摘要：
李时珍简介英文李时珍的介绍2006-10-17 12:56:00 BY 蔡彦 李时珍，字东壁，晚年号濒湖山人。公元1518—1593年（明正德十三年—万历二十一年），明代蕲州（... 李时珍简介英文
李时珍的介绍2006-10-17 12:56:00 BY 蔡彦 李时珍，字东壁，晚年号濒湖山人。公元1518—1593年（明正德十三年—万历二十一年），明代蕲州（今湖北省蕲春县）人。是我国古代杰出的科学家之一。他在医药学方面的巨大贡献，近四百年来，一直为国内外人士所称颂。他的名著《本草纲目》，不仅是一部总结我国明以前药物学知识和经验的巨著，而且也是一部具备了初期植物形态分类学内容的伟大著作。 李时珍出身于世代业医的家庭。祖父和父亲李言闻都是热心替人诊治疾病的医生。由于受家庭和环境的影响，时珍自小就爱好和熟悉草木虫鱼的学问。他聪明好学，很小的时候，就能够把大段难懂的《释鸟》、《释兽》等文章背诵如流。 李时珍虽然自年轻时候起，就热爱医学，但也确实看到官僚、乡绅、豪商，轻视、欺侮他父亲的情景，加上他父亲的压力，最初也曾想通过科举，实现他父亲对他的期望。但是通过三次去省城武昌应试失败之后，便决心按照自己的意愿——学医，并从医药学方面求得发展——开始走自己的道路。 在李时珍的决心请求和保证面前，父亲同意了。从此，开始了他的医生生涯。在以后的年月中，他一方面刻苦钻研古人的医药学著作，一方面行医看病。由于他酷爱医学，勤奋好学，勇于实践，因此，在医学上的才华很快就显示出来了，很多疑难病症，经他治疗，大都能很快的得到解决。因为他医术精湛，在公元1556年（明嘉靖三十五年），被荐送到北京太医院。但在太医院他却没有受到应得的重视，官职很低，然而却使他有了一个很好的学习场所。在那里，他阅读和见识了不少在别的地方不能看到的书籍和药物。在太医院工作了约一年时间，他就托病辞职了。 公元1561年（明嘉靖四十年）左右，李时珍回到蕲州，至此，完全摆脱了官员生活，专心致志于《本草纲目》的编写工作和为群众医治疾病。 1593年（明万历二十一年），这位为我国医药学贡献了毕生精力的伟大中医药学家与世长辞了。李时珍死后，埋葬在蕲州瓦硝坝故居不远的雨湖南岸，近四百年时间了，他的墓址仍然尚在。 李时珍把他一生的主要时间和精力，都献给了中医药学事业。他除了为群众医治疾病之外，主要集中的体现在他的著作里。尤其是《本草纲目》之中。他通过亲身的医疗实践，深刻地认识到前代医药学家的辉煌业绩，同时，也看到了他们在理论上、观察上的缺点、错误，尤其是历代药物学著作"本草学"的很多缺点、错误。他认为如果对药物的解释混乱和分类失宜，就很容易把医生带到错误的道路上去。他在父亲的赞同下，立志把旧的"本草"，加以补充、整理。 “本草学”从《神农本草经》起，一直到宋朝唐慎微编着的《经史证类备急本草》为止，可以说是紧紧地衔接着前进的。但在《经史证类备急本草》之后，却没有大的发展，他便决定以《经史证类备急本草》为基础，把古人漏掉的，或没有发现的，以及经群众实践用之有效的药物补充进去，使天地万物能充分的得到应用。当时李时珍才只有二十几岁，学识和经验虽然已逐渐丰富，但与他的雄心宏愿远远不相适应，为了实现这一伟大的理想，据传他曾“读书十年，不出户庭”。 1552年（明嘉靖三十一年）李时珍三十五岁时，他在经过长时间准备之后，开始了《本草纲目》的写作。在编写过程中，他脚穿草鞋，身背药篓，带着学生和儿子建元，翻山越岭，访医采药，足迹遍及河南、河北、江苏、安徽、江西、湖北等广大地区，以及牛首山、摄山、茅山、太和山等大山名川，走了上万里路，倾听了千万人的意见，参阅各种书籍八百多种，历时二十七年，终于在他六十一岁那年（1578年）写成。这部伟大的著作，吸收了历代本草著作的精华，尽可能的纠正了以前的错误，补充了不足，并有很多重要发现和突破。 李时珍治学严谨，在《本草纲目》写成后，为了把这部书编写得更充实、更完备，又用了十多年时间，做过三次大的修改，每次修改，几乎都是推翻成稿，重新编写，直到大约1590年左右开始刊刻为止。 李时珍在治学上不畏强权，敢于坚持真理。在1545年前后，皇帝朱厚熜，不理朝政，妄想成仙，整天和一些方士鬼混，在宫中设立坛醮和炼金所，梦想炼成“不死之药”。在此影响下，各地方士的活动非常猖獗，炼制丹药的风气极为流行，使不少人竟然认真地服起丹药来。李时珍站在医生的立场上，实在看不下去，便冒着违犯统治者意志的危险，毫不掩饰的列举事实，把服食丹药的害处，讲给群众，使大家明白：方士的话不符合医药学的科学道理，食服丹药是愚昧的自杀道路。为了教育后人，他还把这些认识和思想写进了他的著作。 坚持实事求是，重视调查研究，是李时珍治学精神的又一突出表现。他在研究工作中，遇到问题，总是看了又看，听了再听，不断思索，尽最大限度地去直接调查了解。他开始写《白花蛇传》的时候，最初在药贩子那里找材料，但当他知道贩子所收的蛇，不全是真品时，就亲自多次跑到出蛇的龙峰山去观察了解，结果他不仅很清楚地看到了白花蛇的形状，活动规律，而且，还了解到了有关白花蛇的炮制方法等。为了证实陶弘景说的"穿山甲能水陆两栖，白天到岸上把鳞张开引蚂蚁爬来，引来后闭上鳞跳入水中，让蚂蚁浮在水面，然后吞掉"这幺一句话，他不知花费了多少个日日夜夜，蹲在穿山甲出没的地方，进行其生态活动的调查，并亲自解剖了一只穿山甲，发现它的胃很大，胃里确实有一升多蚂蚁，证明它确是食蚁动物，但食蚁的方式与前说不同，是搔开蚁穴舐食蚁类的，纠正了前书的错误。为了研究清楚专供皇帝服用的"仙果"到底是什幺东西，他冒着杀头之罪，前往均州（今湖北省均县），采摘样品，亲口尝试，证实所谓"仙果"不过是仅具有生津止渴作用的普通椰梅。正因为他非常重视调查研究，看重第一手资料，因而使他的著作具有很高的科学性。 李时珍在艰巨的研究工作中，不仅"无书不读"，涉猎诸家，而且，深入群众"采访四方"，农民、渔夫、猎人、樵夫，既是他的朋友，又是他的老师，他向捕鱼的请教鸬鸶的生育方法和鱼狗子的穴居情况。他研究萍、苹、、的形态差别，农民们便把他们所知道的标本都采集来供他看。 其主要著作有： 1．《本草纲目》：成书于公元1578年（明万历六年），全书共52卷，收载药物1892种（其中374种为历代本草所不曾记载过的），附图1000余幅。他废除了古老的上、中、下三品分类法，而以水、火、土、金石、草、谷、菜、果、木、服器、虫、鳞、介、禽、兽、人体附着物等十六部门、六十类，对所载药物一一作了详细介绍。对每味药物，都尽可能地阐述了性味、主治、用药法则、产地、形态、采集、炮制、方剂配伍等，全书还附各类方剂11096则。《本草纲目》大约从1590年由金陵（南京）书商胡承龙开始刻印刊行以来，至今已有六十多种版本。在国外也被译成日、英、法、德、俄、朝鲜、拉丁等多种文字出版。 2．《濒湖脉学》：成书于公元1564年（明嘉靖四十三年），一卷。论述脉象27种，对于脉的体状、相类、主病，都以七言歌括的形式，作了较详尽的介绍。 李时珍一生著作很多，在医药学方面，除上述《本草纲目》、《濒湖脉学》之外，还有《奇经八脉考》一卷（1572年成书）、《食物本草》二十二卷、《集简方》、《白花蛇传》、《五脏图论》、《命门考》、《命门三焦客难》、《濒湖医案》等书。
Li Shizhen was a famous medical scientist in Ming Dynasty .He was born in 1518 .He wrote a famous book “Ben Cao Gang Mu” ,which is a collection of Chinese herbs .It included 2000 Chinese herbs with millions of characters .
He visited mountains ,called on ordinary people ,tasted different kinds of herbs and even did experiments on himself .It took him 37 years to finish the book .The book is considered to be a great contribution to the development of Chinese medicine .
人物轶事：
李时珍出生那天，他的父亲李言闻正在雨湖上打鱼。平常运气还不错，这一次却连下几网都一无所获，李言闻很丧气。最后一网拉起来感觉沉甸甸的，心中暗喜，以为是条大鱼，原来是一块大石头。李言闻叹道：石头呀石头，我与你无冤无仇，今日为何捉弄我？叫我愁上加愁。
石头突然也说话了：石头呀石头，前来贺喜不用愁。先生娘子快落月，不知先生有何求？原来这石头就是雨湖神。李言闻急忙赶回家，正好李时珍生下地，于是给他起名叫“石珍”。当晚李言闻又做了一个梦，梦见仙人铁拐李前来道喜说：“时珍时珍，百病能诊。做我高徒，传我名声。”
Li Shizhen was a famous medical scientist in Ming Dynasty . He was born in 1518 . He wrote a famous book “Ben Cao Gang Mu” , which is a collection of Chinese herbs . It included 2000 Chinese herbs with millions of characters . He visited mountains , called on ordinary people , tasted different kinds of herbs and even did experiments on himself . It took him 37 years to finish the book . The book is considered to be a great contribution to the development of Chinese medicine .
李时珍英语
Li Shizhen was a famous medical scientist in Ming Dynasty .He was born in 1518 .He wrote a famous book “Ben Cao Gang Mu” ,which is a collection of Chinese herbs .It included 2000 Chinese herbs with millions of characters .
He visited mountains ,called on ordinary people ,tasted different kinds of herbs and even did experiments on himself .It took him 37 years to finish the book .The book is considered to be a great contribution to the development of Chinese medicine .
人物轶事：
李时珍出生那天，他的父亲李言闻正在雨湖上打鱼。平常运气还不错，这一次却连下几网都一无所获，李言闻很丧气。最后一网拉起来感觉沉甸甸的，心中暗喜，以为是条大鱼，原来是一块大石头。李言闻叹道：石头呀石头，我与你无冤无仇，今日为何捉弄我？叫我愁上加愁。
石头突然也说话了：石头呀石头，前来贺喜不用愁。先生娘子快落月，不知先生有何求？原来这石头就是雨湖神。李言闻急忙赶回家，正好李时珍生下地，于是给他起名叫“石珍”。当晚李言闻又做了一个梦，梦见仙人铁拐李前来道喜说：“时珍时珍，百病能诊。做我高徒，传我名声。”
Li Shizhen was a famous medical scientist in Ming Dynasty . He was born in 1518 . He wrote a famous book “Ben Cao Gang Mu” , which is a collection of Chinese herbs . It included 2000 Chinese herbs with millions of characters . He visited mountains , called on ordinary people , tasted different kinds of herbs and even did experiments on himself . It took him 37 years to finish the book . The book is considered to be a great contribution to the development of Chinese medicine .
Li Shizhen，这是正确的写法，姓的第一个字母要大写，名字的第一个字母要大写；姓和名字要分开。
第一个字母大写，其余小写
李时珍本草纲目介绍英语
Li Shizhen was a famous medical scientist in Ming Dynasty .He was born in 1518 .He wrote a famous book “Ben Cao Gang Mu” ,which is a collection of Chinese herbs .It included 2000 Chinese herbs with millions of characters .
He visited mountains ,called on ordinary people ,tasted different kinds of herbs and even did experiments on himself .It took him 37 years to finish the book .The book is considered to be a great contribution to the development of Chinese medicine .
人物轶事：
李时珍出生那天，他的父亲李言闻正在雨湖上打鱼。平常运气还不错，这一次却连下几网都一无所获，李言闻很丧气。最后一网拉起来感觉沉甸甸的，心中暗喜，以为是条大鱼，原来是一块大石头。李言闻叹道：石头呀石头，我与你无冤无仇，今日为何捉弄我？叫我愁上加愁。
石头突然也说话了：石头呀石头，前来贺喜不用愁。先生娘子快落月，不知先生有何求？原来这石头就是雨湖神。李言闻急忙赶回家，正好李时珍生下地，于是给他起名叫“石珍”。当晚李言闻又做了一个梦，梦见仙人铁拐李前来道喜说：“时珍时珍，百病能诊。做我高徒，传我名声。”
本草纲目英语：Compendium of Materia Medica
《本草纲目》是李时珍于嘉靖三十一年至万历六年，历时27年、三易其稿所著的集中国16世纪前本草学大成的中医典籍，属《四库全书》子部医家类。该书卷一卷二介绍历代本草的中药理论和所载药物，卷三卷四介绍百病主治药物及用法。卷五至卷五十二为为药物各论，以“部”为分类收入介绍药物各种属性。
该典籍于明代万历六年定稿，万历二十四年在南京正式刊行。共有52卷，载有药物1892种，其中植物1195种，增收新药374种，收集医方11096个，约190万字，书前附药物形态图1100余幅，分为16部、60类。
该著作对世界医药学、植物学、动物学、矿物学、化学的发展产生深远的影响，在英国生物学家查尔斯·达尔文于1859年所著书籍《物种起源》中多次被参考引用，并称《本草纲目》是东方医药巨典和中国古代的百科全书。
该书首创的按药物自然属性逐级分类的纲目体系，是现代生物分类学的重要方法之一。
Li Shizhen was a famous medical scientist in Ming Dynasty . He was born in 1518 . He wrote a famous book “Ben Cao Gang Mu” , which is a collection of Chinese herbs . It included 2000 Chinese herbs with millions of characters . He visited mountains , called on ordinary people , tasted different kinds of herbs and even did experiments on himself . It took him 37 years to finish the book . The book is considered to be a great contribution to the development of Chinese medicine .
范文：
Li Shizhen was a famous medical scientist in Ming Dynasty . He was born in 1518 . He wrote a famous book “Ben Cao Gang Mu” , which is a collection of Chinese herbs . It included 2000 Chinese herbs with millions of characters .
He visited mountains , called on ordinary people , tasted different kinds of herbs and even did experiments on himself . It took him 37 years to finish the book . The book is considered to be a great contribution to the development of Chinese medicine .
译文：
李时珍是明代著名的医学家。他出生于1518年。他写了一本名著《本草纲目》，这是一本中草药的集子。它包括2000种中草药，有数百万字。他到山上去，拜访普通人，品尝各种草药，甚至亲自做实验。他花了37年才读完这本书。这本书被认为是对中医药发展的巨大贡献。
中医李时珍本草纲目英文
《本草纲目》（CompendiumofMateriaMedica），明朝伟大的医药学家李时珍（1518－1593年）为修改古代医书中的错误而编，他以毕生精力，亲历实践，广收博采，对本草学进行了全面的整理总结，历时29年编成，30余年心血的结晶。共有52卷，载有药物1892种，其中载有新药374种，收集药方11096个，书中还绘制了1160幅精美的插图，约190万字，分为16部、60类。这种分类法，已经过渡到按自然演化的系统来进行了。对植物的科学分类，要比瑞典的分类学家林奈早二百年多年。每种药物分列释名（确定名称）、集解（叙述产地）、正误（更正过去文献的错误）、修治（炮制方法）、气味、主治、发明（前三项指分析药物的功能）、附方（收集民间流传的药方）等项。全书收录植物药有881种，附录61种，共942种，再加上具名未用植物153种，共计1095种，占全部药物总数的58%。李时珍把植物分为草部、谷部、菜部、果部、本部五部，又把草部分为山草、芳草、溼草、毒草、蔓草、水草、石草、苔草、杂草等九类，是我国医药宝库中的一份珍贵遗产。是对16世纪以前中医药学的系统总结，在训诂、语言文字、历史、地理、植物、动物、矿物、冶金等方面也有突出成就。本书十七世纪末即传播，先后多种文字的译本，对世界自然科学也有举世公认的卓越贡献。其有关资料曾被达尔文所引。用它是几千年来祖国药物学的总结。这本药典，不论从它严密的科学分类，或是从它包含药物的数目之多和流畅生动的文笔来看，都远远超过古代任何一部本草著作。被誉为“东方药物巨典”，对人类近代科学以及医学方面影响最大。是我国医药宝库中的一份珍贵遗产。它的成就，首先在药物分类上改变了原有上、中、下三品分类法，采取了“析族区类，振纲分目”的科学分类。它把药物分矿物药、植物药、动物药。又将矿物药分为金部、玉部、石部、卤部四部。植物药一类，根据植物的性能、形态、及其生长的环境，区别为草部、谷部、菜部、果部、木部等5部；草部又分为山草、芳草、醒草、毒草、水草、蔓草、石草等小类。动物一类，按低级向高级进化的顺序排列为虫部、鳞部、介部、禽部、兽部、人部等6部。
范文：
Li Shizhen was a famous medical scientist in Ming Dynasty . He was born in 1518 . He wrote a famous book “Ben Cao Gang Mu” , which is a collection of Chinese herbs . It included 2000 Chinese herbs with millions of characters .
He visited mountains , called on ordinary people , tasted different kinds of herbs and even did experiments on himself . It took him 37 years to finish the book . The book is considered to be a great contribution to the development of Chinese medicine .
译文：
李时珍是明代著名的医学家。他出生于1518年。他写了一本名著《本草纲目》，这是一本中草药的集子。它包括2000种中草药，有数百万字。他到山上去，拜访普通人，品尝各种草药，甚至亲自做实验。他花了37年才读完这本书。这本书被认为是对中医药发展的巨大贡献。
Li Shizhen was a famous medical scientist in Ming Dynasty . He was born in 1518 . He wrote a famous book “Ben Cao Gang Mu” , which is a collection of Chinese herbs . It included 2000 Chinese herbs with millions of characters . He visited mountains , called on ordinary people , tasted different kinds of herbs and even did experiments on himself . It took him 37 years to finish the book . The book is considered to be a great contribution to the development of Chinese medicine .
LiShiZhen,eastthecharacterthejade,thenumberisclosetothelake,Hubeijin(nowHubeiProvinceQichunCounty)theperson,hadbeenborntoMingWuzongtheZhengDe13years(in1518),diedinthegodancestorWanli21years(in1593).His/'sChukingtonolongerholdofficethepalace"topresenttheancestralhall","NativeChinesePlants"abook,"IsclosetoLakeSphygmology","WonderfullyTestsandsoonthebookafterEightArteries".
李时珍本草纲目英语作文
写作思路：罗列出中国的四大发明，写出这些发明的伟大之处，使用简单的英文句子描写出这些。
正文：
There are four world famous inventions in China, one is gunpowder, the other is compass, the third is printing and the fourth is papermaking.
我国有世界著名的四大发明，一是火药，二是指南针，三是印刷术，四是造纸术。
This makes our ancient China become an ancient civilization.
这让我们中国古代成了文明古国。
China's four great inventions have played an irreplaceable role in various fields of science and technology.
中国的四大发明在各个科技领域中起到了不可替代的重要作用。
Gunpowder. Gunpowder was invented by us.
火药，火药是我们发明的。
What does gunpowder bring us?
火药给我们带来什么东西呢？
It brought fireworks, firecrackers, fireworks, mining, and aerospace.
带来了礼花、带来了鞭炮、用于制造烟花爆竹、用于采矿，还有用于航天事业的发展。
Up to now, gunpowder has played an important role in our history.
到今天为止火药在我们的历史上发挥着巨大的作用。
Li Shizhen was a famous medical scientist in Ming Dynasty . He was born in 1518 . He wrote a famous book “Ben Cao Gang Mu” , which is a collection of Chinese herbs . It included 2000 Chinese herbs with millions of characters . He visited mountains , called on ordinary people , tasted different kinds of herbs and even did experiments on himself . It took him 37 years to finish the book . The book is considered to be a great contribution to the development of Chinese medicine .
The four great inventionsPaper: paper is an important chemical processes, the invention of paper is Chinese in the spread of human culture and development make a valuable contribution, is China's chemical history of a major paper also before, oracle bones, bamboo slips and silk silk is used for writing, the ancient recorded material. But due to the rapid development of the economy, culture, bones and bamboo can not meet the demand of development, thus contributing to the improvement of writing tools. At that time people began using small silk made of paper, as the ancient Chinese when paper by hemp thread and silk, and preparation method of rough paper, so the quality is not so good. But the hemp thread and silk has its own role, to use them as a raw material for paper-making, would be greatly restricted, and difficult to get rapid development, to meet the cultural life of the requirement to the new situation request, Cai Lun of Eastern Han Dynasty for the emergence of papermaking to bring new breakthrough in the Eastern Han Dynasty," views on" 2 records:" Cai Lun, talented, dedicated to cautious, every vacation, closed to the guest, aeration body field. Code for the sale, made with bark and spacious cloth, net to make paper. Xing Yuan first year playing, the emperor can, since is not used, the salty called Cai Hou paper". From above, Cai Lun is using bark, rags, net of papermaking. Although before Cai Lun also has a paper, but raw material itself is very limited, and Cai Lun on the new raw materials, to solve this problem. Because the rag, broken fishnet had already finished their task, a waste and used as a raw material for papermaking industry, which plays an important : is the working people in ancient China through long-term practice and research before the invention of. About the year before and after 600 years of Sui Dynasty, people from the engraved seal inspired, in the history of mankind's earliest invention of woodblock printing is in a certain thickness of the smooth wood, paste copy neat manuscript, thin and almost transparent paper front and wood paste, the word became the body, strokes clear. Engraving workers graver in the suites have writing section is cut away, is a convex embossed font, and font recessed beneath the different steles. When printing, on a raised fonts with ink, and then the paper covering on top of it, gently wipe away the paper back, writing remain on the paper. By the Song Dynasty, woodblock printing career development to the heyday. Woodblock printing on the spread of culture play an important role, but also has obvious disadvantages. The first version, time-consuming material costs, second, a large number of books stored inconveniently, third, is not easy to correct Northern Song Dynasty civilian inventor Bi Sheng invented movable-type printing, woodblock printing these drawbacks improvement. Bi Sheng's Dynasty of an ordinary civilian intellectuals, the person who. He summed up the block printing of rich experience in practice, after repeated tests, the emperor Renzong of evolution years (AD 10411048 ) made the moveable, execute typesetting printing, completed the printing history of a major revolution, about 200 years later, this technology spread to other countries, the development of world civilization process to promote the role : is one of the four great inventions of china. Gunpowder, as the name suggests is the ( fire medicine ). Its origins and alchemy are closely related, Bachelor in ancient alchemy alchemy inadvertently is a mixture of saltpeter, sulfur, carbon, and the top two in the Han Dynasty book into Chinese Materia Medica ( first classics of Shennong materia medica by ) have been listed as important medicinal herbs. Gunpowder itself is also come under the drug class, the Ming Dynasty Li Shizhen ( compendium of Materia Medica ) said, gunpowder can cure sore ringworm, insecticidal, provide moisture and plague. The invention of gunpowder is a long-term alchemy pharmaceutical practice results, has been one thousand years of Tang Dynasty, gunpowder has been used for military. The Song Dynasty, the war continuously, promote the accelerated development of gunpowder weapons. The government of the Northern Song Dynasty established a powder mill, has made gunpowder arrow, artillery and other combustion properties mainly weapons and ( bang cannon ), ( lightning bombs ) and other explosive strong arms. The Southern Song Dynasty were created in 1259 to giant bamboo tube, built-in gunpowder ( sudden guns ). To the Yuan Dynasty and the emergence of bronze ( copper Fire Commission, known as the general). These are to gunpowder explosion as the driving force of arms, in the war revealed a hitherto unknown 12, thirteenth Century, the gunpowder first introduced in Arabia state, and then spread to Greece and Europe and around the world. On the civilization and progress of human society, the economy and the development of science and culture, played a role in promoting. The law until the middle of the fourteenth Century, only then has the application of gunpowder and firearms : the spring and Autumn period, Chinese working people in the mining, smelting, gradually recognized magnet. To the Warring States period, some people use magnets made apparatus to determine the direction, then called" compass", it is in a along the plate placed on a water scoop like magnet, water scoop handle end of South point. To the late Northern Song Dynasty ( Eleventh Century AD), the Chinese people have created artificial magnet, then created a" guide to the fish", the magnet." Fish" on the water surface, thus indicating the direction. Later, after repeated research and improvement, and the magnetic steel sheet into a small magnetic needle, and makes its tip into the magnetic north pole, end become the south magnetic pole, which became a compass. The Northern Song Dynasty, people create a suitable nautical compass, the maritime industry to a new era. During this period, China 's shipbuilding technology in the world the most advanced. At the beginning of the fourteenth Century, the compass was introduced into Europe from china.四大发明 造纸术:造纸是一项重要的化学工艺，纸的发明是中国在人类文化的传播和发展上所做出的一项十分宝贵的贡献，是中国化学史上的一项重大的成就。 在纸还未发明之前，甲骨、竹简和绢帛是古代用来供书写、记载的材料。但由于西汉的经济、文化迅速发展，甲骨和竹简不能满足发展的需求，从而促使了书写工具的改进。当时人们已开始应用小块的丝绵制成的纸，由于古汉时的纸张是由麻缕和丝绵，加上制法粗糙，所以纸张的质量不太好。而麻缕和丝绵都有其本身的作用，如要把它们用作造纸的原料，就必然会受到很大的限制，而难以得到迅速的发展，来满足文化生活上对纸张的要求。 在新的客观形势要求下，东汉蔡伦的出现为造纸术带来新突破，在《东汉观记》卷二上记载：“蔡伦，有才学，尽忠重慎，每次休沐，闭门以绝宾客，曝体田野。典作尚方，造意用树皮及敝布、鱼网作纸。元兴元年奏上，帝善其能，自是莫不用，天下咸称蔡侯纸”。从以上看来，蔡伦是用树皮、破布、鱼网造纸的。虽然在蔡伦之前也有纸的存在，但是原料本身就有很大的局限，而蔡伦对新原料的发现，解决了这个问题。因为破布、破鱼网早已结束了它们本身的任务，成了废物而又用作做原料，对造纸工业起了极大的推动作用。 印刷术:是我国古代劳动人民经过长期实践和研究才发明的。 大约在公元600年前后的隋朝，人们从刻印章中得到启发，在人类历史上最早发明了雕版印刷术。 雕版印刷是在一定厚度的平滑的木板上，粘贴上抄写工整的书稿，薄而近乎透明的稿纸正面和木板相贴，字就成了反体，笔划清晰可辨。雕刻工人用刻刀把版面没有字迹的部分削去，就成了字体凸出的阳文，和字体凹入的碑石阴文截然不同。印刷的时候，在凸起的字体上涂上墨汁，然后把纸覆在它的上面，轻轻拂拭纸背，字迹就留在纸上了。到了宋朝，雕版印刷事业发展到全盛时期。雕版印刷对文化的传播起了重大作用，但是也存在明显缺点。第一，刻版费时费工费料，第二，大批书版存放不便，第三，有错字不容易更正。 北宋平民发明家毕升发明了活字印刷术，改进雕版印刷这些缺点。毕升是北宋中期的一个普通平民知识分子，当时人称布衣。他总结了历代雕版印刷的丰富的实践经验，经过反复试验，在宋仁宗庆历年间（公元1041－1048）制成了胶泥活字，实行排版印刷，完成了印刷史上一项重大的革命，大约200年后，这一技术传到其他国家，对世界文明的发展进程起到推动作用。 火药:是中国四大发明之一。火药,顾名思义就是(着火的药)。它的起源与炼丹术有着密切的关系,是古代炼丹士在炼丹时无意中配制出来。 它是硫黄,硝石,炭的混合物,而前两项在汉代成书的中国第一部药物学典籍(神农本草经)里都被列为重要的药材。就是火药本身也被归入药类,明代李时珍的(本草纲目)中说,火药能治疮癣,杀虫,辟湿气和瘟疫。火药的发明是人们长期炼丹制药实践结果,至今已有一千多年历史。 唐朝末年,火药已被用于军事。到了宋代,战争接连不断,促进火药武器的加速发展。北宋政府建立了火药作坊,先后制造了火药箭,火炮等以燃烧性能为主的武器和(霹雳炮),(震天雷)等爆炸性较强的武器。南宋在1259年造出了以巨竹为筒,内装火药的(突火枪)。到了元代又出现铜铸火统,称为(铜将军)。这些都是以火药的爆炸为推动力的武器,在战争中显示了前所未有威力。 在12、13世纪,火药首先传入阿拉伯国家,然后传到希腊和欧洲乃至世界各地。对人类社会的文明进步,对经济和科学文化的发展,起了推动作用。美法各国直到十四世纪中叶,才有应用火药和火器的记载。 指南针:春秋时期，中国劳动人民就在采矿、冶炼中，逐渐认识了磁石。到战国时期，就有人用磁石做成器具来判定方向，当时叫“司南”，它是在一个无沿的方盘上放置一只水勺似的磁石，水勺的柄端向南指。到北宋后期（公元11世纪），中国人民创造了人工磁铁，此后又创制了“指南鱼”，把用磁钢片制成的“鱼”放在水面上，以此指示方向。后来经过反复研究改进，又把磁钢片改成细小的磁钢针，并使它的尖端成磁北极，末端成为磁南极，这就成了指南针。北宋时期，人们创造了适用于航海的指南针，把航海事业推向了新的时代。这一时期，中国的造船技术在世界上也最为先进。到了14世纪初，指南针才由中国传到欧洲。 如有错误之处，望指出 by：扇子 【不求分数，不求等级。只求解答】
Li Shizhen (traditional Chinese: 李时珍; simplified Chinese: 李时珍; pinyin: Lǐ Shízhēn; Wade-Giles: Li Shih-Chen 1518–1593) courtesy name Dongbi (东璧) was one of the greatest physici and pharmacologists in Chinese history. His major contribution to medicine was his forty-year work which is found in his epic book the Bencao Gangmu. He is also considered to be the greatest naturalist of China and was very interested in the proper classification of herb ponents. The book has details about more than 1 800 drugs (Chinese Medicine) including 1 100 illustrations and 11 000 prescriptions. It also described the type form flavor nature and application in disease treatments of 1 094 herbs. His Materia Medica has been trlated into many different languages and remains as the premier reference work for herbal medicine. His treatise included various related subjects such as botany zoology mineralogy and metallurgy. The book was reprinted frequently and five of the original edition still exist. [1] Biography 图片参考： *** /mons/2/2c/Qichun-LiShizhenBust A bust of Li Shizhen in an herbal garden of Qizhou. In addition to the Bencao Gangmu Li wrote eleven other books [2] including Binhu Maixue ("A Study of the Pulse") and Qijing Bamai Kao ("An Examination of the Eight Extra Meridi").[3] He lived during the Ming Dynasty and was influenced by the Neo-Confucian beliefs of the time. He was born in what is today Qichun Hubei in 1518 AD and died 75 years later in 1593.[2] Li's grandfather had been a doctor who traveled the countryside and was considered relatively low on the social scale of the time. His father was a traditional physician and scholar who had written several influential books. He tried to move up in society and encouraged his son to seek a ernment position. Li took the national Civil Service Exam three times but after failing each one he turned to medicine. At 23 his father took him on as an apprentice. When he was 27 and a practicing physician he cured the son of a Chu prince and was invited to be an official there. A few years after he got a ernment position as assistant president at the Imperial Medical Institute in Beijing. However even though he had climbed up the social ladder as his father had originally wanted he left a year later to return to being a doctor.[2] In his ernment position Li was able to read many rare medical books; he also saw the disorder mistakes and conflicting information that were serious problems in most medical publications of the time and soon began the Bencao Gangmu to pile correct information with a logical system of anization. A *** all part was based on another book which had been written several hundred years earlier Jingshi Zhenglei Beiji Bencao ("Classified Materia Media for Emergencies") – which unlike many other books had formulas and recipes for most of the entries. In the writing of the Bencao Gangmu he travelled extensively gaining first-hand experience with many herbs and local remedies and consulted over 800 books – nearly every medical book in print at the time.[2] Altogether the writing of the Bencao Gangmu took 27 years which included three revisions. Ironically writing the book allegedly took a considerable toll on his health. [2] It was rumored that he stayed indoors for ten consecutive years during the writing of the Bencao Gangmu.[4] After he had pleted it a friend “reported that Li was emaciated.”[2] Li died before the book was officially published and the current emperor paid it little regard.[2] However it remained one of the most important materia medica of traditional China. 参考: en. *** /wiki/Li_Shizhen Li Shizhen From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation search This is a Chinese name; the family name is 李 (Li). Li ShizhenLi Shizhen (traditional Chinese: 李时珍; Simplified Chinese: 李时珍; pinyin: Lǐ Shízhēn; Wade-Giles: Li Shih-Chen 1518–1593) courtesy name Dongbi (东璧) was one of the greatest physici and pharmacologists in Chinese history. His major contribution to medicine was his forty-year work which is found in his epic book the Bencao Gangmu. He is also considered to be the greatest naturalist of China and was very interested in the proper classification of herb ponents. The book has details about more than 1 800 drugs (Chinese Medicine) including 1 100 illustrations and 11 000 prescriptions. It also described the type form flavor nature and application in disease treatments of 1 094 herbs. His Materia Medica has been trlated into many different languages and remains as the premier reference work for herbal medicine. His treatise included various related subjects such as botany zoology mineralogy and metallurgy. The book was reprinted frequently and five of the original edition still exist. [1] 参考: en. *** /wiki/Li_Shizhen 李时珍（约1518年-1593年），字东璧，晚年自号濒湖山人。蕲州（今湖北省黄冈市蕲春县蕲州镇）人，是中国明朝最著名的医学家及药学家之一。 生平 李时珍出身于一个世医家庭。祖父是「铃医」。父亲名闻，号月池，是当地名医。由于家庭的熏陶，李时珍从小就喜爱医药。由于当时从医者的社会地位不高，所以身为医生的父亲李言闻只希望他读书应考以光宗耀祖，并不鼓励他习医。李时珍在14岁的时候不负父望顺利的成为秀才，但是之后3次参加乡试欲成举人，都难以遂愿，兼之他对医学的浓厚兴趣一直有增无减，于是决定弃儒从医专心研究医药。 在30岁时成为当地名医，楚王听说后聘李时珍为奉祠，掌管良医所事务，1556年，经举荐补太医院之阙，在京师金陵供职了一年。辞职回家后，在雨湖北岸构筑新居，题名「红花园」，在此行医。 在他行医救人期间，他发现古代的本草书籍，「品数既烦，名称多杂。或一物析为二三，或二物混为一品」（《明外史本传》）。特别是许多毒性药品，竟被认为可以「久服延年」，因而遗祸无穷。李时珍多次上书朝廷要求重整医书的资料，可惜并无回应，于是他便利用在良医所和太医院阅读的大量医籍和坚实的文史基础，亲自对中国历代有关药物学的著作进行了整理。 在编写《本草纲目》的过程中，最使李时珍头痛的就是由于药名混杂，往往弄不清药物的形状生长的情况。过去的本草书，虽然作了反复的解释，但是由于有些作者没有深入实际进行调查研究，而是在书本上抄来抄去在「纸上猜度」，所以越解释越糊涂，而且矛盾倍出，使人莫衷一是。于是李时珍在徒弟庞宪、儿子建元的伴随下，远涉深山旷野，观察和收集药物标本。除了不辞劳苦到各地采药及以自身试药之余，他遍访名医宿儒，又到处访问渔夫、农夫等平民以搜集民间验方。他首先在家乡蕲州一带采访。后来，他多次出外采访。除湖广外，还到过江西、江苏、安徽好多地方。均州的太和山也到过。盛产药材的江西庐山和南京的摄山、茅山、牛首山，估计也有他的足迹。后人为此写了「远穷僻壤之产，险探麓之华」的诗句，反映他远途跋涉，四方采访的生活。经过30年后，终于著成了《本草纲目》，后来又花了12年修订三次。 明万历二十一年(1593年)，李时珍逝世，葬于湖北省蕲春县蕲州镇东南2公里的雨湖之滨。（参看李时珍墓）1596年，也就是李时珍逝世后的第三年，《本草纲目》在南京正式刊行。此外他还著有《奇经八脉考》、《濒湖脉学》、《濒湖集简方》、《三焦客难》、《命门考》、《五脏图论》、《濒湖医案》等，除前两种外皆失传。 李时珍出身于一个世医家庭。祖父是「铃医」。父亲名闻，号月池，是当地名医。由于家庭的熏陶，李时珍从小就喜爱医药。由于当时从医者的社会地位不高，所以身为医生的父亲李言闻只希望他读书应考以光宗耀祖，并不鼓励他习医。李时珍在14岁的时候不负父望顺利的成为秀才，但是之后3次参加乡试欲成举人，都难以遂愿，兼之他对医学的浓厚兴趣一直有增无减，于是决定弃儒从医专心研究医药。 在30岁时成为当地名医，楚王听说后聘李时珍为奉祠，掌管良医所事务，1556年，经举荐补太医院之阙，在京师金陵供职了一年。辞职回家后，在雨湖北岸构筑新居，题名「红花园」，在此行医。 在他行医救人期间，他发现古代的本草书籍，「品数既烦，名称多杂。或一物析为二三，或二物混为一品」（《明外史本传》）。特别是许多毒性药品，竟被认为可以「久服延年」，因而遗祸无穷。李时珍多次上书朝廷要求重整医书的资料，可惜并无回应，于是他便利用在良医所和太医院阅读的大量医籍和坚实的文史基础，亲自对中国历代有关药物学的著作进行了整理。 在编写《本草纲目》的过程中，最使李时珍头痛的就是由于药名混杂，往往弄不清药物的形状生长的情况。过去的本草书，虽然作了反复的解释，但是由于有些作者没有深入实际进行调查研究，而是在书本上抄来抄去在「纸上猜度」，所以越解释越糊涂，而且矛盾倍出，使人莫衷一是。于是李时珍在徒弟庞宪、儿子建元的伴随下，远涉深山旷野，观察和收集药物标本。除了不辞劳苦到各地采药及以自身试药之余，他遍访名医宿儒，又到处访问渔夫、农夫等平民以搜集民间验方。他首先在家乡蕲州一带采访。后来，他多次出外采访。除湖广外，还到过江西、江苏、安徽好多地方。均州的太和山也到过。盛产药材的江西庐山和南京的摄山、茅山、牛首山，估计也有他的足迹。后人为此写了「远穷僻壤之产，险探麓之华」的诗句，反映他远途跋涉，四方采访的生活。经过30年后，终于著成了《本草纲目》，后来又花了12年修订三次。 明万历二十一年(1593年)，李时珍逝世，葬于湖北省蕲春县蕲州镇东南2公里的雨湖之滨。（参看李时珍墓）1596年，也就是李时珍逝世后的第三年，《本草纲目》在南京正式刊行。此外他还著有《奇经八脉考》、《濒湖脉学》、《濒湖集简方》、《三焦客难》、《命门考》、《五脏图论》、《濒湖医案》等，除前两种外皆失传。 In addition to the Bencao Gangmu Li wrote eleven other books [2] including Binhu Maixue ("A Study of the Pulse") and Qijing Bamai Kao ("An Examination of the Eight Extra Meridi").[3] He lived during the Ming Dynasty and was influenced by the Neo-Confucian beliefs of the time. He was born in what is today Qichun Hubei in 1518 AD and died 75 years later in 1593.[2] 参考: me
