光化学烟雾的英文
空气中PM2.5到底是什么?对人的健康有多大影响?
化学是自然科学的一种,在分子、原子层次上研究物质的组成、性质、结构与变化规律。那么接下来给大家分享一些关于基本的化学 英语单词 ,希望对大家有所帮助。
基本的化学英语单词
氨 ammonia
氨基酸 amino acid
铵盐 ammonium salt
饱和链烃 saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon
苯 benzene
变性 denaturation
不饱和烃 unsaturated hydrocarbon
超导材料 superconductive material
臭氧 ozone
醇 alcohol
次氯酸钾 potassium hypochlorite
醋酸钠 sodium acetate
蛋白质 protein
氮族元素 nitrogen group element
碘化钾 potassium iodide
碘化钠 sodium iodide
电化学腐蚀 electrochemical corrosion
电解质 electrolyte
电离平衡 ionization equilibrium
电子云 electron cloud
淀粉 starch
淀粉碘化钾试纸 starch potassium iodide paper 二氧化氮 nitrogen dioxide
二氧化硅 silicon dioxide
二氧化硫 sulphur dioxide
二氧化锰 manganese dioxide
芳香烃 arene
放热反应 exothermic reaction
非极性分子 non-polar molecule
非极性键 non-polar bond
化学常用英语词汇
肥皂 soap
分馏 fractional distillation
酚 phenol
复合材料 composite
干电池 dry cell
干馏 dry distillation
甘油 glycerol
高分子化合物 polymer
共价键 covalent bond
官能团 functional group
光化学烟雾 photochemical fog
过氧化氢 hydrogen peroxide
合成材料 synthetic material
合成纤维 synthetic fiber
合成橡胶 synthetic rubber
核电荷数 nuclear charge number
核素 nuclide
化学电源 chemical power source
化学反应速率 chemical reaction rate 化学键 chemical bond
化学平衡 chemical equilibrium
还原剂 reducing agent
磺化反应 sulfonation reaction
关于化学的英语单词
霍尔槽Hull Cell
极性分子 polar molecule
极性键 polar bond
加成反应 addition reaction
加聚反应 addition polymerization
甲烷 methane
碱金属 alkali metal
碱石灰 soda lime
结构式 structural formula
聚合反应 po1ymerization
可逆反应 reversible reaction
空气污染指数 air pollution index
勒夏特列原理 Le Chatelier's principle 离子反应 ionic reaction
离子方程式 ionic equation
离子键 ionic bond
锂电池 lithium cell
两性氢氧化物 amphoteric hydroxide 两性氧化物 amphoteric oxide
裂化 cracking
裂解 pyrolysis
硫氰化钾 potassium thiocyanate
硫酸钠 sodium sulphide
氯化铵 ammonium chloride
氯化钡 barium chloride
氯化钾 potassium chloride
基本的化学英语单词相关 文章 :
★ 记忆方法:科学有效的化学记忆方法
★ 教学总结高中英语
★ 英语单词快速记忆技巧
★ 如何学好英语语法方法总结
★ 中考冲刺:各科快捷提分方法
★ 高中化学有哪些好的学习方法
★ 高三化学学习容易存在的问题
★ 理科学习方法经验归纳大全
★ 高二上册英语单词表
★ 高考化学的高效学习方法
London smog episodeDecember 1952 brought an episode of heavy smog to London, which lasted until March 1953. Light winds and a high moisture content created ideal conditions for smog formation. The unusual cold in London in the winter of 1952-1953 caused additional coal combustion and many people travelled only by car, which caused the occurrence of a combination of black soot, sticky particles of tar and gaseous sulphur dioxide. This resulted in the heaviest winter smog episode known to men.Measurements suggested that the concentration of particulate matter in the air had reached 56 times its normal level. Sulphur dioxide concentrations increased to seven times its peak level. The smoke particles trapped in the fog gave it a yellow-black colour. Sulphur dioxide reacted with substances in foggy droplets to form sulphuric acid, adding an intense form of acid rain to the process.By night of December 5 the smog was so dense that visibility dropped to only a few meters. Smog easily entered buildings, causing cinemas, theatres and stores to be closed. Transport became largely impossible. Motor vehicles were abandoned, trains were disrupted and airports were also closed.The smog episode killed approximately 12.000 people, mainly children, elderly people and people suffering from chronic respiratory or cardiac disease. The number of deaths during the smog disaster was three or four times that on a normal day. They could be attributed to lung disease, tuberculosis and heart failure. Mortality from bronchitis and pneumonia increased more than sevenfold.Peaks of smoke and sulphur dioxide were in line with peaks in deaths. However, most deaths occurred because of breathing in acid aerosols, which irritates or inflames the bronchial tubes. Acidity was not measured, but estimates show that the pH probably fell to 2 during the peaks in the smog episode.The highest death rate during the smog episode occurred on December 8 and December 9, at 900 deaths per day. In some parts of the city death rates even increase to nine times the normal number. Until spring the death rate remained high at almost a thousand more deaths per week than expected in a normal winter.This heavy pollution and its resulting death toll made people aware of the seriousness of air pollution. The London smog disaster resulted in the introduction of the first Clean Air Acts in 1956.
就是颗粒物(particulate matter)
光化学烟雾英语
楼上的,一次污染物你们还真好意思翻成a pollutant,有才 一次污染物 又称“原生污染物”。由污染源直接或间接排入环境的污染物。如排入洁净大气和水体内的化学毒物、病毒等。是环境污染的主要来源。Fisrt-hand PollutantAlso known as primary pollutant. Pollutant discharged direclty or indirectly into the environment, such as chemical poisons and viruses dischaged into clean atmosphere and water bodies. It's the primary source of pollution. 二次污染物 也称“次生污染物”。由污染源排出的污染物(通常称“一次污染物”)在环境中演化而成的新污染物。往往对环境和人体的危害更为严重。如大气中的二氧化硫和水蒸气相遇而生成的硫酸雾,其刺激作用比二氧化硫强十倍;发生光化学烟雾时,所产生的臭氧、甲醛和丙烯醛等二次污染物,对动植物和建筑材料有较大的危害。Second-hand PollutantAlso known as secondary pollutant. First-hand pollutant evolves into new derivatives in the environment, which usually do more harm to the environment and human body. For instance, when sulfur dioxide meet with vapor, it becomes sulfuric acid vapor ten times stimulating than sulfur dioxide. Second-hand pollutans like ozone, formaldehyde and acrylic aldehyde in photochemical smog are more harmful to construction materials, flora and fauna. 空气污染 室外大气中大量存在诸如尘埃、烟雾、煤气、迷雾、气味、烟气或蒸汽等一种或多种沾污物,其特性及持续时间足以损害人类的健康或动植物的生活。 空气中某些物质的含量超过正常含量时,形成危害动、植物,影响其生存的现象。大气中C0、NH3、SO2、H2S、Cl2、03和N02等物质的正常含量均在百万分之一以下,对动、植物没有明显的不良影响。但19世纪以来,由于工业和交通运输的发展,上述物质大量排入大气,使空气污染日趋严重,影响到动、植物生命活动乃至人体健康。 污染物的来源 有的来自自然界(如火山喷出的烟灰),有的来自人类活动,其中工业、交通运输产生的废气是主要的污染源。可转变成水污染和土壤污染。Air PollutionThe outdoor atmosphere contains a large amount of contaminants such as dusts, smog, gas, dense fog, odor, fumes or steam, their characteristics and duration are sufficient to harm human health or other creatures' living.When the content of certain substances is above normal standards, it affects flora and fauna. The normal contents of C0, NH3, SO2, H2S, Cl2, 03 and N02 in the atmosphere are all below one in one millionth. This level of content has no obvious undesirable impact on flora and fauna. But with the development of industry and transportation since the 19th century, the abovementioned substances have been discharged into the atmosphere in a large amount, leading to more and more serious air pollution, and affecting human health as well as other creatures' living. The sources of the pollutants include that of nature, such as volcanic ash, and that of human activities. Exhaust from industry and transportation is the main source of pollutants from human activities, and it could also turn into water pollution or soil pollution. 放射性污染 由放射性物质造成的环境污染现象的是主要污染物是核工业企业的排放物,核试验产生的放射性沉降物及自然界宇宙射线、放射性矿藏和天然放射性同位素等。可通过食物链或直接对人体造成危害。Radioactive PollutionThe main substances causing radioactive pollution are emissions from nuclear industry enterprises, the radioactive sediments of nuclear tests and sources from the nature, such as cosmic rays, radioactive mineral resources and natural radioactive isotopes, all of which could do harm to human body directly or through food chains. 重金属污染 由重金属或其化合物造成的环境污染。主要由采矿、废气排放、污水灌溉和使用重金属制品等人为因素所致。如日本的水俣病和痛痛病分别由汞污染和镉污染所引起。其危害程度取决于重金属在环境、食品和生物体中存在的浓度和化学形态。Heavy Metal PollutionPollution caused by heavy metals or their compounds. The main sources are human factors, such as mining, exhaust emission and irrigation by sewerage. Take Japan for example, the Minamata disease and the Itai-itai disease are caused by mercury and cadmium respectively. The extent of hazard is decided by the existing concentration and chemical forms in the environment, foods and creatures. 排气污染 汽车排放的有害气体引起的空气污染。主要有害气体为一氧化碳、氮氧化物、碳氢化合物、二氧化硫等。能引起光化学烟雾等。因汽油品种、汽车载重量、发动机性能、道路状况、气象条件等因素,其数量和种类不同。由于汽车的排气高度处于人的呼吸带,故排气污染对人体健康危害很大。Exhaust PollutionAir pollution caused by harmful exhaust from automobiles. In turn, exhaust pollution could cause photochemical smog. The main objectionable constituents are carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons and sulfur dioxide, with their amount and kind variable to the gas type, the car load, the performance of the engine, the road conditions and the weather conditions. Since the exhaust is discharged roughly at the same height that human breathe, it does great harm to human health. 射频污染 射频电磁辐射(发射频率为3千赫至3×10�5兆赫)所造成的环境污染。常见的污染源为高空电视传播发射塔、中短波及微波发射设备、高频加热设备及短波或超短波理疗机等。Radio Frequency PollutionPollution caused by radio frequency electromagnetic radiation (emission frequency from 3,000 Hz to 3×10�5GHz). Most common sources are television transmitting towers, medium short wave and microwave transmitters, high frequency heating equipments and therapy apparatus working at short waves and ultrashort waves.
可吸入颗粒物
洛杉矶光化学烟雾事件Los Angeles photochemical smog event望采纳!谢谢!
A pollutant Also known as the "primary pollutants." Directly or indirectly, from sources of pollutants discharged into the environment. Such as clean air and water into the body of chemical toxins, viruses, and so on. Is a major source of environmental pollution. Secondary pollutants Also known as "secondary contaminants." Pollutants discharged from pollution sources (usually referred to as "a pollutant") evolved in the environment of new pollutants. Often on the environment and even more serious health hazards. Such as sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere and water meet and sulfuric acid mist generated, and its strong stimulating effect of sulfur dioxide than ten times; the occurrence of photochemical smog, the generated ozone, formaldehyde and secondary pollutants such as acrolein, and construction of plants and animals materials have a greater harm. Air Pollution [air pollution] and there are a lot of outdoor air, such as dust, smoke, gas, mist, odor, smoke or steam, such as one or more of staining material, its characteristics and duration sufficient to harm human health or animal and plant life. Air pollution (air pollution) the air content of certain substances higher than normal concentration, the formation of harm animals and plants, affecting their survival phenomenon. Atmospheric C0, NH3, SO2, H2S, Cl2, 03 and N02, such as the normal content of the material in the following parts per million of the animals and plants no apparent ill effects. However, since the 19th century, due to the transport industry and the development of a large number of these substances into the atmosphere, so that air pollution is worsening, affecting animal and plant life and even human health. Some of the sources of pollutants from the natural world (such as soot volcano) or from human activity, including industrial and transportation emissions are the main sources of pollution. Can be transformed into water and soil pollution. Radioactive pollution By the environmental pollution caused by radioactive substances are the main pollutants in the phenomenon of nuclear emissions from industrial enterprises, resulting from nuclear testing fallout and the nature of radioactive cosmic rays, radioactive and other minerals and natural radioisotopes. Through the food chain or directly harm the human body. Heavy-metal contamination By heavy metals or their compounds caused by environmental pollution. Mainly by the mining, emissions, waste water irrigation and the use of heavy metals in products such as man-made factors. Such as Japan and the Minamata disease patients痛痛pollution by mercury and cadmium pollution arising. Depends on the harm of heavy metals in the environment, food and organisms that exist in the concentration and chemical form. Exhaust pollution Harmful gas emissions from motor vehicles caused by air pollution. The main harmful gases as carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, sulfur dioxide and so on. And so on can lead to photochemical smog. Species due to gasoline, car load, engine performance, road conditions, weather conditions and other factors, the number and type of different. Due to a high degree of automobile exhaust in the breathing zone of people, so the exhaust pollution harmful to human health. RF pollution Radio frequency electromagnetic radiation (firing frequency of 3 kHz to 3 × 10 � 5 MHz) caused by environmental pollution. Common source for the dissemination of high-altitude television transmission tower,中短波and microwave transmission equipment, high-frequency heating equipment and short-wave or ultra-short wave therapy machines.
烟雾英文
fog[fC^]n.雾, 烟雾, 尘雾, 迷惑, 苔藓vi.被雾笼罩, 变模糊vt.使困惑, 以雾笼罩fogfog 1AHD:[fôg, f¼g] D.J.[f%8g, f%g]K.K.[f%g, f$g]n.(名词)Condensed water vapor in cloudlike masses lying close to the ground and limiting visibility.雾气:离地很近并限制能见度的以云状气团形式出现的浓缩水蒸汽An obscuring haze, as of atmospheric dust or smoke.烟雾,尘雾:如空气中的尘土或烟雾等模糊的雾气A mist or film clouding a surface, as of a window, lens, or mirror.朦胧,模糊:如在窗玻璃、透镜或镜子面上挡住表面的雾或薄膜A cloud of vaporized liquid, especially a chemical spray used in fighting fires.化学喷雾:一团汽化的液体,尤指用于救火的化学喷雾剂A state of mental vagueness or bewilderment.迷惑,困惑:头脑模糊或迷乱的状态Something that obscures or conceals; a haze:雾:使模糊或隐蔽的东西;薄雾:shrouded their actions in a fog of disinformation.他们在错误信息的掩护下隐藏行踪A blur on a developed photographic image.模糊不清:洗好的照片图象上的模糊处v.(动词)fogged, fog.ging, fogsv.tr.(及物动词)To cover or envelop with or as if with fog.以雾包围:以或仿佛以雾气覆盖或包容To cause to be obscured; cloud.使模糊;遮挡To make vague, hazy, or confused:使迷惑:使模糊、不清楚或迷乱:a memory that had been fogged by time.随时光而变得模糊不清的一段记忆To obscure or dim (a photographic image).使模糊或弄暗(一张照片的图象)v.intr.(不及物动词)To be covered with or as if with fog.为雾笼罩:被或好象被烟雾掩盖To be blurred, clouded, or obscured:朦胧:模糊、混乱或不清晰:My glasses fogged in the warm air.我的眼镜因空气温暖而模糊了To be dimmed or obscured. Used of a photographic image.照片(模糊):被搞暗或搞模糊了。用于形容相片上的图象[Perhaps of Scandinavian origin] [可能源于斯堪的纳维亚语] fog“gern.(名词)fogfog 2AHD:[fôg, f¼g] D.J.[f%8g, f%g]K.K.[f%g, f$g]n.(名词)A new growth of grass appearing on a field that has been mowed or grazed.割后再生的草:被割剪或放牧过的草地又重新长出的新草Tall, decaying grass left standing after the cutting or grazing season.枯草,过冬草:收割或放牧季节过后剩下的高高的衰草Middle English fogge [tall grass] * see pü- 中古英语 fogge [高大的草] *参见 pü- fog[fC^]n.割后再生的草冬季原野上的枯草[方]苔藓fog[fC^]vt.喂(牛)再生草让(土地)生长再生草vi.逐渐长满再生草fogger[`fC^E(r)]n.养畜员fog可能来自斯堪的纳维亚语,如古挪威语 fok; 丹麦语fogfogblurcloudconfusedim
exhaust gassomke
poisonous vapors的翻译是有毒蒸气poisonous 的意思adj.有毒的;引起中毒的 ;有毒的;恶毒的;有害的;产生不利影响的;
烟雾 smoke /smoky fog A shroud of smoke 一片烟雾 Heavy and thick with smoke 烟雾弥漫 The chimney emitted a cloud of smoke. 烟囱吐出一片烟雾。 The room was full of cigarette smoke. 满屋子都是香烟的烟雾.
雾霾烟雾英语
雾霾英语是smog。
Smog,英语单词,名词。
双语例句:
Can they even see the light through all that smog?
他们甚至可以通过所有的烟雾看到光吗?
And so, you make not only water vapor, NOX but you make some nitrous oxides, NOX, or nox as it is known, and this is the precursor to smog.
这样不仅仅得到的水蒸气,但是你会得到一些氮氧化物,或者如大家所知到的nox,这是烟雾的前驱体。
Yet commerce is more certain to be in the air than the Beijing smog.
但是商业已经比北京的烟雾更加确定的充斥于空气之中。
雾霾,是雾和霾的组合词。雾霾常见于城市。中国不少地区将雾并入霾一起作为灾害性天气现象进行预警预报,统称为“雾霾天气”。雾霾是特定气候条件与人类活动相互作用的结果。高密度人口的经济及社会活动必然会排放大量细颗粒物(PM 2.5),一旦排放超过大气循环能力和承载度,细颗粒物浓度将持续积聚,此时如果受静稳天气等影响,极易出现大范围的雾霾。
fog and haze
smog和haze都可以指雾霾。
1、smog
英 [smɒɡ] 美 [smɑːɡ]
n.烟雾(烟与雾混合的空气污染物,尤见于城市)
示例:Cars cause pollution,both smog and acid rain。
汽车造成的污染既有烟雾也有酸雨。
2、haze
英 [heɪz] 美 [heɪz]
n.(尤指热天引起的)薄雾,霾,(烟尘等的)雾霭,烟雾,迷蒙,迷糊
v.(使)笼罩在薄雾中,戏弄,欺凌(新生等,有时作为加入美国大学生联谊会的条件)
示例:Dan smiled at him through a haze of smoke and steaming coffee。
丹透过烟雾和咖啡的热气朝他笑了笑。
扩展资料:
近义词:fog
一、意思:
n. 雾;朦胧;迷惑。
v. 以雾笼罩;使模糊;迷惑。
二、读音:英 [fɒɡ],美 [fɑːɡ]
三、例句:
The crash happened in thick fog.
浓雾中发生了撞车。
四、用法:
1、fog用作名词时意思为“雾”,转化为动词则为“雾气笼罩,使模糊不清,使迷惑”。
2、fog可用作及物动词,也可用作不及物动词;用作及物动词时,接名词或代词作宾语,可用于被动结构。
3、fog的过去式和过去分词是fogged。
haze fog也可以呀 smog主要指烟雾 而雾霾的来源比较复杂 个人觉得haze fog 更好些 非官方 谨慎采纳
烟雾雾霾英语
你可以百度一下啊
The haze is very serious.haze是雾霾的意思。一、什么是雾霾?雾霾,顾名思义是雾和霾。但是雾和霾的区别很大。空气中的灰尘、硫酸、硝酸等颗粒物组成的气溶胶系统造成视觉障碍的叫霾。霾就是灰霾(烟霞)。雾是由大量悬浮在近地面空气中的微小水滴或冰晶组成的气溶胶系统。多出现于秋冬季节(这也是2013年1月份全国大面积雾霾天气的原因之一),是近地面层空气中水汽凝结(或凝华)的产物。雾的存在会降低空气透明度,使能见度恶化,如果目标物的水平能见度降低到1000米以内,就将悬浮在近地面空气中的水汽凝结(或凝华)物的天气现象称为雾(Fog)。霾(mái),也称灰霾(烟雾) 空气中的灰尘、硫酸、硝酸、有机碳氢化合物等粒子也能使大气混浊。将目标物的水平能见度在1000~10000米的这种现象称为轻雾或霭(Mist)。形成雾时大气湿度应该是饱和的(如有大量凝结核存在时,相对湿度不一定达到100%就可能出现饱和)。由于液态水或冰晶组成的雾散射的光与波长关系不大,因而雾看起来呈乳白色或青白色和灰色。细颗粒物又称细粒、细颗粒、PM2.5。细颗粒物指环境空气中空气动力学当量直径小于等于 2.5 微米的颗粒物。它能较长时间悬浮于空气中,其在空气中含量浓度越高,就代表空气污染越严重。虽然PM2.5只是地球大气成分中含量很少的组分,但它对空气质量和能见度等有重要的影响。与较粗的大气颗粒物相比,PM2.5粒径小,面积大,活性强,易附带有毒、有害物质(例如,重金属、微生物等),且在大气中的停留时间长、输送距离远,因而对人体健康和大气环境质量的影响更大。雾霾天气是一种大气污染状态,雾霾是对大气中各种悬浮颗粒物含量超标的笼统表述,尤其是PM2.5(空气动力学当量直径小于等于2.5微米的颗粒物)被认为是造成雾霾天气的“元凶”。随着空气质量的恶化,阴霾天气现象出现增多,危害加重。中国不少地区把阴霾天气现象并入雾一起作为灾害性天气预警预报。统称为“雾霾天气”。二、空气质量指数。空气质量指数(Air Quality Index,简称AQI)是定量描述空气质量状况的无量纲指数。针对单项污染物的还规定了空气质量分指数。参与空气质量评价的主要污染物为细颗粒物、可吸入颗粒物、二氧化硫、二氧化氮、臭氧、一氧化碳等六项。空气质量按照空气质量指数大小分为六级,相对应空气质量的六个类别,指数越大、级别越高说明污染的情况越严重,对人体的健康危害也就越大,从一级优,二级良,三级轻度污染,四级中度污染,五级重度污染,到六级严重污染。当PM2.5日均值浓度达到150微克/立方米时,AQI即达到200;当PM2.5日均浓度达到250微克/立方米时,AQI即达300;PM2.5日均浓度达到500微克/立方米时,对应的AQI指数达到500。根据《环境空气质量指数(AQI)技术规定(试行)》(HJ 633—2012)规定:空气污染指数划分为0-50、51-100、101-150、151-200、201-300和大于300六档,对应于空气质量的六个级别,指数越大,级别越高,说明污染越严重,对人体健康的影响也越明显。空气污染指数为0-50,空气质量级别为一级,空气质量状况属于优。此时,空气质量令人满意,基本无空气污染,各类人群可正常活动。 空气污染指数为51-100,空气质量级别为二级,空气质量状况属于良。此时空气质量可接受,但某些污染物可能对极少数异常敏感人群健康有较弱影响,建议极少数异常敏感人群应减少户外活动。空气污染指数为101-150,空气质量级别为三级,空气质量状况属于轻度污染。此时,易感人群症状有轻度加剧,健康人群出现刺激症状。建议儿童、老年人及心脏病、呼吸系统疾病患者应减少长时间、高强度的户外锻炼。空气污染指数为151-200,空气质量级别为四级,空气质量状况属于中度污染。此时,进一步加剧易感人群症状,可能对健康人群心脏、呼吸系统有影响,建议疾病患者避免长时间、高强度的户外锻练,一般人群适量减少户外运动。 空气污染指数为201-300,空气质量级别为五级,空气质量状况属于重度污染。此时,心脏病和肺病患者症状显著加剧,运动耐受力降低,健康人群普遍出现症状,建议儿童、老年人和心脏病、肺病患者应停留在室内,停止户外运动,一般人群减少户外运动。 空气污染指数大于300,空气质量级别为六级,空气质量状况属于严重污染。此时,健康人群运动耐受力降低,有明显强烈症状,提前出现某些疾病,建议儿童、老年人和病人应当留在室内,避免体力消耗,一般人群应避免户外活动。三、用电脑报天气预报和空气质量预报的原理是什么?现在我们都是用电脑报天气预报和空气质量预报,气象工作者称它为数值预报,即数值天气预报和数理统计预报。数值天气预报是应用流体力学、热力学、高等数学等来研究大气变化的物理规律;根据大气运动的特点,可以得出一套反映这些物理规律的数学方程式(即天气预报方程组),然后依据一些已知条件(如某日某时的气压、温度、湿度、风力等等)来解释这一方 程组,得出天气的未来变化情况,这样就可以达到预报目的了。数理统计预报是应用数理统 计学的一些理论和方法,并根据历史上的大量气象资料,找出一些描述天气、气候变化的统 计规律的数理统计方程式,用以预报长期天气趋势,也可用作预测几天后的气象要素。这两 种方法都涉及到大量的数据和算术运算,如果仅仅依靠普通计算器来计算,那是很难实现的。由于电子计算技术的发展,为我们提供了既可靠又快速的计算工兵——电脑,这样我们应用计算数学的一些方法,把数学方程式化为加、减、乘、除的四则运算方案,并把它译成机器语言(即计算命令),连同各地气象要素的观测资料(大量数据)一起输入电脑, 就好像让未来的天气变化和空气质量,事前在电脑里预演一样,让电脑既迅速又可靠地完成庞大而复杂的天气预报和空气质量指数的计算任务。现在我们从电视上看到的全景彩色云图、BMS 不同区域彩色静止卫星云图、天气系统特写放大云图、天气尺度系统动画云图、天气区域预报图、 天气系统等压线分布图、台风路径实况和预报以及风雨分布图、冷锋活动图、海洋气象预报图、城市天气预报图等,其实都是经过电脑处理的。四、雾霾对电脑的影响。细颗粒物PM2.5不但可以通过鼻腔到达气管、支气管、细支气管,直至肺泡组织,甚至血液中,还有可能积在电脑的主板上或中央处理器上对电脑产生影响,使电脑产生各种各样的故障。以下就是灰尘、颗粒物引发的电脑故障。小灰尘引发电脑大故障。一台兼容机,配置为:K6-2266(超到300MHz)CPU、大众V503+主板、S3325显卡、4.3GB昆腾硬盘、32MB EDO内存、操作系统为Windows 98。先前一直使用都没有问题,近一段时间常出现蓝屏或非法操作,不能恢复,只能重启。问题出现的时间没有规律,而且随着时间的推移死机越来越频繁。先怀疑有病毒,用各种杀毒软件反复检查都没有发现病毒。接着怀疑启动时加载的程序有冲突,把所有启动时运行的程序关闭,故障依然存在。随后又怀疑内存有问题,借了一条KingMAX的内存换上还是要死机。最后只好重装系统,安装过程中死机。想起可能是CPU超频引起的问题,打开机箱,发现主板上积满了灰尘,把两片Cache的一部分引脚都盖住了。会不会是由于灰尘导致引脚之间短路而频繁死机?用牙刷刷去灰尘,但还不够干净。由于没有无水酒精,就用光盘清洁喷剂擦拭,再用电吹风吹干。这下安装Windows 98非常顺利,装好后的系统很少死机了。内存插槽脏引发启动失败。有一段时间未使用电脑,把一条64MB内存更换为128MB内存后,启动电脑,屏幕无任何显示,喇叭一直“嘀嘀……”鸣叫,自检不能进行。内存条是新的,一般不会有问题。由于电脑长时间不使用,内存插槽内可能积有大量灰尘。此时可用毛笔刷将内存条插槽中的灰尘清理掉,然后用一张比较硬且干净的白纸折叠起来,插入内存条插槽中来回移动,通过该方法让纸张将内存插槽中的金属物擦拭干净,然后重新安装内存条,再次启动电脑,故障即可排除。音箱声音变嘶哑,显示器屏幕逐渐模糊并伴有闪烁现象,直至音箱无声。 一台联想“逐日”多媒体电脑,立式机箱,vx 主板,pentium mmx 166 cpu,yamaha719声卡,windows98操作系统。随着炎炎的夏日转至阴雨绵绵的秋天,音箱中传出的声音也慢馒地由优美动听转为干瘪嘶哑,继而经常出现无声现象;显示器屏幕也逐渐模糊并伴有闪烁现象。终于在一次开机时,发现音箱没有了声音,杀病毒无效。为能确定故障源,首先拔下声卡上连接音箱的音频信号线插头,插入光驱前面板上的音频输出孔,在光驱中放人一张cd音乐盘,按光驱前面板播放键,放音正常,说明音箱能正常工作。为进一步确定造成故障的原因,在“控制面板/系统/设备管理”的设备列表中,删除“声音、视频和游戏控制器”列表项下的“yamaha opl3—sax sound system”和“yamaha opl3—sax game port”条目,重新启动系统,发现系统未能检测到即插即用的yamaha声卡。再检查cmos设置,未发现任何错误,由此判断可能是声卡硬件故障。打开机箱,拔下声卡,发现声卡和扩展槽接触良好,换一只扩展槽情况依旧。换上同型号声卡重新启动,系统立即检测到声卡并自动恢复了声卡的设备驱动程序。此后,多媒体系统工作正常。 仔细检查,发现原声卡电路板表面上有几十根耸立的深灰色尘埃,根部发黑,用油漆刷扫除尘埃后,声卡电路板表面原尘埃部位有圆形灰斑,用无水酒精清洗灰斑后,将声卡插人机器,声卡恢复正常。由此可以确定,故障是受潮的尘埃短接了声卡上电路连线导致的。再检查显示卡,发现也有很多尘埃,取下打扫卫生后重新装入,屏幕显示清晰,闪烁现象消失,声音、显示故障均已排除。故障是由于电源风扇向内吸入的灰尘(其中有PM2.5)落在立式机箱内平置的声卡、显示卡上,在干燥的夏季,机箱内的静电使灰尘聚集,从尘埃耸立可看出,在转到潮湿的秋季时,灰尘吸潮造成短路。灰尘引起的显示故障。一日,朋友来电话说电脑出现了问题。赶过去一看,原来是显卡只能以16色显示,256色及以上的色深设置根本不存在。这个简单,多半是显卡的驱动程序出现了问题所致。于是重新安装了显卡的驱动程序,重新启动后却发现问题依旧。难道是硬件冲突?打开“设备管理器”,进入显卡的“资源”设置,发现并不存在冲突。无奈之下,只有采用下下之策——重装系统了。经过漫长的等待,Windows 98终于安装好了。接着是为各硬件安装驱动程序,显卡的驱动安装非常顺利,这似乎预示着故障将要解决了。怀着忐忑不安的心情重新启动计算机,结果……问题依旧。这下可把我难住了,究竟是什么原因呢?显卡损坏了?一种不祥的预感涌上我的心头。但不管怎样,问题总是要解决的。于是找出螺丝刀卸下机箱上的螺丝钉,打开机箱一看,我倒!机箱里的灰尘已经覆盖了主板和其他设备的本来面目。“你多长时间没给电脑作过卫生了?”我哭笑不得地问。“大约两年吧,自从电脑买来后我就从来没打开过机箱。”朋友的回答让我再一次“倒地”。没时间和朋友着急了,修复电脑要紧。我将电脑上的设备一一拆下,并用小毛刷分别刷干净,重新安装到机箱内,通电开机,进入Windows后发现故障排除。真没想到故障居然是由灰尘引起的。向软驱拷贝文件时,前两张盘读写正常,第三张盘提示写保护。往5.25英寸软驱拷贝文件时,前两张盘读写正常,当拷贝第三张盘时出现如下写保护提示信息: “Write Protect Error Writing Drive B: Abort, Retry, Fail?” 取出软盘查看,并没有加写保护。换上另一张盘再试,情况依旧。换上一张有文件的盘,用DIB命令查看正常,说明读操作正常。从以上故障现象判断.可能是软驱写保护故障。于是关机,切断电源,打开机箱,拆下软驱.将软驱门旋转手柄沿轴线方向拉出,卸下固定前面板用的两个螺丝,取下前面扳。这时为了确定故障位置,可用一张软盘放人软驱.这时与软盘写保护缺口正对的位置就是软驱写保护光电器件。如果此光电器件表面有灰尘,或集成电路板上透光用的小孔里有脏东西,就会影响光电器件的工作。光线不能通过,就像软盘加了写保护一样,系统就会绘出写保护提示信息。用干净的小棉签轻轻擦拭光电器件,直到擦过的棉签上再没有灰尘,再把软驱前面板装回,把软驱门旋转手柄装上,然后接好电缆和信号线.开机并插入软盘,读写即可恢复正常。所以,雾霾,灰尘也会对电脑造成影响。如果哪一天出现明明有雾霾、空气质量却是良的情况,这恰恰说明空气污染相当严重,PM2.5的颗粒物已经积到了报天气预报和空气质量指数的电脑上,造成电脑出故障,连空气质量指数也报不准了。元音字母a在重读相对开音节里发合口双元音/e/的音,这个音由两个音组成,第一个音是前元音/ɛ/,发音时,舌端靠近下齿,向第二个相当于/ɪ/的音滑动,不到第二个音即告发音结束。牙床由半开半合之间向半合接近,口形由大到小,音量由强到弱,两个音合在一起成一个合口双元音,如:grapes 葡萄snake 蛇cape 斗篷,岬角tape 磁带lake 湖(被陆地围着的大片积水)name 名字plate 盘子wave 挥动,海浪希望我能帮助你解疑释惑。
不一样的。。雾是指水气蒸发,都是特别小的水珠,太阳出来后雾就散了。雾霾是指空气中的灰尘、硫酸、硝酸、有机碳氢化合物等粒子也能使大气混浊。将目标物的水平能见度在1000~10000米的这种现象称为轻雾或霭(Mist)。形成雾时大气湿度应该是饱和的(如有大量凝结核存在时,相对湿度不一定达到100%就可能出现饱和)。由于液态水或冰晶组成的雾散射的光与波长关系不大,因而雾看起来呈乳白色或青白色和灰色。雾霾天气是一种大气污染状态,雾霾是对大气中各种悬浮颗粒物含量超标的笼统表述,尤其是PM2.5(空气动力学当量直径小于等于2.5微米的颗粒物)被认为是造成雾霾天气的“元凶”。随着空气质量的恶化,阴霾天气现象出现增多,危害加重。中国不少地区把阴霾天气现象并入雾一起作为灾害性天气预警预报。
在水气充足、微风及大气层稳定的情况下,如果接近地面的空气冷却至某程度时,空气中的水气便会凝结成细微的水滴悬浮于空中,使地面水平的能见度下降,这种天气现象称为雾。雾霾(wù mái,英语表达为smog/haze)是雾和霾的组合词。雾霾现象常见于城市。中国不少地区将“霾”并入“雾”一起作为灾害性天气现象进行预警预报,统称为“雾霾天气”。近年来,由于空气质量恶化,雾霾现象出现增多且危害加重。如遇雾霾天气尽量做好防范措施,如:戴口罩,并尽量避免户外活动。