 6.Ten minus three are seven. (×) Ten minus three is seven. (√) [析] 用英语表示加(plus)、减(minus)等数学运算时,谓语动词也用单数形式。 7.The number of the workers in this factory are about 5,000. (×) The number of the workers in this factory is about 5,000. (√) [析] the number of表示“……的数量”,谓语动词用单数形式;a number of 的意思是“若干”或“许多”,相当于some或a lot of,和复数名词连用,谓语动词用复数形式。 8. Hello! I have important something to tell you. (×) Hello! I have something important to tell you. (√) [析] 形容词或动词不定式修饰不定代词作定语时,修饰成分要置于不定代词之后。 9. His son is enough old to go to school. (×) His son is old enough to go to school. (√) [析] enough作形容词修饰名词时,可以放在名词前,也可放在名词后;作副词修饰形容词或副词时,只能放在形容词或副词之后。 10.Here is your sweater, put away it.(×) Here is your sweater, put it away. (√) [析] put away, pick up, put on等“动词+副词”构成的词组后接代词作宾语时,代词只能放在动词和副词之间。 11. Look! Here the bus comes.(×) Look! Here comes the bus.(√) [析] 在以here, there引起的陈述句中,若句子的主语是名词,要用倒装语序,即用“Here /There+动词+名词”结构;但主语若是代词时,则不用倒装语序, 即用“Here/There +代词+动词”结构。 12. I do well in playing football, _______. (我妹妹也行。)A. so my sister does(×)B. so does my sister(√) Li Lei is really a football fan. --- _______. (确实这样.) A. So is he(×) B. So he is(√) [析] “so+be动词/助动词+主语”的倒装结构表示前面所述情况也适用于后者,意为“……也是这样”;“so+主语+be动词/助动词”的陈述结构表示对前述情况的肯定,意为“……确实如此”。 13.重庆比中国的其他城市都大。 Chongqing is larger than any city in China. (×) Chongqing is larger than any other city in China. (√) [析] “any city in China”包括了重庆这座城市, 同一事物自己与自己不能做比较,只有在city 前加上other才能表示重庆和中国的其它城市比较大小。 The weather in Guangzhou is warmer than Beijing. (×) The weather in Guangzhou is warmer than that in Beijing . (√) [析] 表示比较时,句子中的两个比较对象必须一致,不同的比较对象不能做比较。错误句的比较对象分别为the weather in Guangzhou和Beijing,这两个不同类的事物之间不能做比较。 14, His sister married with a teacher last summer.(×) His sister married a teacher last summer. (√) [析] 表达“A和B结婚”,要用A married/will marry B。这时务必要避免受汉语影响使用A married/will marry with B。 15. There is going to have a film tonight. (×) There is going to be a film tonight. (√) [析] 一般将来时用在 There be 句式中时,be going to或will之后的动词原形只能用be,也就是说要用There is (are) going to be.... / There will be....。 16. I’ll go hiking if it won’t rain next Sunday. (×) I’ll go hiking if it doesn’t rain next Sunday.(√) [析] 习惯上在含有时间状语从句和条件状语从句的复合句中,如果主句的谓语动词用了一般将来时,从句的谓语动词要用一般现在时表示将来的动作。 17. Teacher told us yesterday that the earth went around the sun. (×) Teacher told us yesterday that the earth goes around the sun. (√) [析] 习惯上在含有宾语从句的复合句中,主句的谓语动词用了一般过去时,从句的谓语动词要用过去的某种时态。但如果从句表述的是一客观事实或客观真理时,则不受主句时态的影响,而用一般现在时。 18. All the balls are not round. 翻译成汉语: 所有的球都不是圆的。(×)并不是所有的球都是圆的。(√) [析] all, every, both等词和not连用时,not通常放在all, every, both的后面,一般情况下表示部分否定,意为“并非……都……”。 19. --- He didn’t go to school yesterday, did he?-- _______, though he didn’t feel very well. A. No, he didn’t (×) B. Yes, he did (√) --- Don’t you usually come to school by bike?-- _______. But I sometimes walk. A. No, I don’t (×) B. Yes, I do (√) [析] 习惯上英语中的yes意为“是的”,no意为“不”,但在“前否后肯”的反意疑问句或否定疑问句中,yes意为“不”,no意为“是的”。 20.---- Excuse me, is the supermarket far from here?---- No,it's about _______. A. 7 minutes walk B. 7 minute walk C. 7 minutes' walk D. 7 minute's walk 答案为C。本题考查名词所有格用法。当名词的复数以-s结尾时,则只需要加“'”即可,则“7分钟的距离”为“7 minutes' walk”。 猜你喜欢: 1. 2017年中考英语各种题型解题技巧汇编 2. 2017初中英语常用句子复习资料 3. 2017中考英语冠词易错题及答案解析 4. 2017年中考英语解题技巧 5. 2017中考英语模拟试题带答案

楼上的句子结构分析很正确,补充下:补足语分助于补足语和宾语补足语,就是分别对主语、宾语补充说明。恩就是这样

1. 1名词 名词可以分为专有名词(Proper Nouns)和普通名词 (Common Nouns),专有名词是某个(些)人,地方,机构等专有的名称,如Beijing,China等。普通名词是一类人或东西或是一个抽象概念的名词,如:book,sadness等。普通名词又可分为下面四类: 1)个体名词(Individual Nouns):表示某类人或东西中的个体,如:gun。 2)集体名词(Collective Nouns):表示若干个个体组成的集合体,如:family。 3)物质名词(Material Nouns):表示无法分为个体的实物,如:air。 4)抽象名词(Abstract Nouns):表示动作、状态、品质、感情等抽象概念,如:work。 个体名词和集体名词可以用数目来计算,称为可数名词(Countable Nouns),物质名词和抽象名词一般无法用数目计算,称为不可数名词(Uncountable Nouns)。归纳一下,名词的分类可以下图表示: _______________________________________ | |专有名词 || | 名 || 个体名词|| |||| 可数名词| ||| 集体名词|| ||普通名词 ||| | 词 || 物质名词|| |||| 不可数名词| ||| 抽象名词|| 1.2 其它名词复数的规则变化 1) 以y结尾的专有名词,或元音音素+y 结尾的名词变复数时,直接加s变复数: 如:two Marysthe Henrys monkey---monkeysholiday---holidays 比较: 层楼:storey ---storeysstory---stories 2) 以o 结尾的名词,变复数时: a. 加s,如: photo---photospiano---pianos radio---radioszoo---zoos; b. 加es,如:potato--potatoestomato--tomatoes c. 均可,如:zero---zeros / zeroes 3) 以f或fe 结尾的名词变复数时: a. 加s,如: belief---beliefsroof---roofs safe---safesgulf---gulfs; b. 去f,fe 加ves,如:half---halves knife---knivesleaf---leaveswolf---wolves wife---wiveslife---livesthief---thieves; c. 均可,如:handkerchief: handkerchiefs / handkerchieves 1.3 名词复数的不规则变化 1)child---childrenfoot---feettooth---teeth mouse---miceman---menwoman---women 注意:与 man 和 woman构成的合成词,其复数形式也是 -men 和-women。 如: an Englishman,two Englishmen. 但German不是合成词,故复数形式为Germans;Bowman是姓,其复数是the Bowmans。 2)单复同形如: deer,sheep,fish,Chinese,Japanese li,jin,yuan,two li,three mu,four jin 但除人民币元、角、分外,美元、英镑、法郎等都有复数形式。如: a dollar, two dollars;a meter, two meters 3)集体名词,以单数形式出现,但实为复数。 如: peoplepolicecattle 等本身就是复数,不能说 a people,a police,a cattle,但可以说 a person,a policeman,a head of cattle,the English,the British,the French,the Chinese,the Japanese,the Swiss 等名词,表示国民总称时,作复数用。 如: The Chinese are industrious and brave.中国人民是勤劳勇敢的。 4)以s结尾,仍为单数的名词,如: a. maths,politics,physics等学科名词,为不可数名词,是单数。 b. news 是不可数名词。 c. the United States,the United Nations 应视为单数。 The United Nations was organized in 1945. 联合国是1945年组建起来的。 d. 以复数形式出现的书名,剧名,报纸,杂志名,也可视为单数。 "The Arabian Nights" is a very interesting story-book. <<一千零一夜>>是一本非常有趣的故事书。 5) 表示由两部分构成的东西,如:glasses (眼镜)trousers,clothes 若表达具体数目,要借助数量词 pair(对,双);suit(套); a pair of glasses; two pairs of trousers 6) 另外还有一些名词,其复数形式有时可表示特别意思,如:goods货物,waters水域,fishes(各种)鱼 1.4 不可数名词量的表示 1)物质名词 a. 当物质名词转化为个体名词时。 比较:Cake is a kind of food.蛋糕是一种食物。 (不可数) These cakes are sweet.这些蛋糕很好吃。 (可数) b. 当物质名词表示该物质的种类时,名词可数。 This factory produces steel.(不可数) We need various steels.(可数) c. 当物质名词表示份数时,可数。 Our country is famous for tea. 我国因茶叶而闻名。 Two teas, please. 请来两杯茶。 2) 抽象名词有时也可数。 four freedoms 四大自由 the four modernizations四个现代化 物质名词和抽象名词可以借助单位词表一定的数量。 如: a glass of water 一杯水 a piece of advice一条建议 1.5 定语名词的复数 名词作定语一般用单数,但也有以下例外。 1) 用复数作定语。 如:sports meeting 运动会 students reading-room 学生阅览室 talks table 谈判桌 the foreign languages department 外语系 2) man, woman, gentleman等作定语时,其单复数以所修饰的名词的单复数而定。 如:men workerswomen teachers gentlemen officials 3) 有些原有s结尾的名词,作定语时,s保留。 如:goods train (货车) arms produce武器生产 customs papers 海关文件 clothes brush衣刷 4) 数词+名词作定语时,这个名词一般保留单数形式。 如:two-dozen eggs两打/(二十四个鸡蛋) a ten-mile walk 十里路 two-hundred trees 两百棵树 a five-year plan.一个五年计划 个别的有用复数作定语的,如: a seven-years child 1.6 不同国家的人的单复数 名称总称(谓语用复数)一个人两个人 中国人the Chinesea Chinesetwo Chinese 瑞士人the Swissa Swisstwo Swiss 澳大利亚人theantwo AustraliansAustralianAustralians 俄国人the Russiansa Russiantwo Russians 意大利人the Italiansan Italiantwo Italians 希腊人the Greeka Greektwo Greeks 法国人the Frencha Frenchmantwo Frenchmen 日本人the Japanesea Japanesetwo Japanese 美国人the Americansan Americantwo Americans 印度人the Indiansan Indiantwo Indians 加拿大人the Canadiansa Canadiantwo Canadians 德国人the Germansa Germantwo Germans 英国人the Englishan Englishmantwo Englishmen 瑞典人the Swedisha Swedetwo Swedes 1.7 名词的所有格 在英语中有些名词可以加"'s"来表示所有关系,带这种词尾的名词形式称为该名词的所有格,如:a teacher's book。名词所有格的规则如下: 1) 单数名词词尾加"'s",复数名词词尾没有s,也要加"'s",如the boy's bag 男孩的书包,men's room 男厕所。 2) 若名词已有复数词尾-s ,只加"'",如:the workers' struggle工人的斗争。 3) 凡不能加"'s"的名词,都可以用"名词+of +名词"的结构来表示所有关系,如:the title of the song 歌的名字。 4) 在表示店铺或教堂的名字或某人的家时,名词所有格的后面常常不出现它所修饰的名词,如:the barber's 理发店。 5) 如果两个名词并列,并且分别有's,则表示"分别有";只有一个's,则表示'共有'。 如:John's and Mary's room(两间)John and Mary's room(一间) 6) 复合名词或短语,'s 加在最后一个词的词尾。 如:a month or two's absence 2. 冠词和数词 2.1 不定冠词的用法 冠词是虚词,本身不能单独使用,也没有词义,它用在名词的前面,帮助指明名词的含义。英语中的冠词有三种,一种是定冠词(the Definite Article),另一种是不定冠词(the Indefinite Article),还有一种是零冠词(Zero Article)。 不定冠词a (an)与数词one 同源,是"一个"的意思。a用于辅音音素前,一般读作[e],而an则用于元音音素前,一般读做[en]。 1) 表示"一个",意为one;指某人或某物,意为a certain。 A Mr. Ling is waiting for you. 2) 代表一类人或物。 A knife is a tool for cutting with. Mr. Smith is an engineer. 3) 词组或成语。 a little / a few / a lot / a type of / a pile / a great many / many a / as a rule / in a hurry / in a minute / in a word / in a short while / after a while / have a cold / have a try / keep an eye on / all of a sudden 2.2 定冠词的用法 定冠词the与指示代词this,that同源,有"那(这)个"的意思,但较弱,可以和一个名词连用,来表示某个或某些特定的人或东西。 1)特指双方都明白的人或物: Take the medicine.把药吃了。 2)上文提到过的人或事: He bought a house.I've been to the house. 他买了幢房子。我去过那幢房子。 3)指世上独一物二的事物: the sun, the sky, the moon, the earth 4)单数名词连用表示一类事物,如:the dollar 美元; the fox 狐狸;或与形容词或分词连用,表示一类人:the rich 富人; the living 生者。 5)用在序数词和形容词最高级,及形容词only, very, same等前面: Where do you live?I live on the second floor.你住在哪?我住在二层。 That's the very thing I've been looking for.那正是我要找的东西。 6)与复数名词连用,指整个群体: They are the teachers of this school.指全体教师) They are teachers of this school.(指部分教师) 7)表示所有,相当于物主代词,用在表示身体部位的名词前: She caught me by the arm..她抓住了我的手臂。 8)用在某些由普通名词构成的国家名称、机关团体、阶级、等专有名词前: the People's Republic of China中华人民共和国 the United States美国 9)用在表示乐器的名词之前:She plays the piano.她会弹钢琴。 10) 用在姓氏的复数名词之前,表示一家人: the Greens格林一家人 (或格林夫妇) 11) 用在惯用语中: in the day, in the morning (afternoon,evening),the day after tomorrow the day before yesterday,the next morning, in the sky (water,field,country) in the dark,in the rain,in the distance, in the middle (of),in the end, on the whole,by the way,go to the theatre 2.3 零冠词的用法(如果是深圳的,初三就要教了,而且是第一单元.2009届的) 1) 国名,人名前通常不用定冠词:England,Mary; 2)泛指的复数名词,表示一类人或事物时,可不用定冠词; They are teachers. 他们是教师。 3)抽象名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词; Failure is the mother of success.失败乃成功之母。 4)物质名词表示一般概念时,通常不加冠词,当表示特定的意思时,需要加定冠词; Man cannot live without water.人离开水就无法生存。 5)在季节、月份、节日、 假日、日期、星期等表示时间的名词之前,不加冠词; We go to school from Monday to Friday.我们从星期一到星期五都上课。 6)在称呼或表示官衔,职位的名词前不加冠词; The guards took the American to General Lee. 士兵们把这个美国人送到李将军那里。 7)在三餐、球类运动和娱乐运动的名称前,不加冠词 如:have breakfast,play chess 8)当两个或两个以上名词并用时,常省去冠词; I can't write without pen or pencil.没有钢笔和铅笔,我就写不了字。 9)当by 与火车等交通工具连用,表示一种方式时,中间无冠词;by bus,by train; 10)有些个体名词不用冠词;如: school,college,prison,market,hospital,bed,table,class,town,church,court 等个体名词,直接置于介词后,表示该名词的深层含义; go to hospital去医院看病 go to the hospital去医院 (并不是去看病,而是有其他目的) 11)不用冠词的序数词; a. 序数词前有物主代词 b. 序数词作副词He came first in the race. c. 在固定词组中at (the) first,first of all,from first to last 2.4 冠词与形容词+名词结构 1) 两个形容词都有冠词,表示两个不同东西。 He raises a black and a white cat.他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。 The black and the white cats are hers.这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。 2) 如后一个形容词无冠词,则指一物。 He raises a black and white cat.他养了一只花猫。 2.4 冠词与形容词+名词结构 1) 两个形容词都有冠词,表示两个不同东西。 He raises a black and a white cat.他养了一只黑猫和一只白猫。 The black and the white cats are hers.这只黑猫和白猫都是他的。 2) 如后一个形容词无冠词,则指一物。 He raises a black and white cat.他养了一只花猫。 2.5 冠词位置 1) 不定冠词位置 不定冠词常位于名词或名词修饰语前。注意: a. 位于下列形容词之后: such,what,many,half, I have never seen such an animal. Many a man is fit for the job. b. 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too, how, however, enough修饰时,不定冠词应放在形容词之后: It is as pleasant a day as I have ever spent. So short a time. Too long a distance. c. quite,rather与单数名词连用,冠词放在其后。 但当rather,quite 前仍有形容词,不定冠词放其前后均可。如:quite a lot d. 在as,though 引导的让步状语从句中,当标语为形容词修饰的名词时,不定冠词放形容词后: Brave a man though he is,he trembles at the sight of snakes. 他尽管勇敢,可见到蛇还是发抖。 当名词被比较级形容词修饰时,不定冠词通常置于比较级形容词之后。 2) 定冠词位置 定冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前,但放在all, both,double,half,twice,three times等词之后,名词之前。 All the students in the class went out.班里的所有学生都出去了。 2.6 数词 表示数目多少或顺序多少的词叫数词,数词分为基数词和序数词。表示数目多少的数词叫基数词;表示顺序的数词叫序数词。 一、基数词 1)基数词写法和读法: 345three hundred and forty-five; 2)基数词一般是单数形式,但下列情况,常用复数: a. 与of 短语连用,表示概数,不能与具体数目连 用,如scores of people 指许多人; b.在一些表示"一排"或"一组"的词组里; 如:They arrived in twos and threes.他们三三两两的到达了。 c. 表示"几十岁"; d. 表示"年代",用 in +the +数词复数; e. 在乘法运算的一种表示法里,如:3 x 5 = 15 Three fives is (are) fifteen. 二、序数词 序数词的缩写形式: first---1stsecond---2ndthirty-first---31st 三、 数词的用法 1)倍数表示法 a. 主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+ as + adj. + as I have three times as many as you.我有你三倍那么多。 b. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ the size (amount,length…) of… The earth is 49 times the size of the moon.地球是月球的49倍。 c. 主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+ 形容词(副词)比较级+ than… The grain output is 8 percent higher this year than that of last year. 今年比去年粮食产量增加8%。 d. 还可以用by+倍数,表示增加多少倍 The production of grain has been increased by four times this year. 今年粮食产量增加了4倍。 2)分数表示法 构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于1时,分子的序数词用单数,分母序数词用复数: 1/3 one-third ; 3/37 three and three-sevenths.

量点初中英语语法电子书

服了您了 make是使役动词 应该是make sb do sth 还有就是这不叫语法 这叫词组这是初中语法我的教材是外研版的给你说说初中几个语法点先说说从句的大体概念 用一个句子代替主句中的一个成分初一~无初二1现在完成时概念:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。时间状语:recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc.基本结构:have/has + done否定形式:have/has + not +d one.一般疑问句:have或has。补充考点 1) 现在完成时主要就是考延续性动词和非延续性动词转化 当时间状语为for+时间段或者since+时间点时 本句中的谓语动词变为延续性动词 (扯一句 这个东西在 not until 和until 区别时也有 这算时间状语从句的了not until 用瞬间动词 until用延续性)2)句型转换 主句(完成时)+since引导的从句(时间状语从句 过去式)=it is+时间段(5年之类的)+since引导的时间状语从句(过去式)3)have been to have gone to have been in 的区别have been to表示过去去过某地 说话时不在那地have gone to表示说话时已出发或在路上或在某地have been in已在某地待了多久4)过去式和完成时的区别 侧重点不同 时间状语不同2宾语从句1)语序 陈述句语序(除what is wrong with you 这句话作宾语从句)2)引导词有that if whether 和一些特殊疑问词3)时态这里又要说说的 主句一般现在时从句可选用任何时态(如从句是客观真理不论主句什么时态从句都是一般现在时) 主句为过去式 从句用过去某一时态考点 whether if 的区别(太多了您可以查一查我先告诉你) 客观真理3直接引语变间接引语(好多啊 我不想打了 你自己去查查吧 中考不怎么考)4状语从句状语从句种类 有时状从 条件状从 地点状从 让步状从 原因状从 目的状从 结果状从 比较状从这些我就不一一说了就说几个比较重要的考点1)时间状从 条件状从 让步状从都为主将从现2)so that 引导的结果状从可用 enough to 和 too to 代替3)not until 和until的区别(完成时里说过)4)since的那个句型转换(完成时里说过)5)so +adj或adv+that such+(a或an)+adj+n+that so +adj+a或an+n+that初二的终于说完了初三1被动语态1)结构 be+动词过去分词2)各种时态中的被动语态(自己查吧 太多了)考点1)动词短语是一个整体是不可分开滴 如listen to等2)变被动语态时感官动词及使役动词后省略的to要还原3)happen ,break out ,take place不能用于被动语态,呵呵这个时候才是make sb to do sth2定语从句1)结构 先行词+关系词+从句考点1)最近几年都在考关系代词和关系副词的区别 关系代词有that which whose who whom,关系副词有when where why 区别的土办法 把词放回句中如加词就是关系副词 不加就是关系代词2)that which的区别(好多 自己查吧)3)关系代词的省略(自己查)手打的 好累啊 希望能帮到您 这是原创 请勿盗用 谢谢 还有就是我现在初一好不好的您多多见谅祝您学习成绩步步高求评为满意回答

not less than ...结构∶not less than+名词说明∶此句型意为“至少…”。等于“at least+<数词>+<名词>”。The audience was not less than five thousand. 听众至少也有五千人。I’ll stay here not less than three days. 我将待在这里至少三天。Though they think it takes no more than three days to fulfill the mission, I believe it takes not less than six days. 虽然他们认为完成这任务只需三天,但我却认为至少需要六天。at best + N结构∶at best+名词说明∶此句型意为“充其量…;只不过是…”。等于“nothing but ...”。Don’t expect much of him; he is at best a student. 不要对他期望过高;他只不过是个学生。She is at best a second-rate singer. 她充其量是个二流歌手。Don’t scold him too much; he is at best a child. 不要太责骂他;他只不过是个孩子。much more /much less ...结构∶much more/much less…说明∶此句型意为“更不用说…”。“much more ...”等于“let alone ...”或“still more ...”,只用于肯定句;“much less ...”等于“still less ...”,只用于<否定句>。She can speak English, much more/let alone/still more write it.她会说英语,更不用说写英文了。She cannot speak English, much less/still less write it. 她不会说英语,更不用说写英文了。You have a right to your property, much more to your ideas.你有处理自己财产的权利,更有支配自己思想的权利。I enjoy singing, much more listening to music. 我喜欢唱歌,更不用说听音乐了。She cannot buy daily necessities, much less luxuries.她连生活必需品都不能买,更不用说奢侈品。He can hardly run a mile, much less the marathon. 他连一哩都跑不了,更不用说马拉松了。That father can’t discipline himself, much less set a good example for his children to follow.那位父亲不能以身作则,更不用说做孩子的榜样了。... more than any other N结构∶比较级+than+any other+单数名词说明∶此句型意为“比其他任何…都还…”。这是用<比较级>来表示<最高级>的同范围比较<句型>。也可用“<比较级>+than+all the other+复数<名词>”来表示。John is more diligent than any other student in his class. 约翰比班上其他的同学用功。John is more diligent than all the other students in his class.约翰比班上其他的同学用功。Baseball is more popular than any other sport in Japan.在日本,棒球比其他任何运动都受人欢迎。Autumn is better for reading than any other season. 秋天比任何季节都适合读书。Mt. Jade is higher than any other mountain in Taiwan. 玉山要比台湾的任何山都高。... more than anyone else结构∶比较级+than+anyone else/anything else说明∶此句型意为“比其他任何…都还…”。这是用<比较级>来表示<最高级>的同范围比较<句型>。anyone else 指人;anything else 指物。John is more diligent than anyone else in his class. 约翰比班上其他的同学用功。Time is more precious than anything else in the world. 时间比世上任何东西都宝贵。Mary is more beautiful than anyone else in her company. 玛丽在公司里比其他人都漂亮。We pay less attention to time than to anything else.我们对时间的不重视超过其他任何事物。nothing is ...er than ...结构∶nothing(或 no+名词)+动词+比较级+than…说明∶此句型意为“没有如此…者”。这是用<比较级>来表示<最高级>的<句型>。Nothing is more valuable than time, but nothing is less valued.没有比时间更贵重的东西,但也没有比它更受轻视的东西。No place is better than one’s home. 没有任何地方比得上自己的家。Nothing is more pleasant than staying home listening to music.没有一件事比待在家里听音乐更愉快的了。Nothing gives him more pleasure than helping someone in trouble.没有一件事要比帮助陷入困境的人带给他更大的快乐。There is nothing to which we pay less attention than time and air.我们对时间和空气的不重视超过其他任何事物。... nothing more than N结构∶主词+动词+nothing more than+名词说明∶此句型意为“…只不过…”。“nothing more than”等于“nothing but”。Others are dismissed as nothing more than entertainment.有些只不过是被当做娱乐而不予考虑。It is nothing more than a made-up story. 它只不过是杜撰的故事而已。She wishes to be treated as nothing more than a common girl.她希望被对待得只不过像一般的女孩子。...er than ever结构∶…+比较级+than ever说明∶此句型意为“比以前更…”。than ever 等于 than ever before,意为“比以前任何时候…”。There it was, ticking away, louder than ever. 它就在那里,滴答地走着,比以前更大声。You should be more careful than ever. 你应该比以前更小心。Does she spend more money than ever? 她比以前花更多的钱吗?better ... than ...结构∶better+…+than+被比对象说明∶此句型意为“宁可…;最好还是…”。better 之后可接<形容词>,<副词>,<名词>,<动词>等。Please try to attend the meeting. Better late than absent.请您尽量参加会议。迟来也比不来强。Better to postpone the shipment than to cancel the contract. 与其撤约还不如延期装运。Better reduce the price than allow a discount. 与其给折扣,不如减价。with no N is it ...er than结构∶... and with no+名词1+is it+比较级+than+with+名词2说明∶此句型意为“…这种情形没有一种…比…更为…”。此种结构,由于有 no,所以用 is it的倒装句型。It is unreasonable to regard any language as the possession of a particular nation, and with no language is it more unreasonable than with English. 把某一种语言视为某一特定的国家所拥有是不合理的,而这种情形没有一种语言比英语更为不合理。It is bad to get ill, and with no disease is it worse than with cancer.生病是糟糕的,而这种情形没有一种疾病比癌症更为糟糕。It is pleasant to chat with friends, and with no chat is it more pleasant than with close friends.和朋友聊天是愉快的,而这种情形没有比和知己的朋友聊天更为愉快。Who is the most ...结构∶Who is the+最高级…?说明∶此句型意为“谁最…?”。此句型中若将 who 改为 which,即用来询问一组事物中最具某种特色的,如例句4。Who is the oldest of them? 他们之中谁的年纪最大?Who is the most beautiful in their family? 谁是他们家里最美丽的人?Who is the youngest here? 这里谁是最年轻的?Which is the most interesting subject for you? 哪个科目对你来说最有趣?the ...est ... not ...结构∶最高级+…not…说明∶<最高级>词类与 not 并用时,有“甚至…都不…”的意味。The most foolish man knows his own name. 再笨的人都知道自己的名字。The loveliest flower cannot beat her beauty. 再漂亮的花也比不上她的美丽。The greatest scholar cannot solve this difficult problem.再伟大的学者也没有办法解答这个难题吧。The richest man in the world cannot buy everything.即使是世上最富有的人,也无法买到一切。There is not the smallest chance of his escape. 他一点逃走的机会也没有。Not even the thickest jacket was enough to keep out the cold.就连最厚的夹克也不足以御寒。The strongest man (that) you can think of cannot tear the log apart with bare hands.就连你所能想到的最壮的人也不能光用手就将木头撕裂。the ...est ... that V-ed结构∶the+最高级…+(that)+完成式说明∶此句型意为“最…”。that 是<关系代名词>;<完成式>中习惯使用<副词> ever 强调。That’s the best book that I have ever read. 那是我读过的最好的书。That’s the nicest thing that has ever happened to me. 那是我遇到的最美好的事。He is the most diligent student that I have ever known. 他是我所知道的最用功的学生。That’s the worst performance (that) I have ever seen. 那是我所看过的最糟的一次表演。of all the N, the ...est结构∶of+the three/the four/all the+复数名词,+最高级子句说明∶此句型意为“在…中,…最…”。但须注意:“of the two+复数<名词>+<比较级><子句>”,表示“两者中…较…”,如例句7。<最高级><子句>也可置于句首。Of the three students, he is the best. 三个学生中,他是最好的。Jane is the best of all the students in her class. 珍是班中最好的学生。Jane is the best of the three (students). 珍是三个学生中最好的一个。Of all the high mountains, Mt. Jade is the highest. 在所有高山当中,玉山为最高。Of all the four seasons, summer is the hottest. 在所有四季当中,夏天最热。Of all the girls, she is the most beautiful. 在所有这些女孩子当中,她最美。Of the two girls, Mary is more beautiful. 这两个女孩中,玛丽较漂亮。A is the ...est among ...结构∶主词+be 动词+最高级+(名词)+among…说明∶此句型意为“…是…之中最…”。<最高级>后的<名词>通常省略。The Chuo-shui River is the longest one among them. 浊水溪是其中最长的一条。Which river is the shortest among them? 哪一条河流是它们之中最短的?Paris is the most beautiful among the cities. 巴黎是这些城市中最美的。

是make sb do sth

1 (see 、hear 、notice 、find 、feel 、listen to 、 look at (感官动词)+doeg:I like watching monkeys jump2 (比较级 and 比较级) 表示越来越怎么样3 a piece of cake =easy 小菜一碟(容易)4 agree with sb 赞成某人5 all kinds of 各种各样 a kind of 一样6 all over the world = the whole world 整个 世界7 along with同……一道,伴随…… eg : I will go along with you我将和你一起去the students planted trees along with their teachers 学生同老师们一起种树8 As soon as 一怎么样就怎么样9 as you can see 你是知道的10 ask for ……求助 向…要…(直接接想要的东西) eg : ask you for my book11 ask sb for sth 向某人什么12 ask sb to do sth 询问某人某事 ask sb not to do 叫某人不要做某事13 at the age of 在……岁时 eg:I am sixteen I am at the age of sixteen14 at the beginning of …… ……的起初;……的开始15 at the end of +地点/+时间 最后;尽头;末尾 eg : At the end of the day16 at this time of year 在每年的这个时候17 be /feel confident of sth /that clause +从句 感觉/对什么有信心,自信eg : I am / feel confident of my spoken English I feel that I can pass the test18 be + doing 表:1 现在进行时 2 将来时19 be able to (+ v 原) = can (+ v 原) 能够…… eg : She is able to sing She can sing20 be able to do sth 能够干什么 eg :she is able to sing21 be afraid to do (of sth 恐惧,害怕…… eg : I’m afraed to go out at night I’m afraid of dog22 be allowed to do 被允许做什么eg: I’m allowed to watch TV 我被允许看电视 I should be allowed to watch TV 我应该被允许看电视23 be angry with sb 生某人的气 eg : Don’t be angry with me24 be angry with(at) sb for doing sth 为什么而生某人的气25 be as…原级…as 和什么一样 eg : She is as tall as me 她和我一样高26 be ashamed to 27 be away from 远离 28 be away from 从……离开29 be bad for 对什么有害 eg : Reading books in the sun is bad for your eyes 在太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好 30 be born 出生于31 be busy doing sth 忙于做什么事 be busy with sth 忙于……32 be careful 当心;小心 33 be different from…… 和什么不一样34 be famous for 以……著名 35 be friendly to sb 对某人友好36 be from = come from 来自 eg :He is from Bejing He comes from Bejing Is he from Bejing ? Does he come from Bejing ?37 be full of 装满……的 be filled with 充满 eg: the glass is full of water the glass is filled with water38 be glad+to+do/从句 39 be going to + v(原) 将来时40 be good at(+doing) = do well in 在某方面善长, 善于……41 be good for 对什么有好处 eg : Reading aloud is good for your English42 be happy to do 很高兴做某事43 be helpful to sb 对某人有好处eg : Reading aloud is helpful to you 大声朗读对你有好处Exercising is helpful to your bady 锻炼对你的身体有好处44 be in good health 身体健康45 be in trouble 处于困难中 eg : She is in trouble They are in tronble46 be interested in 对某方面感兴趣47 be late for = come late to 迟到 eg: Be late for class 上课迟到48 be like 像…… eg : I’m like my mother49 be mad at 生某人的气50 be made from 由……制成(制成以后看不见原材料)51 be made of 由……制成(制成以后还看得见原材料) 52 be not sure 表不确定53 be on a visit to 参观 54 be popular with sb 受某人欢迎55 be quiet 安静 56 be short for 表**的缩写 eg: 陶 is short for 陶俊杰57 be sick in bed 生病在床 58 be sorry to do sth be sorry for sb eg : I am sorry for you59 be sorry to hear that 60 be sorry to trouble sb eg : I am sorry to trouble you61 be strict in doing sth 严于做某事 eg : He’s strict in obeying noles62 be strict with sb 对某人要求严格 eg: Some students are not strict with them selves 这些学生对自己不严格63 be strict with sb in sth 某方面对某人严格 64 be supposed to do 被要求干什么65 be sure 表确定 66 be sure of doing sth 对做某事有信心 eg: He is sure of winning I am sure of learning English well67 be sure of sth 对做某事有信心 eg: I’m sure of my head (my teacher 我相信我的大脑(老师)68 be sure that sth 对做某事有信心 eg: I’m suer that he can pass the test 我相信他能通过考试69 be sure to do sth一定会做某事eg: We are sure to pass the test 我们一定会通过这次考试 We are sure to learn English well 我们一定能学好英语70 be terrified of + 名/动doing 害怕…… 71 be terrified to do sth 害怕做某事72 be the same as … 和什么一样 73 be used to doing sth 习惯做某事eg: My father is used to getting up early 我爸爸习惯早He is used to sleeping in class 他习惯上课睡觉74 be worth doing 值得做什么 75 be(feel) afraid to do sth 害怕做某事be afraid of sth 害怕某物 be afraid that 丛句76 because+句子 because of +短语eg : He was late because he had a headache He was late because of his headache77 begin to do = start to do 开始做某事 start…with…=begin…with… 以什么开始什么 eg : Let’s begin the game with the song I begin to go home78 between…and… 两者之间79 borrow sth from sb 向……借…… lend sth to sb ( lend sb sth 借给……什么东西eg : I borrowed a pen from him he lent a pen to me ( he lent me a pen80 both = the same(as) = not different(from) 表相同81 bother 打扰 bother sb to do stheg : I’m sorry to bother you ,but can you tell me to way to the station我十分道歉打扰你,但是你能告诉我怎么去车站the problem has been bothering me for weeks 这个问题困扰了我几个周了He’s bothering me to lend him money82 by the end of 到……为止 83 call sb sth eg : We call him old wang84 care 关心 eg : Don’t you care about this country’s future ?你为什么不关心国家的未来85 catch up with sb 赶上某人 86 chat with sb 和某人闲谈 take sb to + 地点 带某人去某地87 come in 进88 come over to 过来89 come up with 提出 eg: Can you come up with a good idea 你能想出一个好办法吗?90 communicate with sb 和某人交流91 consider + doing 考虑做什么 eg : Why not consider going to lu zhou 为什么不考虑去泸州?92 dance to 随着……跳舞 eg : She likes dancing to the music 她喜欢随着音乐跳舞93 decide to do sth 决定做某事 94 do a survey of 做某方面的调查 95 do better in 在……方面做得更好96 do wrong 做错 97 Don’t forget to do sth 不要忘了做某事 98 Don’t mind +doing /从句 /名词 不要介意……99 each +名(单)每一个…eg : Each student has many books 每一个学生都有一些书100 end up +doing 101 enjoy +doing喜欢 102 escape from 从……逃跑eg: The prisoners have escaped from the prison犯人从监狱里逃跑出来 103 expect to do sth 期待做某事 104 fall down 摔下来 fall off 从哪摔下来 105 fall in love with sb /sth 爱上什么106 far from 离某地远 eg : The school is far from my home 107 find +it +adj +to do 发现做某事怎么样108 find sb/sth +adj 发现什么怎么样 eg : I find the book interesting 109 finish 完成+doing(名词)110 fit to sb = be fit for sb 适合某人 111 forget to do 没有做而忘了 forget doing 做了而又忘了 eg: Don’t forget to go home I forget closing door 112 from…to… 从某某到某某 eg: From me for her113 get /have sth down 做完,被(别人)做…eg: I have my hair cut 我理了发(头发被剪了)Tom got his bad tooth pulled out 汤母把他的坏牙拔掉了(被牙医拔掉了)114 get a part-time job= find a part-time job 115 get along well with sb = get on well with sb 与某人相处得好116 get along with sb = get on with sb 与某人相处 117 get ready for = be ready for为什么而准备eg : I get ready for math I am ready for math 118 get sb in to trouble 给某人麻119 get sb to do sth120 get…from… 从某处得到某物 121 give a talk 做报告 eg: He is give a tall122 give sth to sb give sb sth 给某人某物 123 go fish 钓鱼 go swimming 游泳124 go on to do 去做下一件事 go on doing 继续做这件事125 go out away from go out of126 go to school 上学(用于专业的)go to the school 去学校(不一定是上学)127 good way to 好方法128 hate to do 讨厌没做过的事 hate doing 讨厌做过的事129 have a party for sb 举办谁的晚会 130 have a talk 听报告谈一谈131 have been doing 现在完成进行时 eg : You have been talking You have been sleeping since132 have been to …( 地方)……去过某过地方 have gone to …(地方) 去了某地还没回来133 have fun +doing 玩得高兴 134 have sth to do 有什么事要做eg: I have a lot of homework to do 我有很多家庭作业要做I have nothing to do 我没什么事情做135 have to do sth 必须做某事136 have trouble (problem) (in) doing sth 做什么事情有麻烦137 have…time +doing138 have…(时间)…off 放……假 eg: I have month off 我请一个月得假139 hear sb +do/doing 听见某人做某事/正在做某事140 help a lot 很大用处141 help sb with sth \one’s sth 帮助某人某事(某方面) help sb (to) do sth 帮助某人做某事142 hope to do sth 希望做某事143 How about(+doing) = What about(+doing)144 how do you like = what do you think of 你对什么的看法145 if : 是否=wethereg: I don’t know if (wether) I should go to the party 我不知道我是否应该去参加晚会He don’t know if (wether) we will arrive on time tomorrow morning 他不知道我们明天早上是否能准时到达146 if :如果,假如(全部接一般时态)+条件语态从句eg: I’ll go to LuZhou if it does’t rain 假如明天不下雨,我就去泸州If they change the plan they will let me know 假如他们要改变计划,他们会让我知道的I’ll go to England ,if I have enough money next year 如果我明年由足够的钱,我就要去英国147 in one’s opinion = sb think 某人认为148 in some ways 在某些方面149 in the end = finally(adv) 最后150 in the north of… 什么在什么的北方(north 北 sowth 南 west 西 east 东 )151 in the sun 在太阳下152 increase 增加eg : They’ve increased the prece of petrol by 3% 他们把石油价增加了3%the population has increased from 12 million ten years ago to 18 million now153 instead of +(名 ) 代替eg: I’d like an apple instead of a pear 我想要苹果,而不要梨子I like English instead of math 我喜欢英语而不喜欢数学154 introduce sb to sb 介绍某人给某人 introduce oneself 自我介绍155 invite sb to do sth 邀请某人做某事156 It takes sb sometime to do sth 做某人花掉某人多少时间eg : It took me 5 minutes to do my homework It takes me half an hour to cook157 It’s +adj +for sb to do sth 对某人来说做某事怎么样158 It’s +adj +to do 做某事怎么样159 It’s +adj for sb 对于某人来说怎么样 It’s +adj of sb 对某人来说太怎么样160 It’s +adj(for sb) to do(对某人来说) 做某事怎么样 It’s +adj of sb to do sth 对某人来说做某事太怎么样eg : It’s nice of you to help me with my English更多

量点初中英语语法强化训练

背词组,及搭配,多做题

一个字:看;两个字:狠背;三个字:灵活用 对初中生来说,狠抓词汇和语法是没有错的。但总体英语的词汇比语法稍微重要一些,比重也明显比语法大,提升词汇的方法无非是听说读写。但是对于语法来说,它更加灵活,或句话说,也更加难。 过去我自己总结了一套如何学语法的方法:希望能帮上你。 首先,每个星期做一次:选择自己喜欢的一本或者基本英语小说【一切从兴趣入手】,摘抄其中的优美句子,并把句子中的不懂或难懂之处用“?”表示出来并背诵。(字写好看一点,不然自己看了都头疼)推荐英语读物【书虫系列】 接着,买一本薄一点但是语法知识“比较”全面的语法书,先把每天要做的事情自己罗列清楚:比如今天要被多少个单词,要看多少的语法点,要背诵几个语法内容自己有个规划。每天为自己安排自己能够接受的量(如果自己拿捏不准,可以请你的任课老师帮忙),并认真完成。 然后,背完知识点后休息一会,做一些相应的题目巩固提高一下,把错的地方找出来,探究为什么错,下回该怎么避免,并在语法书中把自己错的地方的语法点着重标出,方便下回看! 最后,有双休或者其他课余时间,放弃一些玩游戏的机会吧,多看一些英美剧或者美国、英国的电影,电视剧,帮助自己融入这个英语学习的环境。并从中找到属于自己喜欢的发音音调,着重练习,帮助自己形成惯行英语口语养成,语法点就在这么日积月累之中就越来越完善了! 如果觉得对你有所帮助,请采纳!!谢谢

首先 背单词 英语词汇量一定要大再 多读 语感自然就上来了,自己在讲话的时候也会很自然的说出接下来的话或者词组当然多听和多读就分不开了。英语 无非是。 多读。多听。多记单词。要考试的话还得多写

初中英语是英语学习的重要的打基础的阶段,下面我为大家总结了初中英语 语法 重点,仅供大家参考。英语语法重点 1、第一种 主语+连系动词+表语 ( S+V+P) The bike is new. The map is on the wall. 2、第二种 主语+不及物动词 ( S+V) He swims. 3、第三种 主语+及物动词+宾语 ( S+V+O) Children often sing this song. 4、主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 ( S+V+IO+DO) She showed her friends all her pictures. 5、主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语 ( S+V+O+C) We keep our classroom clean and tidy. He likes maths, but he needs help. I help him and he helps me. 复合句知识点 1、宾语从句 He said ( that) he felt sick. I don’t know whether ( if) she still works in the factory. I take back what I said. I can’t tell who is there. Can you tell me where the Summer Palace is? 2、状语从句 The train had left when I got to the station. I’ll go with you to the cinema this afternoon if I’m free. The students went to the farm because the farmers needed some help. The earth is bigger than the was so tired that he couldn’t walk on. 3、定语从句 Find the girl who is wearing a red skirt. Show me the picture that you like best. 倒装句之全部倒装 全部倒装是只将句子中的谓语动词全部置于主语之前。此结构通常只用与一般现在时和一般过去时。常见的结构有: 1) here, there, now, then, thus等副词置于句首, 谓语动词常用be, come, go, lie, run。 There goes the bell. Then came the chairman. Here is your letter. 2) 表示运动方向的副词或地点状语置于句首,谓语表示运动的动词。 Out rushed a missile from under the bomber. Ahead sat an old woman. 注意:上述全部倒装的句型结构的主语必须是名词,如果主语是人称代词则不能完全倒装。 Here he they went. 以上就是我为大家总结的 初中英语 语法重点,仅供参考,希望对大家有所帮助。

初中英语语法点

初中英语语法是初中学习的重点,下面总结了初中英语语法知识点,希望能帮助到大家学习英语。

英语句子成分分七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。

1、主语:句子的主体,全句述说的对象。回答是“谁”或者“什么”。一般由名词、代词、不定式、动名词或从句担当,位于句首。

如:The boy needs a pen.

Smoking is bad for you = To smoke is bad for you

2、谓语:说明主语的动作或状态。回答“做(什么)”。由动词或系动词加表语担任,常置于主语后。

如:The train leaves at 6 o’clock.

She is reading.

3、宾语:表示动作的对象。回答做的是“什么”。一般由名词或代词担当,常置于谓语后。

如:He won the game.

He likes playing computer.

注意:

(1)有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物(直接宾语),一个指人(间接宾语)。

间接宾语一般放在直接宾语前面。

如:He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信)

(2)有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。

如:He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)

4、表语:用以表述主语的特征、状态、身份等。回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。一般由名词或形容词担任,置于系动词或be动词之后。

如:He is a student. We are tired.

注意:除了be 系动词外,还有一些动词也可以用作系动词,

(1)表感官的动词: feel, smell, taste, sound, look, appear, seem 等。

(2)表转变变化的动词: become, get, grow, turn, go等。

(3)表延续的动词: remain, keep, hold, stay, rest等。

5、定语:对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子。

如:The black bike is mine.(形容词)

The boy in blue is Jim.(介词短语)

I have nothing to do today.(动词不定式)

注意:

(1)当定语修饰不定代词如:nothing , anything , everything , something等时,定语要放在其后作后置定语。例如: I tell him something interesting.

(2)不定式、短语或从句作定语时,也放在被修饰的名词之后。

例如:The boys who are in the room are playing games.

6、状语:用以修饰动词、形容词、副词及全句,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任位置灵活。

(1)修饰形容词或副词时,通常位于被修饰的词之前;

如:I am very sorry.

(2)表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头,强调时放在句首。

如:In order to cheer him up, I told him the truth.

They are writing English in the classroom.

(3)一些表示不确定时间(如:often)或程度(如:almost)的副词状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后,动词之前。

如:We often help him.

He is always late for class.

7、补语:补充说明宾语怎么样或干什么,。由n./adj./介宾/分词/不定式等担任。常位于宾语后。

如:He made me sad.(形容词)

She asks me to take an umbrella.(不定式)

The war made him a soldier.(名词)

I find him at home.(介词短语)

I saw a cat running along the wall.(分词)

8、同位语:通常紧跟在名词、代词后面,进一步说明它的情况, 它可以由名词、代词、名词性短语或从句充当。

如:Tom, our monitor, is a handsome boy.

I myself will do the experiment.

She is the oldest among them six.

1、表示年份:2002: twenty thousand and two ; 1976 : nineteen seventy-six.

2、表示日期: 12月1日: Dec.1st或the first of December;2002年11月8日: Nov. 8th, 2002.

3、表示时刻: 5:15→ five fifteen或a quarter past five ; 8:30→ eight thirty或half past

eight ; 10:45→ ten forty-five或a quarter to eleven.

4、表示编号:Room 105→Room one 0 five; Bus No.13→Bus Number Thirteen; P.5→Page Five;Tel.No.7658659→Telephone Number seven-six-five-eight-six-five-nine

5、小数的读法:5.7→ five point seven, 0.16 →zero point one six.

6、“半”的表达: 1/2→half, 半小时→half an hour, 1.5小时→one and a half hours或one hour and a half.

7、序数词前面加the时,表示顺序,加a/an时表示“再一、又一”。

1、概念:过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果,或从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态。

2、句子结构:have/has + done

3、时间状语:recently, lately, since…for…,in the past few years, etc.

4、否定形式:have/has + not +done.

5、一般疑问句:have或has。

1、概念:表示现阶段或说话时正在进行的动作及行为。

2、时间状语:now, at this time, these days, etc.

3、基本结构:am/is/are+doing

否定形式:am/is/are+not+doing.

一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首。

4、用法:

(1)表示现在(指说话人说话时)正在发生的事情。

例如: We are waiting for you. 我们正在等你。

(2)习惯进行:表示长期的或重复性的动作,说话时动作未必正在进行。

例如:Mr. Green is writing another novel. 他在写另一部小说。(说话时并未在写,只处于写作的状态。)

(3)表示渐变,这样的动词有:get, grow, become, turn, run, go, begin等。

例如:The leaves are turning red. 叶子在变红。

It's getting warmer and warmer. 天越来越热了。

(4)与always, constantly, forever 等词连用,表示反复发生的动作或持续存在的状态,往往带有说话人的主观色彩。

例:You are always changing your mind. 你老是改变主意。

(5)用现在进行时表示将来

下列动词come, go, arrive, leave, start, begin, return等瞬时动词的现在进行时可以表示将来。

例:I'm leaving tomorrow. 明天我要走了。

Are you staying here till next week? 你会在这儿呆到下周吗?

1、概念:指经常、反复发生的动作或行为及现在的某种状况。

2、时间状语:always,usually,often,sometimes,every week(day,year,month…),once a week,on Sundays,

3、基本结构:动词+原形(如主语为第三人称单数,动词上要加(e)S)

4、否定形式:am/is/are+not;此时态的谓语动词若为行为动词,则在其前加don't,如主语为第三人称单数,则用doesn't,同时还原行为动词。

5、一般疑问句:把be动词放于句首;用助动词do提问,如主语为第三人称单数,则用does,同时,还原行为动词。

1、概念:过去某个时间里发生的动作或状态;过去习惯性、经常性的动作、行为。

2、时间状语:ago,yesterday,the day before yesterday,last week(year,night,month…),in 1989,just now,at the age of 5,one day,long long ago,once upon a time,etc.

3、基本结构:含有Be动词主语+was/were+.不含有be动词:主语+动词过去式+.

4、否定句:带be:主语+was/were not+动词原形+.不带be:主语+didn't+动词原形+.

5、一般疑问句:含be动词was或were放于句首;

不含be动词用助动词do的过去式did提问,同时还原行为动词原型。

1、概念:表示过去某段时间或某一时刻正在发生或进行的行为或动作。

2、时间状语:at this time yesterday,at that time或以when引导的谓语动词是一般过去时的时间状语等。

3、基本结构:was/were+doing

4、否定形式:was/were+not+doing.

5、一般疑问句:把was或were放于句首。

1、概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。

2、时间状语:tomorrow,next day(week,month,year…),soon,in a few minutes,by…,the day after tomorrow,etc.

3、基本结构:am/is/are+going to+do;will/shall+do.

4、否定形式:am/is/are+not+going to;在行为动词前加will/shall(will适用于所有人称,shall只用于第一人称)

5、一般疑问句:be放于句首;will/shall提到句首。

1、概念:立足于过去某一时刻,从过去看将来,常用于宾语从句中。

2、时间状语:the next day(morning,year…),the following month(week…),etc.

3、基本结构:was/were+going to+do;would/should+do.

4、否定形式:was/were+not+going to+do;would/should+not+do.

5、一般疑问句:was或were放于句首;would/should提到句首。

英语语法一直以来都是很多初中生头疼的内容,由于英语语法知识比较复杂,很多学生都学不好这部分的知识。下面是我为大家整理的关于初中英语语法知识归纳,希望对您有所帮助。欢迎大家阅读参考学习!

初中英语语法知识归纳

名词的所有格:表所有关系

两种表示法:’s和of

1)用and连接两个并列的单数名词表示共有关系时,只在最后一个名词后加’s;表示分别拥有各自的物品时,两个名词都要加’s.

eg: Mary and her sister’s bedroom 玛丽和她妹妹的房间 Tom’s and Mary’s bags 汤姆的和玛丽的包

2)以s结尾的名词,在s后加’, 不以s结尾的加’s

eg: Teachers’ Day Children’s Day

3)双重所有格,形式:of+名词所有格;of+名词性物主代词

eg:He is a friend of my brother’s. Is she a daughter of yours ?

辨析: a picture of her mother’s 她妈妈的一张照片(强调照片是她妈妈的,但照片上的人不一定是她妈妈)

a picture of her mother 她妈妈的照片(强调照片上的人是她妈妈) 4)表示店铺、医院、诊所、住宅等名称时,常用名词后加上’s代表全称 at the doctor’s 在医院的候诊室

5)在some, any, every和one, boby结合起来的复合名词后加’s

someone’s book 某人的书, somebody else’s pencil 其他人的铅笔

6)表示时间,距离,国家,城市等无生命的名词,也可以在词尾加’s或’构成所有格。

意:名词+of+名词名词是有生命的,我们就用’s结构来表示所有关系。如果名词所表示的事物是无生命的,我们就要用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系.如: the legs of the desk,the door of the room

但在表示名词所有格时,’s结构也常可转换成of结构。有些表示时间,距离、国家、城市等无生命的东西的名词,也可以加’s来构成所有格.如: ten minutes' walk,today's newspaper

初中英语必背语法知识

1、be late for„. „„迟到

Don’t be late for school.不要上学迟到。

2、play + 球类名词:打/踢„„球(注意: 球类运动 不用冠词)

play +the+ 乐器(西洋)

playping-pong/basketball/volleyball/tennis/soccer

3、sound

1)连系动词,“听起来”,后接形容词作表语。

That story sounds very interesting.那 故事 听起来很有趣。

2)名词“声音”(泛指自然界中的各种声音)。

The sound is too loud.声音太大了。

4、every day 每天

She plays sports every day. 她每天都做运动。

everyday日常的 everyday English 日常英语

5.after class 下课后 after school 放学后

6. 辨析interesting与interested

1) interesting可作表语,指某人/事/物本身有趣;也可作定语修饰人或物

① The book is interesting.这书很有趣。 (作表语)

②I have an interestingbook.我有本有趣的书。(作定语)

2) interested用于be/get/become interested in„(对„„感兴趣)这一结构中。

He is interested inplaying football.他对踢 足球 感兴趣。

7、like 喜欢

1)like sb. / sth.喜欢某人/某物

2) like to do sth.喜欢/想要做某事(表一次性或特指的某一具体的动作)

3) like doing sth喜欢做某事(表习惯性的动作或 爱好 )

①我喜欢每天打 篮球 。I like playing basketballevery day.

②今天很冷,我喜欢呆在家里。Todayis cold, I like to stay at home.

初中英语语法知识

一、陈述句

陈述句是陈述一个事实或者说话人的看法的,陈述句分为肯定句和否定句。陈述句句末用句号,朗读时用降调。

1、肯定句的基本结构为:主+谓 He went to London to pass his holiday.

2、否定句的表达方式

(1)主语+be+not+表语 He is not a teacher.

(2)主语+助动词/情态动词+not+谓语动词+其他 I don't think you are right. He hasn't yet paid the money. (他尚未付钱。)

(3)使用“not”以外的否定词:

(a)副词:never, seldom, hardly, little, neither等。She seldom comes to see me. (她不常来看我。)

(b)形容词:no, few, little等 He has few friends in Hong Kong. (他在香港几乎没有朋友。)

(c)代词:nothing, nobody, none等。I found nobody about computer. (在那栋房子里我没看到任何人。)

二、疑问句

疑问句的主要交际功能是提出问题,询问情况。分为一般疑问句、选择疑问句、特殊疑问句和反意疑问句。

1、一般疑问句通常用来询问一件事情是否属实。答句通常是“yes或no”。 句型一:Be +主语+ …?Are these books on the desk?这些书在桌子上吗?

句型二:Do / Does / Did + 主语 +谓语+…?Do you like English?你喜欢英语吗? 句型三:情态动词 + 主语 + 谓语 +…?

Must I finish my homework now?我必须现在完成我的家庭作业吗?

句型四:Have / Has + 主语 + 过去分词+…?

Have you heard from him? 你收到他的来信吗?

另外,还有以be动词、助动词或情态动词的否定缩写形式开头的一般疑问句,这种 句子 一般表示请求、惊讶和对事物的看法等,回答时所用的yes和no表达的意思和汉语的习惯不同。例如:——Isn't he tall?难道他不高吗?

—— Yes, he is.不,他很高。

2、特殊疑问句以疑问词开头,对句中某一成分提问的句子叫特殊疑问句。常用的疑问词有:what 、who 、whose 、which、 when、 where、 how 、why等。例如: who is singing in the room?

what class are you in﹖

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初中英语语法考点

虚拟语气用来表示说话人的主观愿望或假想,而不表示客观存在的事实,所说的是一个条件,不一定是事实,或与事实相反。虚拟语气通过谓语动词的特殊形式来表示。英语中的语气分为陈述语气、祈使语气、虚拟语气三类。真实条件状语从句与非真实条件状语从句 条件句可分为两类,一类为真实条件句,一类为非真实条件句。非真实条件句表示的是假设或实际可能性不大的情况,故采用虚拟语气。 eg: If he doesn’t hurry up, he will miss the bus. 如果他不快点,他将错过巴士。( 真实) If he is free, he will ask me to tell stories. 如果他是空闲的,他会要求我讲故事。(真实) If I were you, I would go at once.如果我是你,我马上就会去。 (非真实,虚拟语气) If there were no air, people would die. 如果没有空气,人就会死亡。(非真实,虚拟语气)用法及动词形式 1、表示与现在事实相反的情况: 从句:主语+过去时 主句:主语+should/would/could/might+do 例: 1.If I were you, I would take an umbrella. 如果我是你,我会带把伞。(事实:我不可能是你) 2.If I knew his telephone number, I would tell you. 如果我知道他的电话号码,我就会告诉你。(事实:不知道) 3.If there were no air or water, there would be no living things on the earth. 如果没有水和空气,地球上就不会有生物。(事实:地球上既有空气也有水) 4.If I had any money with me, I could lend you some. 如果我带钱了,我就会借给你些。(事实:没带钱) 5.If he studied harder, he might pass the exam. 如果他再努力些,就能通过考试了。(事实:没有努力) 2、表示与过去事实相反的情况 从句:主语+had done 主句:主语+should/would/could/might+have done 例: 1. If I had gotten there earlier, I should/could have met her. 如果我早到那儿,我就会见到她。 (事实:去晚了) 2.If he had taken my advice, he would not have made such a mistake. 如果他听我的劝告的话,就不会犯这样的错误了。 (事实:没有听我的话) 3、表示对将来情况的主观推测 从句:①if+主语+were to do 主句:①主语+should/would/could/might+do ②if+主语+did/were ②主语+should/would/could/might+do ③if+主语+should+do ③主语+should/would/could/might+do 例: 1.If he should come here tomorrow, I should/would talk to him. 如果他哪天来这儿的话,我就跟他谈谈。 (事实:来的可能性很小) 2.If there were a heavy snow next Sunday, we would not go skating. 如果下周日下大雪,我们就不能去滑冰了。(事实:不知能否下雪) 3.If she were to be there next Monday, I would tell her about the matter. 如果她下周一来这儿的话,我就会告诉她这件事的始末。 4、 有时,虚拟条件句中,结果主句和条件从句的谓语动作若不是同时发生时,虚拟语气的形式应作相应的调整。 ①从句的动作与过去事实相反,而主句的动作与现在或现在正在发生的事实不符。 如: If I had worked hard at school, I would be an engineer, too. 如果我在学校学习刻苦的话,我现在也会成为一个工程师了 If they had informed us, we would not come here now. 如果他们通知过我们的话,我们现在就不会来这里了。 ②从句的动作与现在事实相反,而主句的动作与过去事实不符。 如: If he were free today, we would have sent him to Beijing. 如果他今天有空的话,我们会已经派他去北京了。 If he knew her, he would have greeted her. 要是他认识她的话,他肯定会去问候她了。 5、 当虚拟条件句的谓语动词含有were, should, had时,if可以省略,这时条件从句要用倒装语序,即将were, should, had等词置于句首,这种多用于书面语。 如: Should he agree to go there, we would send him there. 要是他答应去的话,我们就派他去。 Were she here, she would agree with us. 如果她在这儿的话,她会同意我们的。 Had he learnt about computers, we would have hired him to work here. 如果他懂一些电脑知识的话,我们已经聘用他来这里工作了。 6、非真实条件句中的条件从句有时不表达出来,只暗含在副词、介词短语、上下文或其他方式表示出来,这种句子叫做含蓄条件句,在多数情况下,条件会暗含在短语中,如without…., but for….等 如: But for his help, we would be working now. 要不是他的帮助,我们还会在工作呢。 Without your instruction, I would not have made such great progress. 要是没有你的指导,我不会取得如此大的进步。 We didn’t know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him. 我们不知道他的电话号码,否则我们就会给他打电话。 7、 有时,虚拟条件句中,主、从句可以省略其中的一个,来表示说话人的一种强烈的感情。 ①省略从句 He would have finished it. 他本该完成了。 You could have passed this exam. 你应该能通过这次考试了。 ②省略主句 If I were at home now. 要是我现在在家里该多好啊。 If only I had got it. 要是我得到它了该多好啊。、编辑本段虚拟语气(Subjunctive Mood)的其他用法用在wish 后的宾语从句 a、表示与现在事实相反的愿望,谓语动词用过去式 eg. I wish I had your brains. 我希望我有你那样的头脑。(事实:我根本比不上你) b、表示与过去事实相反的愿望,谓语动词:had+done eg:.I wish I had known the truth of the matter. 我希望我原来知道这件事的真相。(事实:原来不知道) c、表示将来难以实现的愿望 谓语动词:should/would + 动词原形 eg. I wish I should have a chance again. 我希望我还能有一次这样的机会。(事实:很难再有这样的机会了) (注:if only和as if/as though也有相同用法)用在目的状语从句中 1.在for fear that, in case, lest引导的从句中,若用虚拟语气时,从句谓语为:should + 动词原形。并且 should不能省略 She examined the door again for fear that a thief should come in. 她又把门检查了一遍,以防盗贼的进入。 He started out earlier lest he should be late. 他很早就出发了以防迟到。 2、在so that, in order that所引导的目的状语从句中,从句中的谓语为:can / may / could / might / will / would / should + 动词原形。 He goes closer to the speaker so that he can hear him clearer. 他走近说话的人以便能听得更清楚。 He read the letter carefully in order that he should not miss a word. 他把信读得很仔细以便不漏掉一个单词。其他用法 1、一想要(desire)二宁愿(prefer)三命令(order. command)四建议(advice. suggest. propose)五要求(demand. require. request. desire.insist)中,无论主句谓语动词为何种时态,从句的谓语动词都用:“should + 动词原形”或只用“动词原形”。 如: He suggested that we (should) takethe teacher’s advice. He insisted that we (should) takethe teacher’s advice. He demand that we (should) takethe teacher’s advice. He ordered that we (should) takethe teacher’s advice. insist如果翻译成坚持某种动作才用虚拟语气;翻译成坚持某种观点就不用虚拟语气。 如:He insists he is a student. 他坚持说他是个学生。 这个语句表示的是事实,因此在这个语句中不能使用虚拟语气。 suggest意为“建议”才用虚拟语气,意为“暗示”则不用虚拟语气。 如: His face suggests that he looks worried . 他的表情暗含着他很担心。 这个句子本身是事实,因此它就没有用到虚拟语气。 2、表情绪.观点的形容词或名词也要用虚拟语气.如:necessary、important、impossible、natural、strange、surprising、funny、right、wrong、better、a pity等。 句型:It is.......that +主语从句,从句的谓语动词都要用should+原型 或只用动词原型。 3、 在even if, even though 所引导的让步状语从句中,可用虚拟语气,主句、从句的结构与if所引导的条件从句结构相同。如: Even if he were here himself, he should not know what to do. 即使他亲自来也不知该怎么办。(事实:他没来) Nobody could save him even though Hua Tuo should come here. 即使华佗在世也救不了他。(事实:华佗不在世) 4、 在whatever,whichever,whenever,whoever, wherever,however, no matter wh-word 等引导的让步状语从句中,从句虚拟语气结构为: 指现在或将来: may +动词原形。 如: We will finish it on time no matter what may happen. 不管发生什么事,我们都要按时完成。 We will find him wherever he may be. 无论他在哪里,我们都要找到他。 I will wait for him no matter how late he may come. 不管他来的多么晚,我都会等他。 指过去: may +完成式 。 如: You mustn’t be proud whatever great progress you may have made. 不管你取得了多么大的进步,你也不能骄傲。 We must respect him no matter what mistakes he may have made. 不管他犯过什么错误,我们必须尊敬他。 5、一般would rather, had rather, would sooner等之后的宾语从句常表示与客观事实不相符的一种愿望,故使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为: 过去 had + 过去分词 现在 过去时(be 用were ) 将来 过去时(be 用were ) 如: I’d rather you had seen the film yesterday. 我倒想你昨天看过了这场电影。 I’d rather you were here now. 我倒想你现在在这儿。 We’d rather you went here tomorrow. 我们倒想你明天去那儿 6、虚拟语气还可用在定语从句中,表示:“早该做某事了”时,定语从句中的谓语动词须用虚拟语气,其虚拟语气的结构为:It is (high / about) time that + 主语+ 动词的过去式/ should + 动词原形,即从句用虚拟过去式。 如 It is time that I went to pick up my daughter at school. 我该去学校接我的女儿了。 It is high time you should go to work. 你早该上班了。 7、 简单句中的虚拟语气 (1) 说话时,为了表示客气、谦虚、委婉而有礼貌,言语常使用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构形式常为:would / could / might / should + 动词原形。 如: Would you mind my shutting the door? 我把门关起来你介意吗? You should always learn this lesson by heart. 你要把这个教训牢记于心。 I should agree with you. 我应该同意你的观点。 (2) 表示“祝愿”时,常用may + 主语+ 动词原形。 如: May you have a good journey! 祝你一路顺风。 May your youth last for ever! 祝你青春永驻。 (3)表示强烈的“愿望”、“祝愿”时,常用动词原形。 如: Long live the Communist Party of China. 中国共产党万岁。 God bless us. 上帝保佑。 (4) 习惯表达中常用的虚拟语气。 ① 提出请求或邀请。如: Would you like to have a talk with us this evening? 今天晚上来跟我们聊天好吗? Could I use your bike now? 我可以用一下你的单车吗? ② 陈述自己的观点或看法。如: I should glad to meet you. 见到你我会很高兴。 I would try my best to help you. 我会尽力帮助你。 ③提出劝告或建议。如: You’d better ask your father first. 你最好先问一问你的父亲。 You should make a full investigation of it first. 你应该先全面调查一番。 ④ 提出问题。如: Do you think he could get here on time? 你认为他能按时来吗? Do you expect he would tell us the truth? 你期望他会告诉我们真相吗? ⑤ 表示对过去情况的责备时,常用虚拟语气。其虚拟语气的结构为:情态动词 + have + 过去分词。 如: You should have got here earlier. 你应该早就到这里了。 You should have returned it to him. 你应该把它还给他了。 8、虚拟语气在方式状语从句的应用。详见百度百科之方式状语从句词条。编辑本段四、省略的虚拟条件句型省略连词if 有时可将条件从句的连词if省略,但此时应用倒装句型,即将从句中的were, should, had 等提到句首: Were I Tom, I would refuse. 如果我是汤姆,我会拒绝。 I will go, should it be necessary. 假若有必要,我会去的。 Had it not been for the bad weather we would have arrived in time. 若不是天气坏,我们就准时到达了。 【注】 ① 若条件从句为否定句,否定词not应置于主语之后,而不能与were, should, had 等缩略成Weren’t, Shouldn’t, Hadn’t而置于句首。 ② 有时省略if后提前的had不是助动词: Had I time, I would come. 假若我有时间,我会来的。(=If I had time…)省略条件句的主语和其后的动词be 若主从句主语一致,且谓语部分包含有动词be,通常可将主语和动词be省略: If repaired earlier, the tractor would not have broken down. 要是早点儿修一下,拖拉机就不会抛锚了。(=If it had been repaired earlier…)省略“it+be” If necessary, I would send more farm-hands to help you. 如果需要的话我会派更多的民工去帮你。(=If it was necessary, I would…)省略整个条件从句 这样的省略通常需要借助一定的上下文,即省略条件从句后,所剩下的主句的意思在一定的上下文中意思是清楚的: I might see her personally. It would be better. 我可以亲自去看她,这样好一些。(=…If I saw her personally, it would be better.)编辑本段在含蓄条件句中的用法 (1) 条件暗含在短语中。如: We didn’t know his telephone number; otherwise we would have telephoned him. 我们不知道他的电话号码,否则我们就会给他打电话。(暗含条件是otherwise) Without your help, we wouldn’t have achieved so much. 没有你的帮助,我们不可能取得这么大的成绩。 (暗含条件是介词短语without your help) But for your help, I would not have succeeded in the experiment. 如果没有你的帮助,我的实验就不会成功。(暗含条件是but for your help) It would cause great trouble not to lubricate the bearing immediately. 不立即润滑轴承就会引起很大的故障。 (暗含条件是not to lubricate the bearing immediately) (2) 条件暗含在上下文中。如: I would not have done it that way. 我是不会那么做的。(可能暗含if I were you) I was busy that day. Otherwise I would have come to help you. 我那天很忙。否则我会来帮你的。(可能暗含if I hadn’t been so busy.) You might come to join us in the discussion. 你可以参加我们的讨论。(可能暗含if you wanted to) I would have bought the DVD player. 我是会买下那台影碟机的。(可能暗含if I had the money) But for the storm, we should have arrived earlier. 要不是碰到暴雨,我们还会早些到。(可能暗含if it had not been for the storm)。

一般过去时 Ved 一般将来时 Be going to + V / Will + V 过去将来时 Be的过去时 going to +V/ Would +V 现在进行时 Be +doing 过去进行时 was/were doing/ was /were not doing 将来进行时 Will +be+doing/ will not be doing 现在完成时 have +done/ have not done 过去完成时 Had+done/ had not done 现在完成进行时 have/has been doing/ have has not been doing 过去完成进行时 had been doing/ had not been doing 一、一般时态 1、一般现在时 (1)一般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的动作或状态或现阶段反复发生的动作或状态,常和副词usually,often,always sometimes, regularly,near,occasionally,every year, every week等连用。例如: 1)The moon moves round the earth.. 2)Mr. Smith travels to work by bus every day. (2)在由after,until,before,once,when,even if,in case,as long as,as soon as,the moment以及if,unless等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中,通常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如: 1)I will tell him the news as soon as I see him. 2)I will not go to countryside if it rains tomorrow. (3)某些表示起始的动词,可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作,这类动词有:be,go,come,start,depart,arrive,begin,leave等。例如: 1)The plane leaves at three sharp. 2)The new teachers arrive tomorrow. (4)在由why,what,where,whoever,who,that,as等引导的从句中,也常用一般现在时代替将来时。例如: 1)Free tickets will be given to whoever comes first. 2)You’ll probably be in the same train as I am tomorrow. 2.一般过去时 (1)表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、可完成的动作或状态,常与表示确切过去时间的词、短语或从句连用。例如: We went to the pictures last night and saw a very interesting film. (2)表示过去习惯性动作。例如: 1)He always went to class last. 2)I used to do my homework in the library. (注意与be used to doing短语的区别) 3.一般将来时 1)表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态。例如: I shall graduate next year. 2)几种替代形式: 1)be going to +v在口语中广泛使用,表示准备做或将发生的事情。例如: I’m going to buy a house when we’ve saved enough money. 2)be to +v表示计划安排要做的事,具有“必要”的强制性意义。例如: I am to play tennis this afternoon. 3)be about to +v表示即将发生的事情。例如: He was about to start. 4)be due to +v表示预先确定了的事,必定发生的事。例如: The train is due to depart in ten minutes. 5)be on the point/verge of +v – ing强调即将发生的某种事态。例如: The baby was on the point of crying when her mother finally came home. 二、进行时态 1.现在进行时 (1)表示现在正在进行的动作,常与now,right now,at the mother,for the time being,for the present等连用。例如: Don’t disturb her. She is reading a newspaper now. (2)表示现阶段经常发生的动作,常与always,continually,forever,constantly等连用。例如: My father is forever criticizing me. (3)表示根据计划或安排在最近要进行的事情。具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性动词。即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词。常用的有:go,come,leave,start,arrive,return等。例如: They are leaving for Hong Kong next month. (4)有些动词不能用进行时,这是一类表示“感觉,感情,存在,从属”等的动词。如:see,hear,smell,taste,feel,notice,look,appear,(表示感觉的词);hate,love,fear,like,want,wish,prefer,refuse,forgive(表示感情的动词);be,exist,remain,stay,obtain(表示存在状态的动词);have,possess,own,contain,belong,consist of,form(表示占有与从属的动词);understand,know,believe,think,doubt,forget,remember(表示思考理解的动词)。但是如果它们词义改变,便也可用进行时态。例如: 1)Tom looks pale. What’s wrong with him? (look在此为联系动词,意为“显得,看上去”) 2)Tom is looking for his books. (look在此为实义动词,意为“寻找”) 2.过去进行时 过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后,另一个过去的动作正在进行,或表示过去反复的习惯,常与always,continually,constantly等动词连用。例如: 1)We were discussing the matter when the headmaster entered. 2)Whenever I visited him, he was always writing at the desk. 3.将来进行时 将来进行时主要表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作,或表示要在将来某一时刻开始,并继续下去的动作。常用来表示礼貌的询问、请求等。例如: 1)This time next day they will be sitting in the cinema. 2)What will you be doing at six tomorrow evening? 4.完成进行时 (现在、过去、将来)完成进行时是(现在、过去、将来)完成时的强调形式,将放在完成时态部分讲述。 三、完成时态 完成时态通常表示已完成或从事的动作。它可分为: 1.现在完成时 (1)现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的,刚刚完成的动作(常与yet,already,just连用),或者过去某一时刻发生的,持续到现在的情况(常与for,since连用)。例如: 1)I have just finished my homework. 2)Mary has been ill for three days. (2)常与现在完成时连用的时间状语有:since, for, during, over等引导出的短语;副词already, yet, just, ever, now, before, often, lately, recently等;状语词组this week (morning, month, year), so far, up to now, many times, up to the present等。例如: 1)I haven’t been there for five years. 2)So far, she hasn’t enjoyed the summer vacation. 3)There have been a lot of changes since 1978. (3)完成时态可用在下列结构中: This (That, It) is (was) the first (second…) time +定语从句;This (That, It) is (was) the only (last) + n +定语从句;This (That, It) is (was) +形容词最高级+ n +定语从句。如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,从句的谓语动词通常用现在完成时;如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时,从句谓语动词通常用过去完成时。例如: (1)This is one of the rarest questions that have ever been raised at such a meeting. (2)There was a knock at the door. It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening. 2.过去完成时 (1)表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况,这个过去的时间可以用by,before等介词短语或一个时间状语从句来表示;或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。例如: 1)We had just had our breakfast when Tom came in. 2)By the end of last year they had turned out 5, 000 bicycles. (2)动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时,表示过去的希望、预期、意图或愿望等没有实现。例如: I had meant to take a good holiday this year, but I wasn’t able to get away. 另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是: 1)was / were + to have done sth,例如: We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn’t. 2)intended (expected, hope, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired) + to have done sth,例如: I meant to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so. (3)过去完成时常用于以下固定句型: 1)hardly, scarcely, barely + 过去完成时+ when + 过去时。例如: Hardly had I got on the bus when it started to move. 2)no sooner +过去完成时+ than +过去时。例如: No sooner had I gone out than he came to see me. 3)by (the end of ) +过去时间,主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。例如: The experiment had been finished by 4 o’clock yesterday afternoon. 3.将来完成时 将来完成时表示在将来某一时刻将完成或在另一个未来的动作发生之前已经完成的动作;也可以用来表示一种猜测。常与将来完成时连用的时间状语有:by (the time / the end of ) +表示将来时间的短语和句子;before (the end of ) +表示将来时间的词语或句子;when, after等加上表示将来动作的句子等。例如: 1)By this time tomorrow you will have arrived in Shanghai. 2)I shall have finished this composition before 9 o’clock. 3)When we get on the railway station, the train will probably have left. 4.完成进行时 完成进行时是完成时的强调形式,有现在完成进行时,过去完成进行时,将来完成进行时。 (1)现在完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如: I have been looking for my lost book for three days, but I still haven’t found it. (2)过去完成进行时表示过去某一时刻之前开始的动作或状态一直延续到过去某一时刻。例如: It had been raining cats and dogs for over a week and the downpour had caused landslides in many places. (3)将来完成进行时表示在将来某一时刻之前开始的一个动作或状态一直延续到将来某一时刻。例如: By the time you arrive tonight, she will have been typing for hours. 四:时态一致 时态一致是英语四、六级考试的一个重要内容。通常应由主句谓语的时态决定从句的谓语时态。一般原则是: 1、当主句谓语使用现在时或将来时,从句的谓语根据具体情况使用任何时态 He says that he lives in Wuhan. We hope that there will be many people at your party today. “Did you hear that Bill finally sold the house?” “Yes, but I don’t know who bought it.” “There’s a lot of excitement on the street.” “There certainly is. Do you suppose the astronauts have returned?” 2、当主句谓语使用过去时的时候,从句的谓语必须使用过去范围的时态 He said he was writing a novel. The teacher wanted to know when we would finish the experiment. He said his father had been an engineer. 3、当从句是表示没有时间概念的真理时,从句的谓语应使用一般现在时。例如: The teacher told them since light travels faster than sound, lightning appears to go before thunder. 注:在此种情况下,即使主句谓语用了过去式的各种时态,从句谓语也应用一般现在时。 4、从句谓语只能用虚拟语气的情况 利用时态一致原则确定从句动词时态时,还应注意,若主语动词是表示命令、请求、要求、建议、劝告等的动词,从句谓语只能用虚拟语气,不能遵循时态一致原则。例如: We insisted that we do it ourselves. 动词的语态 语态也是动词的一种形式,英语有两种语态:主动语态和被动语态。主动语态表示主语是动作的执行者,而被动语态表示主语是动作的承受者。 1)We use electricity to run machines. (主动语态) 2)Electricity is used to run machines. (被动语态) 1.不能用于被动语态的动词和短语 (1)在英语中,不及物动词不能用于被动语态,但有些不及物动词(包括短语)容易引起误用。如:appear, belong, belong, die, escape, fall, happen, last, remain, succeed, occur, come true, take place, consist of。 (2)某些表示状态或特征的及物动词,如:become, contain, cost, fit, have, resemble, suit也没有被动语态。 2.被动语态的时态形式 常用的被动语态有表1所列的几种时态形式。 表1 时?SPAN lang=EN-US> 一般时进行时完成时 现在 am asked am being asked is asked is being asked are asked are being asked 过去 was be asked was being asked were be asked were being asked 将来 shall be asked shall have been asked will be asked will have been asked 过去 should be asked should have been asked 将来 would be asked would have been asked 3.短语动词的被动语态 短语动词转换为被动语态时,通常被看作是一个动词,后面的介词或副词不能拆开或省略。例如: 1)So far no correct conclusion has arrived at. 2)All the rubbish should be got rid of. 4.“get + -ed分词”的被动语态 “get + -ed分词”结构强调动作的结果,而非动作本身,常用来表示突发性的,出乎意料的偶然事件。例如: The boy got hurt on his way home from work. 另外,“get + -ed分词”还可用于谈论为自己做的事,是主动的行为而不是被动的行为。例如: get dressed(穿衣服) get divorced(离婚) get engaged(订婚) get confused(迷惑不解) get lost(迷路) get washed(洗脸) get married(结婚) 5.能带两个宾语和复合宾语的动词改为被动语态 (1)能带两个宾语的动词改为被动语态时,一次只能由一个宾语作主语,另一个宾语被保留下来。例如: 1)We showed the visitors our new products.(主动语态) 2)The visitors were shown our new products.(被动语态) 3)Our new products were shown to the visitors.(被动语态) (2)能带复合宾语的动词改为被动语态时,原来的宾语补足语变为主语补足语。例如: 1)The teacher appointed him League secretary.(主动语态) 2)He was appointed League secretary.(被动语态) 6.被动语态与系表结构的区别 (1)The novel was well written.(系表结构) (2)The novel was written by Diskens.(被动语态) 7.少数动词的主动语态有时有被动的意思 例1:The book is selling remarkably well. 例2:The song sounds very beautiful. 能这样用的动词还有read(读起来),clean(擦起来),wash(洗起来),write(写起来)。 例3:My watch needs cleaning. (= My watch needs to be cleaned). 能像need这样用的动词还有:want, require, deserve, do, owe, bind等。 例4:The meat is cooking. 例5:The book written by the professor is printing

一般将来时:概念:表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态及打算、计划或准备做某事。时间状语:tomorrow, next day(week, month, year…),soon, in a few minutes, by…,the day after tomorrow, etc.基本结构:①am/is/are/going to + do;②will/shall + do.③、be to do ④ be about to ⑤、一般现在时表将来 ⑥、现在进行时表将来。否定形式:①was/were + not; ②在行为动词前加didn't,同时还原行为动词。一般疑问句:①be放于句首;②will/shall提到句首。分别用法:

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