高中牛津英语必修三电子课本

牛津英语必修三电子课本

高一必修三英语电子课本单词 英语在我们现代化生活中扮演着越来越重要的角色。作为一门交际语言，掌握英语不仅能够方便我们出国旅游，还能在各种国际交流场合中发挥重要作用。高一必修三英语电子课本单词是学习英语的基础，下面就为大家介绍一些课本中的重点单词。 Vocabulary Vocabulary是英语学习中非常重要的一个环节。善于积累生词和短语，才能够更好地理解和运用英语。在高一必修三英语电子课本中，有很多重要的单词值得我们掌握。例如： - attitude: 态度，心态 - compromise: 妥协，折衷方案 - dynamic: 有活力的，有力量的 - exaggerate: 夸大，夸张 - inhibit: 抑制，禁止 - manipulate: 操纵，控制 - obstacle: 障碍，阻碍 - perspective: 视角，观点 - reveal: 揭示，透露 Grammar 掌握好语法对于学习英语来说也是至关重要的。高一必修三英语电子课本中涉及的语法知识大概可以分成以下几类： - 动词时态和语态 - 名词性从句 - 并列连词和从属连词的使用 - 形容词和副词的比较等级 - 直接引语和间接引语 英语语法体系非常完整，所以我们需要通过大量的练习来牢固掌握各种语法知识。此外，还可以通过听英语歌曲，看英语电影等方式来加深对语法的理解。 Reading 阅读是英语学习中最为基础和重要的一部分。高一必修三英语电子课本中有很多优秀的阅读材料，包括文章，新闻报道，小说等等。通过阅读，我们可以提高自己的阅读理解能力，同时也可以了解到不同文化背景和生活方式。 在进行阅读的过程中，我们需要注意以下几点： - 确定阅读目的和重点 - 快速浏览文章，了解大意 - 注意关键词和生词，并做好笔记 - 精读文章，独立思考 通过不断地阅读，我们可以逐渐提高自己的阅读速度，同时也可以拓展自己的词汇量和语感。同时，也可以通过阅读来改善自己的写作能力，提高写作水平。 结语 学习英语需要坚持不懈地努力，高一必修三英语电子课本单词只是我们学习英语的一步，要想真正学好英语还需要多听，多说，多写，多思考。相信只要我们持之以恒，就能够取得好的成果。

初中英语百度云网盘资源下载地址

链接：

介绍：资源包含各类型初中名师网课，课外辅导、初中中考冲刺、教材、复习文档、学习视频等等资源包罗万象。

百度方库上就可以。我就下过，但要有财富值。

《译林版小学英语电子课本》百度网盘资源免费下载链接:

译林版小学英语电子课本|一年级英语下册电子课本.pdf|五年级英语下册电子课本.pdf|四年级英语下册电子课本.pdf|三年级英语下册电子课本.pdf|六年级英语下册电子课本.pdf|二年级英语下册电子课本.pdf

高中牛津英语必修三电子课本

链接: 

到外研社电子课本官方网站（）注册一个用户名,然后就可以阅读和查看从小学到高中的电子课本了,但是没办法下载。

高中英语合集百度网盘下载

链接：

提取码：1234

简介：高中英语优质资料下载，包括：试题试卷、课件、教材、视频、各大名师网校合集。

1.高中英语必修三单词整理

protection /prə'tekʃn/ n. 保护

wild /waild/ adj. 野生的;野的;未开发的;荒凉的

△ habitat /'hæbitæt/ n. 栖息地(动植物的)自然环境

△ threaten /'θretən/ vt. & vi. 恐吓;威胁

decrease /di'kri:s/ vi. & vt. 减少;(使)变小;或变少

△ endanger /in'deindʒə/ vt. 危害;使受到危险

die out 灭亡;逐渐消失

loss /lɔs/ n. 损失;遗失;丧失

reserve /ri'zə:v/ n. 保护区

hunt /hʌnt/ vt. & vi. 打猎;猎取;搜寻

zone /zəun/ n. 地域;地带;地区

in peace 和平地;和睦地;安详地

in danger (of) 在危险中;垂危

△ Daisy /'deizi/ n.戴茜(女名)

△ species /'spi:ʃi:z/ n. 种类;物种

carpet /'kɑ:pit/ n. 地毯

respond /ri'spɔnd/ vi. 回答;响应;做出反应

distant /'distənt/ adj. 远的;远处的

fur /fə:/ n. 毛皮;毛;软毛

△ antelope /'æntiləup/ n. 羚羊

△ Zimbabwe /zim'ba:bwei/ n.津巴布韦

(非洲东南部国家)

relief /ri'li:f/ n. (痛苦或忧虑的)减轻或解除;

减轻痛苦的事物

in relief 如释重负;松了口气

laughter /'lɑ:ftə/ n. 笑;笑声

burst into laughter 突然笑起来;大声笑了出来

mercy /'mə:si/ n. 仁慈;宽恕;怜悯

certain /'sə:tn/ adj. 确定的;某一;一定

importance /im'pɔ:təns/ n. 重要(性)

△ WWF (World Wildlife Fund) 世界野生生物基金会

rub /rʌb/ vt. 擦;摩擦

protect … from 保护……不受……(危害)

mosquito /mə'ski:təu/ n. 蚊子

△ millipede /'milipi:d/ n.(=millepede)千足虫

insect /'insekt/ n. 昆虫

2.高中英语必修三单词整理

△ calculator /'kælkjuleitə/ n. 计算器

△ PC (=personal computer) 个人电脑;个人计算机

△ laptop /'læptɔp/ n. 手提电脑

△ PDA (personal digital assistant) 掌上电脑;

个人数码助理

△ analytical /

ænə'litikl/ adj. 分析的

calculate /'kælkjuleit/ vt. 计算

universal /

ju:ni'və:sl/ adj. 普遍的;通用的;宇宙的

simplify /'simplifai/ vt. 简化

sum /sʌm/ n. 总数;算术题;金额

△ Charles Babbage /'tʃa:lz 'bæbidʒ/

查尔斯·巴比奇(英国数学教授)

operator /'ɔpəreitə/ n. (电脑)操作员;接线员

logical /'lɔdʒikl/ adj. 合逻辑的;合情理的

logically /'lɔdʒikli/ adv.逻辑上;合逻辑地;

有条理地

technology /tek'nɔlədʒi/ n. 工艺;科技;技术

technological /

teknə'lɔdʒikl/ adj. 科技的

revolution /

revə'lu: ʃn/ n. 革命

artificial /

ɑ:ti'fiʃl/ adj. 人造的;假的

intelligence /in'telidʒəns/ n. 智力;聪明;智能

intelligent /in'telidʒent/ adj. 智能的;聪明的

△Alan Turing /'ælən 'tjuəriŋ/ 艾伦·图灵 (英国数学家)

solve /sɔlv/ vt. 解决;解答

△ mathematical /

mæθə'mætikl/ adj. 数学的

from … on 从……时起

reality /ri'æləti/ n. 真实;事实;现实

△ designer /di'zainə/ n. 设计师

personal /'pə:sənl/ adj. 私人的;个人的;亲自的

personally /'pə:sənəli/ adv. 就个人而言;亲自

tube /tju:b/ n. 管;管子;电子管

△ transistor /træn'zistə/ n. 晶体管

△ chip /tʃip/ n. 碎片;芯片

as a result 结果

total /'təutl/ adj. 总的;整个的 n. 总数;合计

totally /'təutli/ adv. 完全地;整个地

so … that … 如此……以致于……

network /'netwə:k/ n. 网络;网状物

web /web/ n. 网

application /

æpli'keiʃn/ n. 应用;用途;申请

finance /'fainæns/ n. 金融;财经

mobile /'məubail/ adj. 可移动的;机动的

rocket /'rɔkit/ n. 火箭

explore /ik'splɔ:/ vt. & vi. 探索;探测;探究

△Mars /ma:z/ n.火星

anyhow /'enihau/ adv. (也作anyway)无论如何;

即使如此

goal /ɡəul/ n. 目标;目的;球门;(进球)得分

happiness /'hæpinis/ n. 幸福;快乐

human rare 人类

△ supporting /sə'pɔ:tiŋ/ adj. 支持的;支撑的

download /

daun'ləud/ vt. 下载

△ programmer /'prəugræmə/ n. 程序员;程序师

virus /'vaiərəs/ n. 病毒

△ android /'ændrɔid/ n. 机器人

signal /'siɡnəl/ vi. & vt. 发信号 n. 信号

△ teammate /'ti:mmeit/ n. 同伴;伙伴

△ Nagoya /na: 'gɔ:ja:/ n.名古屋(日本港市)

△ Seattle /si'ætl/ n. 西雅图(美国城市)

type /taip/ n. 类型 vt. & vi. 打字

in a way 在某种程度上

coach /kəutʃ/ n. 教练

arise /ə'raiz/ vi. (arose, arisen) 出现;发生

with the help of 在……的帮助下

electronic /

elek'trɔnik/ adj. 电子的

appearance /ə'piərəns/ n. 外观;外貌;出现

character /'kærəktə/ n. 性格;特点

mop /mɔp/ n. 拖把 vt. 用拖把拖;擦

deal with 处理;安排;对付

3.高中英语必修三单词整理

△ relic /'relik/ n. 遗物;遗迹;纪念物

rare /rεə/ adj. 稀罕的;稀有的;珍贵的

valuable /'væljuəbl/ adj. 贵重的;有价值的

survive /sə'vaiv/ vi. 幸免;幸存;生还

vase /vɑ:z/ n. 花瓶;瓶

dynasty /'dinəsti, 'dai-/ n. 朝代;王朝

△Taj Mahal /

ta:dʒ mə'ha:l/ 泰姬陵

△ ivory /'aivəri/ n. 象牙

△ dragon /'dræɡən/ n. 龙

△ amber /'æmbə/ n. 琥珀;琥珀色

in search of 寻找

△Frederick William I /'fredrik 'wiljəm eə 'fə:st/

腓特烈·威廉一世(普鲁士国王)

△Prussia /'prʌʃə/ n.(史)普鲁士(位于北欧)

amaze /ə'meiz/ vt. 使吃惊;惊讶

amazing /ə'meiziŋ/ adj. 令人吃惊的

select /si'lekt/ vt. 挑选;选择

honey /'hʌni/ n. 蜜;蜂蜜

design /di'zain/ n. 设计;图案;构思

vt. 设计;计划;构思

fancy /'fænsi/ adj. 奇特的;异样的

vt. 想象;设想;爱好

style /stail/ n. 风格;风度;类型

decorate /'dekəreit/ v. 装饰;装修

jewel /'dʒu:əl/ n. 珠宝;宝石

artist /'ɑ:tist/ n. 艺术家

belong /bi'lɔŋ/ vi. 属于;为……的一员

belong to 属于

in return 作为报答;回报

△St Petersburg /sənt 'pi:təzbə:g/ n.圣彼得堡

(俄罗斯城市)

reception /ri'sepʃn/ n. 接待;招待会;接收

remove /ri'mu:v/ vt. 移动;搬开

less than 少于

wooden /'wudn/ adj. 木制的

doubt /daut/ n. 怀疑;疑惑 vt. 怀疑;不信

△Königsberg /'kə:nisbə:g/ n.哥尼斯堡

(俄罗斯港市Kaliningrad的旧称)

△the Baltic Sea /'bɔ:ltik 'si:/ 波罗的海

△ mystery /'mistri ;US 'mistəri/ n. 神秘;神秘的事物

former /'fɔ:mə/ adj. 以前的;从前的

worth /wə:θ/ prep. 值得的;相当于……的价值

n. 价值;作用 adj. /古/ 值钱的

△ rebuild /

ri:'bild/ vt. 重建

local /'ləukl/ adj. 本地的;当地的

apart /ə'pɑ:t/ adv. 分离地;分别地

take apart 拆开

△Leningrad /'leningræd/ n.列宁格勒 (苏联城市)

painting /'peintiŋ/ n. 绘画;画

castle /'kɑ:sl/ n. 城堡

△Windsor /'winzə/ Castle 温莎城堡 (英国城堡)

trial /'traiəl/ n. 审判;审讯;试验

△ eyewitness /

ai 'witnis/ n. 目击者;证人

evidence /'evidəns/ n. 根据;证据

△ Jan Hasek /'jæn 'hæzək/ 简·哈兹克(男名)

△Czech Republic /'tʃek ri'pʌblik/ 捷克共和国(东欧国家)

explode /ik'spləud/ vi. 爆炸

entrance /'entrəns/ n. 入口

△Hans Braun /'hænz 'brɔ:n/ 汉斯·布朗(男名)

sailor /'seilə/ n. 水手;海员;船员

sink /siŋk/ (sank,sunk; sunk,sunken) vi. 下沉;沉下

△Anna Petrov /'ænə 'petrɔv/ 安娜·帕特罗夫 (女名)

maid /meid/ n. 少女;女仆

△Berlin /bə: 'lin/ n. 柏林(德国首都)

think highly of 看重;器重

△Johann Webber /jəu'hæn 'veibə/ 约翰·韦伯(男名)

informal /in'fɔ:ml/ adj. 非正式的

debate /di'beit/ n. 争论;辩论 vi. 争论;辩论

4.高中英语必修三单词整理

Niagara n. 尼亚加拉(河;瀑布)

schoolmate n. 同学;校友

booth n. 公用电话间;货摊;售货亭

downtown adj. 市区的

adv. 在市区;往市区

pearl n. 珍珠

Cantonese n. & adj. 广东人(的);广州人(的);广东话(的)

approximately adv. 接近;大约

dawn n. 黎明;拂晓;破晓

workplace n. 工作场所;工作地点

buffet n. 自助餐;饮食柜台

broad adj. 宽阔的;广泛的

St Lawrence River 圣劳伦斯河

nearby adv. 在附近

adj. 附近的;邻近的

tradition n. 传统;风俗

terrify vt . 使恐怖;恐吓

terrified adj. 恐惧的;受惊吓的

pleased adj. 欣喜的;高兴的;愉快的

impress vt. 使印象深刻;使铭记

impressive adj. 给人深刻印象的;感人的

5.高中英语必修三单词整理

elevator n.电梯;升降机

petrol 英>汽油( = 美> gasoline )

gas 汽油;气体;煤气;毒气。

official adj.官方的;正式的;公务的

voyage n 航行;航海

conquer 征服;占领

because of 因为

native 本国的;本地的 n.本地人;本国人

come up 走近;上来;提出

apartment 美>公寓住宅;单元住宅

actually 实际上，事实上

AD 公元

base vt.以……为根据 n 基部;基地;基础

at present 现在;目前

gradual 逐渐的;逐步的

enrich 使富裕;充实;改善

vocabulary 词汇;词汇量;词表

make use of 利用;使用

spelling 拼写;拼法

latter 较后的后平的;(两者中)后者的

identity 本身;本体;身份

fluent 流利的;流畅的

fluently 流利地;流畅地

frequent adj.频繁的;常见的

frequently adv.常常;频繁地

usage 使用;用法;词语惯用法

command n.&vt.命令;指令;掌握

request n.&vt.请求;要求

Spanish adj.西班牙的;西班牙人的 n.西班牙人;西班牙语

dialect 方言

expression 词语;表示表达

midwestern 中西部的;有中西部特性的

eastern adj.东方的;东部的

southeastern adj.东南方的;来自东南的

northwestern adj.西北方的;来自西北方的

African adj 非洲的;非洲人的;非洲语言的

play a part ( in )扮演个角色;参与

recognize vt.辨认出;承认;公认

lorry n.卡车(=truck)

accent n.口音;腔调;重音

lightning 闪电

straight adv.直接;挺直 adj.直的;笔直的;正直的

block n.街区;块;木块;石块

cab 出租车

牛津高中英语必修三电子课本

为建设一个麦当劳听见我们的社会是有其自己的麦当劳餐厅，我很激动。我想过所有那些年轻的人，不会去买他们最喜爱的汉堡和芯片的下一个城镇。麦当劳的关心太健康饮食及工程与科学家提供的高质量、 安全和健康的食品。它也是便宜的。他们常常提供沙拉，以及汉堡和芯片。您还可以选择可乐和牛奶摇 (奶昔) 之间。当然这还意味着更多的工作，我们迫切需要工作的地区。麦当劳说他们有兴趣做什么社会的斗争和好邻居的表现。因此，我认为他们会关注提供泊车位，在我们的主街车。许多我们的年轻人会乐意为公司工作。麦当劳作出承诺，为他们工作的人。他们说，"我们值您日益增长的技能和你公司的帮助"。这家公司谈到构建及其在我们镇的餐厅可以给好只不过看。针对 BUILDINCI A 麦当劳我很担心麦当劳的建设我们家乡的一家餐馆。我们是一个小的社区，我们享受我们当地的特色菜。我不肯定是否健康，他们说他们的广告中麦当劳食品。当科学家们仔细看看这个时，他们找到脂肪、 糖和盐的高的水平。这是很令人担忧。很多年轻人都通过吃太多脂肪的食物变胖。麦当劳的不给年轻的人的健康的饮食习惯应该是一个好主意。当地的中国菜，另一方面，充满新鲜的蔬菜和新鲜的肉和鱼。在一家麦当劳餐厅的食物，是总是相同的所以我不知道是否是作出，或从其他地方带来的。虽然它新鲜熟的但必须是比我们自己不那么健康，本地种植或熟的中国食物。我也担心那些使人们购买食品在麦当劳的所有汽车。第一，将会使我们清洁空气脏的汽油味 (气体)。第二，有问题的所有这些尝试公园和防止其他汽车通过我们镇快速移动的汽车。我相当肯定很多年轻人会很乐意为麦当劳的工作，但将他们视为吗？在美国，麦当劳不允许工人工会在经营其食肆和这些是为工人说话的人。如果像他们所说的他们高兴，工人，他们为什么要害怕加入联盟的一些工人？所以考虑食品、 汽车和工作时，我认为我们不应允许麦当劳的构建及其在我们镇的餐厅。

红粉凤凰，粉红凤凰。

高中英语合集百度网盘下载

链接：

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简介：高中英语优质资料下载，包括：试题试卷、课件、教材、视频、各大名师网校合集。

在1992年一家新的汉堡店在北京的王府井街正式开业。在其开业后的几年里大量的人流涌向那里。 有些人很是享受，但是有些人认为物价太高。有人说：“其价值于价值量不成正比”(物无所值)。一个医生曾在报纸上表态说：“我建议人们不要吃汉堡。你们在店里买到的汉堡等是一种高脂肪，高糖类和高盐分的食物。所有的这类食物确是在西方国家被享用很频繁的。这并不是一种健康的饮食。 所以，有很多年轻的西方人士死于心脏病。他们中的很多人都有牙病，当然也因他们常吃的食物中含有糖分而患有肥胖症。就看这杯可口可乐，可乐里含有很多糖分，其含量相当于8份糖，而糖类并不是健康饮食中的必要部分。

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HOW LIFE BEGAN ON THE EARTH No one knows exactly how the earth began, as it happened so long ago. However, according to a widely accepted theory, the universe began with a "Big Bang" that threw matter in all directions. After that, atoms began to form and combine to create stars and other bodies. For several billion years after the "Big Bang", the earth was still just a cloud of dust. What it was to become was uncertain until between and billion years ago when the dust settled into a solid globe. The earth became so violent that it was not clear whether the shape would last or not. It exploded loudly with fire and rock. They were in time to produce carbon, nitrogen, water vapour and other gases, which were to make the earth's atmosphere. What is even more important is that as the earth cooled down, water began to appear on its surface. Water had also appeared on other planets like Mars but, unlike the earth, it had disappeared later. It was not immediately obvious that water was to be fundamental to the development of life. What many scientists believe is that the continued presence of water allowed the earth to dissolve harmful gases and acids into the oceans and seas. This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop. Many millions of years later, the first extremely small plants began to appear on the surface of the water. They multiplied and filled the oceans and seas with oxygen, which encouraged the later development of early shellfish and all sorts of fish. Next, green plants began to grow on land. They were followed in time by land animals. Some were insects. Others, called amphibians, were able to live on land as well as in the water. Later when the plants grew into forests, reptiles appeared for the first time. They produced young entirely by laying eggs. After that, some huge animals, called dinosaurs, developed. They laid eggs too and existed on the earth for more than 140 million years. However,65 million years ago the age of the dinosaurs ended. Why they suddenly disappeared still remains a mystery. This disappearance made possible the rise of mammals on the earth. These animals were different from all life forms in the past, because they gave birth to young baby animals and produced milk to feed them. Finally about million years ago some small clever animals, now with hands and feet, appeared and spread all over the earth. Thus they have, in their turn, become the most important animals on the planet. But they are not looking after the earth very well. They are putting too much carbon dioxide into the atmosphere, which prevents heat from escaping from the earth into space. As a result of this, many scientists believe the earth may become too hot to live on. So whether life will continue on the earth for millions of years to come will depend on whether this problem can be solved. 给分。

红粉凤凰，粉红凤凰。

M3U1 readingFogFog warningWhen Polly left home that morning, the city was already covered in a grey mist. At lunch, the radio forecast that the mist would become a thick fog in the afternoon. At four o'clock, Polly left　work and stepped out into the fog .She wondered if the buses would still be running.　　No buses to King StreetOnce out in the street, she walked quickly towards her usual bus stop.‘How far are you going?’ the bus conductor asked her before he took her fare.‘King Street.’ said Polly.‘Sorry，Miss’ replied the man, ‘the truth is that it is too foggy for the bus to run that far. Take the Underground to Green Park. The weather might be better there and you might be able to get a taxi.’A tall manAs Polly observed the passengers on the train, she had a feeling that she was being watched by a tall man in a dark overcoat. At last the train arrived at Green Park station. While the rest of the passengers were getting out, she glanced at the faces around her. The tall man was nowhere to be Polly got to the station entrance, it was empty. Outside, wherever she looked the fog lay like a thick, grey cloud. There was no one in sight. Polly set off towards Park Street. As she heard a man’s voice in her ear saying ‘Sorry.’ The man moved away. She could feel her heart beating with helpful strangerThen she heard the sound again-soft footsteps behind her. A minute before, she had wished for someone to come along. Now she wanted to run, but fear held her still. The footsteps seemed close now. Then a man’s voice came out of the darkness. ‘Is anybody there?’Polly hesitated. At last she answered, ‘Hello, I think I’m lost. ’A few seconds later, a hand reached out and grasped her arm. Polly found herself staring up at the face of an old man with a beard.‘Maybe I can help you. Which road do you want?’ he asked.‘I live at 86 King Street.’ Polly replied. ‘Just take my hand.’ said the man. ‘Come with me. You’ll be all right.’ He took Polly’s hand. ‘Watch out for the step here.’In his other hand the man carried a stick. Polly heard it hit the step. ‘I can remember some terrible fogs, but maybe that was before your time. I can’t see your face, but you sound young. How old are you?’ ‘Just twenty.’ answered Polly.‘Ah, twenty ! A nice age to be. I was young once. Now we’re at the crossroads. Turn left here.’‘I’m quite lost now. Are you sure you know the way?’ Polly was beginning to feel frightened again.’ ‘Of course. You really shouldn’t feel anxious,’ He held her hand more grateful helper‘Here we are. King Street.’ He stopped. ‘Thank you so much for coming to my aid.’ said Polly in relief. ‘Would you like to come in and rest for a while?’‘It’s very nice of you.’ said the man, ‘but I’ll be off. There may be more people lost today, and I’d like to help them. You see, a fog this bad is rare. It gives me the chance to pay back the help that people give me when it’s sunny. A blind person like me can’t get across the road without help, except in a fog like this.’ M3U2 reading All through history, people from many different countries and cultures have lived together in Britain. The English language is made up of the grammar and vocabulary these people brought to Britain. That is why English has so many difficult rules that confuse English Old English is very different from the English we speak nowadays. In fact, we would not be able to understand it if we heard it today. Before the 5th century, people in Britain all spoke a language called Celtic. Then two Germanic groups from the European mainland—the Angles and the Saxons—occupied Britain. Old English consisted of a mixture of their languages. (Both the English language and the English people are named after the Angles; the word Angle was spelt Engle in Old English.) Aside from place names such as London, very few Celtic words became part of Old English. At the end of the 9th century, the Vikings, people from Northern European countries such as Denmark and Norway, began to move to Britain. They brought with them their languages, which also mixed with Old English. By the 10th century, Old English had become the official language of England. When we speak English today, we sometimes feel puzzled about which words or phrases to use. This is because English has many words and phrases from different languages, but with similar meanings. For example, the word sick came from a word once used by the Angles and the Saxons, while ill came from a word once used by the EnglishMiddle English is the name given to the English used from around the 12th to the 15th centuries. Many things played a part in the development of this new type of English. The most important contribution was from the Normans, a French-speaking people who defeated England and took control of the country in 1066. However, the Norman Conquest did not affect English as mush as the Angles and the Saxons’ victory about 600 years earlier, which led to Old English replacing Celtic. Even though the Normans spoke French for the entire 250 years they ruled England, French did not replace English as the first language. On the other hand, the English language did borrow many words from French. This resulted in even more words with similar meanings, such as answer (from Old English) and reply (from Old French). It is interesting to learn how the words for most animals raised for food, such as cow, sheep and pig, came from Old English. However, the words for the meat of these animals, which was served to the Normans, came from Old French: beef, mutton, pork and bacon. Old French made other contributions to Middle English as well. In Old English, the Germanic way of making words plural was used. For example, they said housen instead of houses, and shoen instead of shoes. After the Normans took control, they began using the French way of making plurals, adding an -s to house and shoe. Only a few words kept their Germanic plural forms, such as man/men and child/children. After the Norman Conquest, high-class people spoke French while common people spoke English. However, by the latter half of the 14th century, English had come into widespread use among all classes in England. In 1399, Henry Ⅳ became King of England. His mother tongue was English, and he used English for all official events. Modern English Modern English appeared during the Renaissance in the 16th century. Because of this Modern English includes many Latin and Greek words. Pronunciation also went through huge changes during this period. Of course, this was not the end of the changes in the English language. The question of whether English will keep on changing in the future is easy to answer. It is certain that this process will continue, and people will keep inventing new words and new ways of saying Lost civilizationsDay 1,15 JulyI feel lucky to have won a place on this trip. We are in Italy now, and tomorrow we are visiting Pompeii. Next week we are flying to China, and going to Loulan, which is known as China’s Pompeii in the desert. Both Pompeii and Loulan became lost civilizations long 2,16 JulyThis morning we attended a lecture about Pompeii. The city was founded in the 8th century BC. In 89 BC, the Romans took over Pompeii. It then became a rich and busy city. Near the city was a volcano. On 24th August AD 79, the volcano erupted and lava, ash and rocks poured out of it onto the surrounding countryside. It continued to erupt for the next two days. Many people were buried alive, and so was the city. How unfortunate!Day 3,17 JulyToday I saw the ancient Roman city of Pompeii as it was 2,000 years ago. How amazing! The city was forgotten for many years until the 18th century when a farmer discovered a stone with writing on it. People started to dig in the area for treasure, which caused much damage. Thus, in 1860, the area was put under government protection so it could be preserved and I walked around the city, I saw streets just as they had been, with stepping stones along the road so you did not have to step in the mud on rainy days! I saw several houses which were decorated with wall paintings. I also saw the people who had been buried alive. It turns out that after the ash covered the people who failed to feel the city, their bodies nearly completely broke down and disappeared, leaving empty spaces to produce true-to-life figures of the people who had died in the disaster. You can see them today in Pompeii , in the same place where the people feel. The volcano is still there, but looks very quiet now. It’s hard to imagine how this peaceful volcano destroyed the whole city!Day10,24 JulyFinally, we arrived in Loulan after several days of travelling. This commercial city was busy and wealthy about 2,000 years ago. It was a stopping point on the famous Silk Road between the East and the west. It is believed to have been gradually covered over by sandstorms from AD200 to AD400. I am so excited to be here!Day11,25 JulyAn scholar from the local cultural institute, Professor Zhang, told us that around the year 1900 the European explorer Sven Hedin discovered the ruins of the Loulan Kingdom. Seven found the remains of buildings buried beneath the sand, together with a lot of treasures, including coins, painted pots, materials such as silk, documents and wall paintings. When we went to the city, we saw the city walls, palaces, temples, workshops and towers. We found the ruins most interesting. There was an ancient water system that ran through the middle of the city. The desert was once a green land with huge trees, but they were cut down and that resulted in the city from being buried by sand—what a pity!

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