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机械类英语论文及翻译2000Gear Materials (Reading Material) 齿轮材料（阅读材料）Gears are manufactured from a... 机械类英语论文及翻译2000
Gear Materials (Reading Material) 齿轮材料（阅读材料）Gears are manufactured from a wide variety of materials, both metallic as well as nonmetallic. 齿轮由多种种类的材料制造，包括金属材料和非金属材料。As is the case with all materials used in design, the material chosen for a particular gear should be the cheapest available that will ensure satisfactory performance. 在设计中可以使用多种材料的情况下，对于特定齿轮，应当做到选用满足使用要求下的最便宜的材料。Before a choice is made, the designer must decide which of several criteria is most important to the problem at hand. 在作出选择前，设计师必须决定在众多设计准则中哪个是当前最重要的。If high strength is the prime consideration, a steel should usually be chosen rather than cast iron. 如果高强度是第一要考虑的因素，通常就选择钢材而不选择铸铁。If wear resistance is the most important consideration, a can be made, for problems involving noise reduction, nonmetallic. Materials perform better than metallic ones. 如果耐磨性是最重要的因素，可以选用非金属材料要比金属材料更好，同时也可以解决降低噪声的问题。However, as is true in most design problems, the final choice of a material is usually a compromise. 然而，在大部分实际设计问题中，对材料的最终决定往往是一个折衷的方案。In other words, the material chosen will conform reasonably well to all the requirements mentioned previously, although it will not necessarily be the best in any one area. 换句话说，材料的选择要考虑到合理的达到所有的预定要求，尽管这样就不能在其中任何一方面达到最好。To conclude this discussion we will consider the characteristics of various metallic and nonmetallic gear materials according to their general classifications. 为了总结这次讨论，我们将按照通常的分类来考虑多种金属和非金属齿轮材料所具有的特性。Cast Irons 铸铁Cast iron is one of the most commonly used gear materials. 铸铁是最常用的齿轮材料之一。Its low cost, ease of casting, good machinability, high wear resistance, and good noise abatement property make it a logical choice. 它具有低成本，铸造性好，机械加工性能好，高耐磨性，以及高减噪性的特点，这些特点使铸铁成为一个合适的选择对象。The primary disadvantage of cast iron as a gear material is its low tensile strength, which makes the gear tooth weak in bending and necessitates rather large teeth.铸铁主要的缺点是，作为一种齿轮材料，铸铁的抗拉强度很低，这使得轮齿的抗弯强度很弱而且不能造出很大的轮齿。Another type of cast iron is nodular iron, which is made of cast iron to which a material such as magnesium or cerium has been added. 另一种类型的铸铁是球墨铸铁，是在普通铸铁中加入了镁或者铈制成的。The result of this alloying is a material having a much higher tensile strength while retaining the good wear and machining characteristics of ordinary cast iron.这种合金的特点是既具有高的抗拉强度，又保持了普通铸铁的高耐磨性和优秀的机械加工性能。 Very often the combination of cast iron gear and a steel pinion will give a well balanced design with regard to cost, strength, and wear.通常，铸铁大齿轮和钢制小齿轮的组合能够在成本、强度和耐磨性之间达到较好的平衡。问题补充：Steel gear are usually made of pain carbon steels or alloy steels. 钢制齿轮通常由碳钢或者合金钢制造。They have the advantage, over cast iron, of higher strength without undue increase in cost. 它们具有比铸铁更高的强度，同时又没有是成本过高的增加。However, they usually require heat treatment to produce a surface hard enough to give satisfactory resistance to wear. 然而，它们通常需要经过热处理，以生成表面的硬化层来达到足够的耐磨性。Unfortunately, the heat treatment process usually produces distortion of the gear, with the result that gear load is not uniformly distributed across the gear tooth face. 不幸的是，热处理过程通常会使齿轮发生扭曲和形变，这样齿轮上的载荷就不能均匀的分布到轮齿的表面。Since alloy steels are subject to less distortion due to heat treatment than carbon steels, they are often chosen in preference to the carbon steels.合金钢具有变形量小的特点，因此比碳钢更适合热处理，它们通常比碳钢使用的更多。 Although it is not the purpose here to discuss the various heat treatment methods and their effect on the properties of materials so treated, the designer should be aware of possible problems arising from the use of heat treated materials.尽管这里讨论的目的不是热处理的方法和这些方法在材料上产生的不同影响，设计师仍然应当认识到对不用热处理材料的选择可能带来的各种问题。
• The Lathe and Its Construction车床及其结构 A lathe is a machine tool used primarily for producing surfaces of revolution and flat edges. 车床是主要用于生成旋转表面和平整边缘的机床。Based on their purpose, construction, number of tools that can simultaneously be mounted, and degree of automation, lathes-or, more accurately, lathe-type machine tools can be classified as follows:根据它们的使用目的、结构、能同时被安装刀具的数量和自动化的程度，车床—或更确切地说是车床类的机床，可以被分成以下几类： (1)Engine lathes(2)Toolroom lathes(3)Turret lathes(4)Vertical turning and boring mills(5)Automatic lathes(6)Special-purpose lathes(1)普通车床(2)万能车床(3)转塔车床(4)立式车床(5)自动车床(6)特殊车床 In spite of that diversity of lathe-type machine tools, they all have common features with respect to construction and principle of operation. These features can best be illustrated by considering the commonly used representative type, the engine lathe. Following is a description of each of the main elements of an engine lathe, which is shown in . 虽然车床类的机床多种多样，但它们在结构和操作原理上具有共同特性。这些特性可以通过普通车床这一最常用的代表性类型来最好地说明。下面是关于图所示普通车床的主要部分的描述。 Lathe bed. The lathe bed is the main frame, involving a horizontal beam on two vertical supports. It is usually made of grey or nodular cast iron to damp vibrations and is made by casting. 车床床身：车床床身是包含了在两个垂直支柱上水平横梁的主骨架。为减振它一般由灰铸铁或球墨铸铁铸造而成。It has guideways to allow the carriage to slide easily lengthwise. The height of the lathe bed should be appropriate to enable the technician to do his or her job easily and comfortably.它上面有能让大拖板轻易纵向滑动的导轨。车床床身的高度应适当以让技师容易而舒适地工作。 Headstock. The headstock is fixed at the left hand side of the lathe bed and includes the spindle whose axis is parallel to the guideways (the slide surface of the bed). The spindle is driven through the gearbox, which is housed within the headstock. 主轴箱：主轴箱固定在车床床身的左侧，它包括轴线平行于导轨的主轴。主轴通过装在主轴箱内的齿轮箱驱动。The function of the gearbox is to provide a number of different spindle speeds (usually 6 up to 18 speeds). Some modern lathes have headstocks with infinitely variable spindle speeds, which employ frictional ,electrical ,or hydraulic drives.齿轮箱的功能是给主轴提供若干不同的速度(通常是6到18速)。有些现代车床具有采用摩擦、电力或液压驱动的无级调速主轴箱。 The spindle is always hollow, i. e., it has a through hole extending lengthwise. Bar stocks can be fed through that hole if continuous production is adopted. 主轴往往是中空的，即纵向有一通孔。如果采取连续生产，棒料能通过此孔进给。Also, that hole has a tapered surface to allow mounting a plain lathe center. The outer surface of the spindle is threaded to allow mounting of a chuck, a face plate, or the like.同时，此孔为锥形表面可以安装普通车床顶尖。主轴外表面是螺纹可以安装卡盘、花盘或类似的装置。 Tailstock. The tailstock assembly consists basically of three parts, its lower base, an intermediate part, and the quill. The lower base is a casting that can slide on the lathe bed along the guideways, and it has a clamping device to enable locking the entire tailstock at any desired location, depending upon the length of the workpiece. 尾架：尾架总成基本包括三部分，底座、尾架体和套筒轴。底座是能在车床床身上沿导轨滑动的铸件，它有一定位装置能让整个尾架根据工件长度锁定在任何需要位置。The intermediate part is a casting that can be moved transversely to enable alignment of the axis of the tailstock with that of the headstock. The third part, the quill, is a hardened steel tube, which can be moved longitudinally in and out of the intermediate part as required. 尾架体为一能横向运动的铸件，它可以调整尾架轴线与主轴箱轴线成一直线。第三部分，套筒轴是一淬硬钢管，它能根据需要在尾架体中纵向进出移动。This is achieved through the use of a handwheel and a screw, around which a nut fixed to the quill is engaged. The hole in the open side of the quill is tapered to enable mounting of lathe centers or other tools like twist drills or boring bars. The quill can be locked at any point along its travel path by means of a clamping device.这通过使用手轮和螺杆来达到，与螺杆啮合的是一固接在套筒轴上的螺母。套筒轴开口端的孔是锥形的，能安装车床顶尖或诸如麻花钻和镗杆之类的工具。套筒轴通过定位装置能沿着它的移动路径被锁定在任何点。 The carriage. The main function of the carriage is mounting of the cutting tools and generating longitudinal and/or cross feeds. It is actually an H-shaped block that slides on the lathe bed between the headstock and tailstock while being guided by the V-shaped guideways of the bed. 大拖板：大拖板的主要功能是安装刀具和产生纵向和/或横向进给。它实际上是一由车床床身V形导轨引导的、能在车床床身主轴箱和尾架之间滑动的H形滑块。The carriage can be moved either manually or mechanically by means of the apron and either the feed rod or the lead screw.大拖板能手动或者通过溜板箱和光杆(进给杆)或丝杆(引导螺杆)机动。 When cutting screw threads, power is provided to the gearbox of the apron by the lead screw. In all other turning operations, it is the feed rod that drives the carriage. The lead screw goes through a pair of half nuts, which are fixed to the rear of the apron. 在切削螺旋时，动力通过丝杆提供给溜板箱上的齿轮箱。在其余车削作业中，都由光杆驱动大拖板。丝杆穿过一对固定在溜板箱后部的剖分螺母。When actuating a certain lever, the half nuts are clamped together and engage with the rotating lead screw as a single nut, which is fed, together with the carriage, along the bed. When the lever is disengaged, the half nuts are released and the carriage stops.当开动特定操作杆时，剖分螺母夹在一起作为单个螺母与旋转的丝杆啮合，并带动拖板沿着床身提供进给。当操作杆脱离时，剖分螺母释放同时大拖板停止运动。On the other hand, when the feed rod is used, it supplies power to the apron through a worm gear. The latter is keyed to the feed rod and travels with the apron along the feed rod, which has a keyway extending to cover its whole length.另一方面，当使用光杆时则通过蜗轮给溜板箱提供动力。 蜗轮用键连接在光杆上，并与溜板箱一起沿光杆运动，光杆全长范围开有键槽。A modern lathe usually has a quick-change gearbox located under the headstock and driven from the spindle through a train of gears. It is connected to both the feed rod and the lead screw and enables selecting a variety of feeds easily and rapidly by simply shifting the appropriate levers. 现代车床一般在主轴箱下装备快速变换齿轮箱，通过一系列齿轮由主轴驱动。它与光杆和丝杆连接，能容易并快速地通过简单转换适当的操作杆选择各种进给。The quick-change gearbox is employed in plain turning, facing and thread cutting operations. Since that gearbox is linked to the spindle, the distance that the apron (and the cuttingtool) travels for each revolution of the spindle can be controlled and is referred to as the feed.快速变换齿轮箱可用于普通车削、端面切削和螺旋切削作业中。由于这种齿轮箱与主轴相连，主轴每转一圈溜板箱(和切削刀具)运动的距离能被控制，这距离就可以被认为是进给。
基于UG的模块化机械设计方法研究摘 要]本文采用模块化设计思想和UG二次开发技术,解决了用UG软件进行机械设计时,许多常用件需要多次重新设计的问题。常用件模块以菜单的方式结合在UG软件中,这具有良好的可扩充性和可移植性。[关键词]模块化设计 机械设计 UG二次开发Unigraphics(简称UG)是美国EDS公司推出的CAD/CAM/CAE一体化软件。它的内容涉及到平面工程制图、三维造型、装配、制造加工、逆向工程、工业造型设计、注塑模具设计、钣金设计、机构运动分析、数控模拟、渲染和动化仿真、工业标准交互传输、有限元分析等十几个模块。近年来UG发展迅速,已广泛应用于多个领域,更是进行机械设计的常用软件。虽然UG功能非常强大,但在进行机械产品设计的时候经常会遇到一些标准件以外的常用件,若每次对它们均从头开始设计,则要做大量的重复性工作。为了提高劳动生产率,降低设计成本,将已经广泛应用于电子、计算机、建筑等领域的模块化设计思想引用到机械设计中,形成基于UG的模块化机械设计。1模块化机械设计模块及模块化的概念模块是一组具有同一功能和结合要素(指联接部位的形状、尺寸、连接件间的配合或啮合等),但性能、规格或结构不同却能互换的单元。模块化则是指在对产品进行市场预测、功能分析的基础上划分并设计出一系列通用的功能模块,然后根据用户的要求,对模块进行选择和组合,以构成不同功能或功能相同但性能不同、规格不同的产品。模块化机械设计相关性模块化设计所依赖的是模块的组合,即结合面,又称为接口。为了保证不同功能模块的组合和相同功能模块的互换,模块应具有可组合性和可互换性两个特征。这两个特征主要体现在接口上,必须提高模块标准化、通用化、规格化的程度。对于模块化机械设计,可见其关键是怎样划分模块,这里主要通过综合考虑零部件在功能、几何、物理上存在的相关性来划分模块。(1)功能相关性零部件之间的功能相关性是指在模块划分时,将那些为实现同一功能的零部件聚在一起构成模块,这有助于提高模块的功能独立性。(2)几何相关性零部件之间的几何相关性是指零部件之间的空间、几何关系上的物理联接、紧固、尺寸、垂直度、平等度和同轴度等几何关系。(3)物理相关性零部件之间的物理相关性是指零部件之间存在着能量流、信息流或物料流的传递物理关系。模块化机械设计的优点模块化机械设计在技术上和经济上都具有明显的优点,经理论分析和实践证明,其优越性主要体现在下述几方面:(1)可使现在机械工业得到振兴,并向高科技产业发展;(2)减轻机械产品设计、制造及装配专业技术人员的劳动强度;(3)模块化机械产品质量高、成本低,并且妥善解决了多品种小批量加工所带来的制造方面的问题;(4)有利于企业根据市场变化,采用先进技术改造产品、开发新产品;(5)缩短机械产品的设计、制造和供货期限,以赢得用户;(6)模块化机械产品互换性强,便于维修。2模块化机械设计在UG中的实现总体构思在用UG进行机械设计时,为了将常用件模块化,首先要把常用件的三维模型表达出来。对于系列产品,可按照成组技术的原理进行分类,一组相似的常用件建立一个三维模型,即所谓的三维模型样板。根据UG参数化设计思想,一个三维模型样板可认为是一组尺寸不同、结构相似的系列化零部件的基本模型。把众多的三维模型样板按类分开,每一类放在一个集合里,这样每类都形成了一个三维模型样板的模块库。为了使模块库与UG的集成环境有机地结合在一起,把每个模块库都以图标的方式放在用户菜单上,以方便调用。为了实现这一总体构思,综合运用了UG/Open MenuScript、UG/Open Ulstyler、UG/OpenAPI、Visual C++等UG二次开发技术,其程序流程图如图模块库菜单设计为了与UG菜单交互界面风格保持一致,模块库采用了分级式下拉菜单,下拉菜单通过UG/Open MenuScript模块开发实现。即利用MenuScript提供的UG菜单脚本语言,编写成扩展名为“.men”的文本文件,将其放在用户目录下的/startup目录内,通过设定UG的环境变量,UG在启动时会自动加载用户菜单文件。为了方便用户调用时快速检索到所要的常用件三维模型样板,将下拉菜单的最大深度设计为3级,且每一条下拉菜单最多不超过15个按钮。末级菜单上每一个按钮对应一个常用件三维模型样板名称,点击末级菜单按钮即调出创建相应产品的三维模型样板对话框。三维模型样板对话框设计利用UG/Open Ulstyle制作UG风格的对话框,按照模型样板的参数生成包含数据输入框、文本框、按钮、图片等控件的对话框。在对话框上部显示零配件图片,在对话框左上角显示对话框标题,在UG系统窗口左下角显示操作提示信息,这样可以使用户很方便地设计或选用常用件三维模型,三维模型样板对话框设计完成后,生成扩展名为“.dlg”文件。所有对话框都有6种基本同调函数,分别是Apply按钮的回调函数,Back按钮的回调函数、Cancel按钮的回调函数、OK按钮的回调函数、对话框构造函数和对话框析构函数。其中对话框构造函数在UG构建对话框完成之后、用户应用程序执行之前调用,将常用件三维模型的常用规格及技术要求显示到信息窗口,供用户创建产品时作参考。对话框析构函数在UG用户对话框关闭时调用,程序编写时利用它进行关闭、清除信息窗口以及释放申请的内存空间等操作。应用程序动态链接库(*.dll)创建UG/Open API应用程序是用C/C++语言编写的,它除了能够在UG的环境下对UG进行功能调用外,还能在程序中实现软件的文件管理、流程控制、数据传输、窗口调用、数值计算等C/C++语言支持的全部功能,使用非常灵活。UG/Open API应用程序牵涉到UG提供的头文件(*.h)、库文件(*.dll)及以C/C++语言编程环境,需要对Visual C++编译环境进行设置,下面给出了Visual C++编译环境设置方法及动态链接库的创建过程:(1)建立一个空的动态链接库工程。(2)配置程序头文件(*.h)、库文件(*.dll)的目录路径。其中头文件包括UG头文件,Visual C++库文件。(3)将对话框生成的C语言源文件模板文件*.添加到Project中。(4)编制应用程序。进入对话框回调函数内部进行程序编制,定义变量及UG对象,运用C/C++语言和UG/Open API函数进行参数化建模设计。(5)生成动态链接库(*.dll)文件。UG启动时会自动加载动态链接库文件,供用户菜单调用。3结束语随着装备制造业的飞速发展,产品种类急剧增多且结构日趋复杂,只有产品设计周期不断缩短,才能够满足企业激烈竞争的需要。用UG软件进行模块化机械设计符合机械产品快速设计的理念,符合装备制造业的发展需要,是机械设计的发展方向之一,具有较高的实用价值和经济价值。参考文献[1]袁峰UG机械设计工程范例教程[M]北京机械工业出版社2006[2]王志张进生于丰业王鹏任秀华基于模块化的机械产品快速设计[J]机械设计2004,21,8[3]滕晓艳张家泰产品模块化设计方法的研究[J]应用科技2006,33,2[4]董正卫田立中付宜利UG/Open API编程基础[M]北京清华大学出版社,2002 你自己用有道翻译吧！
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机械类英语论文及翻译4500
Gear Materials (Reading Material) 齿轮材料（阅读材料）Gears are manufactured from a wide variety of materials, both metallic as well as nonmetallic. 齿轮由多种种类的材料制造，包括金属材料和非金属材料。As is the case with all materials used in design, the material chosen for a particular gear should be the cheapest available that will ensure satisfactory performance. 在设计中可以使用多种材料的情况下，对于特定齿轮，应当做到选用满足使用要求下的最便宜的材料。Before a choice is made, the designer must decide which of several criteria is most important to the problem at hand. 在作出选择前，设计师必须决定在众多设计准则中哪个是当前最重要的。If high strength is the prime consideration, a steel should usually be chosen rather than cast iron. 如果高强度是第一要考虑的因素，通常就选择钢材而不选择铸铁。If wear resistance is the most important consideration, a can be made, for problems involving noise reduction, nonmetallic. Materials perform better than metallic ones. 如果耐磨性是最重要的因素，可以选用非金属材料要比金属材料更好，同时也可以解决降低噪声的问题。However, as is true in most design problems, the final choice of a material is usually a compromise. 然而，在大部分实际设计问题中，对材料的最终决定往往是一个折衷的方案。In other words, the material chosen will conform reasonably well to all the requirements mentioned previously, although it will not necessarily be the best in any one area. 换句话说，材料的选择要考虑到合理的达到所有的预定要求，尽管这样就不能在其中任何一方面达到最好。To conclude this discussion we will consider the characteristics of various metallic and nonmetallic gear materials according to their general classifications. 为了总结这次讨论，我们将按照通常的分类来考虑多种金属和非金属齿轮材料所具有的特性。Cast Irons 铸铁Cast iron is one of the most commonly used gear materials. 铸铁是最常用的齿轮材料之一。Its low cost, ease of casting, good machinability, high wear resistance, and good noise abatement property make it a logical choice. 它具有低成本，铸造性好，机械加工性能好，高耐磨性，以及高减噪性的特点，这些特点使铸铁成为一个合适的选择对象。The primary disadvantage of cast iron as a gear material is its low tensile strength, which makes the gear tooth weak in bending and necessitates rather large teeth.铸铁主要的缺点是，作为一种齿轮材料，铸铁的抗拉强度很低，这使得轮齿的抗弯强度很弱而且不能造出很大的轮齿。Another type of cast iron is nodular iron, which is made of cast iron to which a material such as magnesium or cerium has been added. 另一种类型的铸铁是球墨铸铁，是在普通铸铁中加入了镁或者铈制成的。The result of this alloying is a material having a much higher tensile strength while retaining the good wear and machining characteristics of ordinary cast iron.这种合金的特点是既具有高的抗拉强度，又保持了普通铸铁的高耐磨性和优秀的机械加工性能。 Very often the combination of cast iron gear and a steel pinion will give a well balanced design with regard to cost, strength, and wear.通常，铸铁大齿轮和钢制小齿轮的组合能够在成本、强度和耐磨性之间达到较好的平衡。问题补充：Steel gear are usually made of pain carbon steels or alloy steels. 钢制齿轮通常由碳钢或者合金钢制造。They have the advantage, over cast iron, of higher strength without undue increase in cost. 它们具有比铸铁更高的强度，同时又没有是成本过高的增加。However, they usually require heat treatment to produce a surface hard enough to give satisfactory resistance to wear. 然而，它们通常需要经过热处理，以生成表面的硬化层来达到足够的耐磨性。Unfortunately, the heat treatment process usually produces distortion of the gear, with the result that gear load is not uniformly distributed across the gear tooth face. 不幸的是，热处理过程通常会使齿轮发生扭曲和形变，这样齿轮上的载荷就不能均匀的分布到轮齿的表面。Since alloy steels are subject to less distortion due to heat treatment than carbon steels, they are often chosen in preference to the carbon steels.合金钢具有变形量小的特点，因此比碳钢更适合热处理，它们通常比碳钢使用的更多。 Although it is not the purpose here to discuss the various heat treatment methods and their effect on the properties of materials so treated, the designer should be aware of possible problems arising from the use of heat treated materials.尽管这里讨论的目的不是热处理的方法和这些方法在材料上产生的不同影响，设计师仍然应当认识到对不用热处理材料的选择可能带来的各种问题。
This feeling things have been drawn into the outside world Fan Li, are not crystal-pearl, can be permanent preservation. It is precisely because no two people could begin, it does not need this overheated Danlian details of the test and temper, maintained the original ecology of the United States. Lin Zhaoyu side, the other party to Zoudiao Touyebuhui, imagine if people suddenly go back, is not very funny » "How can you not love me» Some other women I have a lot of ......" on behalf of women were rejected after searching in every possible way, most of the people Hun Liaotou, how feelings can be quantified » Even if she had beauty you have beauty, you have the cause of her career, he did not love you. For this reason many women fell into self-torture of suspected, in fact they should be quite pathetic, with feelings of hope that the other way sure. Since they consider themselves the most bitter, and even try to complex pain and the joy of the opportunities have not. After many women refused to pay later, so that the world of chaos removed the tentacles of pain. And the release of many popular songs, such exaggerated pain, so that they resonate Zilian. Is that the choice of opportunities, so do not reject the probability of it great, is today a so-called people's feelings through the years to life better than their predecessors. Modern people are also hard to adapt to feelings of being rejected, especially the age of the little people, the lyric of this situation, the water and pull the world together with him sad. But I am a person can not be separated from the music, not only because of the need to release some sort. Often "want to do" and "to do" in the struggle. The world too much, how can people truly their own » Or, in the subconscious, people are always in their escape, in another attempt to get in the warm embrace. However, often only discovered after the pain, only their own end. This is because other people or other people's. Not easy in the world and in love before, we are too small and helpless. Then, on his good point! From the yoke of secular, to listen to their voices, the New World idealism. Perhaps you are still the music into the embrace. Give you a song it: Love is what » Think you are a color Butterfly I was lonely flowers Chi Chi can only look up toward the sky What is love who can understand Think you are a golden peacock I was Piaoling leaf With the water only long Dangdang Love is what I asked the Haolei What is the color of love is the feeling of what You say that like all the dreams Ask your heart there is no answer Like a black light What is the color of love is the feeling of what Do not numb their pain Too simple not so hard to love I would like to hope that the seeds of spring Do not ask what is reason to love Why not afraid of love Do not you indulge their sympathy Aiyuan not singing in front of the moon Singing in front of the moon ....... 感情这东西，得到了落下尘世变成饭粒，得不到结晶成珍珠，可以永久保存。正因为两个人没有可能开始，那这炽热的单恋不需要细节的考验和磨练，保持着原生态的美。一方淋着雨，另一方头也不回地走掉，设想一下如果要走的人突然回头，是不是很滑稽？ "你怎么可以不爱我？别的女人有的我都有......"代表了很多女性在被拒绝后的百般思量，大部分的人都昏了头，感情怎么可以量化？就算她有美貌你有美貌，她有事业你有事业，可他就是不爱你。为此很多女人陷入到自虐式的怀疑中，实际上她们要的相当可怜，希望对方用感情的方式肯定自己。她们自认为自己最苦，连尝试复杂一点的快乐和痛苦的机会也没有。很多女性遭到拒绝后不得不捱过去了，让世事的纷乱磨平痛楚的触角。而很多流行歌曲则释放，夸大了这种痛楚，让她们共鸣自怜。 正以为选择的机会多了，所以别拒绝的概率也就大了，正所谓当今一个人几年当中的感情经历要胜过前人的一生。现代人也正努力地适应被拒绝的情感，尤其是一些年龄不大的人，把这情境抒情化，拉全世界下水和他一起伤心。 但我是一个离不开音乐的人，不仅仅因为需要某种释放。常常在"想做的事"和"该做的事"里挣扎。世界太大，人怎样才能真正属于自己？又或许，在潜意识里，人总是在逃避自己，企图在另一个怀抱里得到温暖。只是，每每伤痛过后才发现，自己最后还是只有自己。因为，别人还是别人的。 都不容易，在世界和爱情的面前，我们都太渺小而无奈。那么，对自己好一点吧！脱离世俗的枷锁，聆听自己的声音，唯心世界新世界。 或许你仍该投入音乐的怀抱。 送你一首歌吧： 爱是什么？ 想你是一只彩色蝴蝶 而我是孤单的花儿 只能向着天空痴痴仰望 爱是什么 谁能够了解 想你是一只金色孔雀 而我是飘零的叶 只能随着流水悠悠荡荡 爱是什么 我问的好累 爱是什么颜色 是什么感觉 你说那好象一切是梦 问你的心 没有答案 象是一道黑色的光线 爱是什么颜色 是什么感觉 你不要麻木自己的痛 太简单了 不爱太难 我要种下春天的希望 不要追问爱有什么理由 为什么爱了就不害怕 放纵自己不要你的同情 没有哀怨 对着月亮歌唱 对着月亮歌唱.......
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机械论文网上有英语机械类论文并附有翻译机械英文论文翻译附原文《Patent Abstracts of Japan pub. No. 04133991 of Jul. 5, 1992 "Method and Device for Driving Man-Conveyor"》 机械英文论文翻译附原文《Extending Blender: Development of a Haptic Authoring Tool》 网站上都是机械类资料应该有你想要的
机械类英语论文及翻译1000
火花加工( EDM )普遍进行了液体介质. 它是一种热过程中材料去除连续放电之间发生的一个电极 工件神色介质流体. 每放电ionizes局部血浆运河,那里温度变得非常高(高达1000◦三) 领导与融合沸腾金属既面临材料[1] . 利用液态一直被视为必不可少的稳定性和效率的过程中, 因为它是已知的液体作为冷却介质中的放电间隙和拆除并冲水 加工出碎片的工作差距. 因此,它扮演的一个最重要作用的材料去除机理. 电火花,是一个有益的加工方法. 它具有很大的优势,在加工工件形状特殊或难加工材料,如塑料模具, 冲模,硬质合金材料和工程材料〔2,3〕. 现在它已广泛应用于制造工程. 尽管他们广泛使用在工业今天,电火花有一些缺点. 其中最严重的缺点是,它可能会导致环境的污染[4] . 据悉,电火花可产生废弃物介质液体,它是非常有害的, 我们应该尽量避免让融入周围的环境. 在另一方面,液体介质一般煤油为基础油, 它会分解并释放有害气( CO和CH4 )在电火花 这将会伤害到健康的运营. 环保原因 绿法电火花未经污染已成为一个热门研究课题,在最近字. 电火花天然气是一种新的加工方法是由邦枝在1997年[5] . 在该方法中,电火花加工是实现天然气代替煤油基础油,使污染降低. 在这种新方法的出现,全世界感到震惊. 把它当作一个最重要的方法具有良好的前景. 但是这种方法有一个致命的弱点,缺乏稳定及低材料去除率( MRR值) . 为克服人手不足的电火花加工气,一种新的方法,超声波振动电火花加工( uedm )在天然气, 在此基础上开发. （翻译软件
原文： MACHINABILITYThe machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors:1、$ l m I. `5 L* eSurface finish and integrity of the machined part;2、; u: I% F/ b$ t( O" ?' I2 MTool life obtained;3、1 F. }: a% W1 W5 R l7 @* q; jForce and power requirements;4、. p) @0 }5 c* S+ I: IChip , good machinability good surface finish and integrity, long tool life, and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by becoming entangled in the cutting of the complex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. In manufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness are generally considered to be the most important factors in machinability. Although not used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example Machinability Of Steels6 }" `- x) E* V* T+ DBecause steels are among the most important engineering materials (as noted in Chapter 5), their machinability has been studied extensively. The machinability of steels has been mainly improved by adding lead and sulfur to obtain so-called free-machining and Rephosphorized steels., m# n- K R; @Sulfur in steels forms manganese sulfide inclusions (second-phase particles), which act as stress raisers in the primary shear zone. As a result, the chips produced break up easily and are small; this improves machinability. The size, shape, distribution, and concentration of these inclusions significantly influence machinability. Elements such as tellurium and selenium, which are both chemically similar to sulfur, act as inclusion modifiers in resulfurized in steels has two major effects. It strengthens the ferrite, causing increased hardness. Harder steels result in better chip formation and surface finish. Note that soft steels can be difficult to machine, with built-up edge formation and poor surface finish. The second effect is that increased hardness causes the formation of short chips instead of continuous stringy ones, thereby improving Steels. A high percentage of lead in steels solidifies at the tip of manganese sulfide inclusions. In non-resulfurized grades of steel, lead takes the form of dispersed fine particles. Lead is insoluble in iron, copper, and aluminum and their alloys. Because of its low shear strength, therefore, lead acts as a solid lubricant (Section ) and is smeared over the tool-chip interface during cutting. This behavior has been verified by the presence of high concentrations of lead on the tool-side face of chips when machining leaded the temperature is sufficiently high-for instance, at high cutting speeds and feeds (Section )—the lead melts directly in front of the tool, acting as a liquid lubricant. In addition to this effect, lead lowers the shear stress in the primary shear zone, reducing cutting forces and power consumption. Lead can be used in every grade of steel, such as 10xx, 11xx, 12xx, 41xx, etc. Leaded steels are identified by the letter L between the second and third numerals (for example, 10L45). (Note that in stainless steels, similar use of the letter L means “low carbon,” a condition that improves their corrosion resistance.)However, because lead is a well-known toxin and a pollutant, there are serious environmental concerns about its use in steels (estimated at 4500 tons of lead consumption every year in the production of steels). Consequently, there is a continuing trend toward eliminating the use of lead in steels (lead-free steels). Bismuth and tin are now being investigated as possible substitutes for lead in Steels. An important development is calcium-deoxidized steels, in which oxide flakes of calcium silicates (CaSo) are formed. These flakes, in turn, reduce the strength of the secondary shear zone, decreasing tool-chip interface and wear. Temperature is correspondingly reduced. Consequently, these steels produce less crater wear, especially at high cutting Steels. Austenitic (300 series) steels are generally difficult to machine. Chatter can be s problem, necessitating machine tools with high stiffness. However, ferritic stainless steels (also 300 series) have good machinability. Martensitic (400 series) steels are abrasive, tend to form a built-up edge, and require tool materials with high hot hardness and crater-wear resistance. Precipitation-hardening stainless steels are strong and abrasive, requiring hard and abrasion-resistant tool Effects of Other Elements in Steels on Machinability. The presence of aluminum and silicon in steels is always harmful because these elements combine with oxygen to form aluminum oxide and silicates, which are hard and abrasive. These compounds increase tool wear and reduce machinability. It is essential to produce and use clean and manganese have various effects on the machinability of steels, depending on their composition. Plain low-carbon steels (less than C) can produce poor surface finish by forming a built-up edge. Cast steels are more abrasive, although their machinability is similar to that of wrought steels. Tool and die steels are very difficult to machine and usually require annealing prior to machining. Machinability of most steels is improved by cold working, which hardens the material and reduces the tendency for built-up edge alloying elements, such as nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium, which improve the properties of steels, generally reduce machinability. The effect of boron is negligible. Gaseous elements such as hydrogen and nitrogen can have particularly detrimental effects on the properties of steel. Oxygen has been shown to have a strong effect on the aspect ratio of the manganese sulfide inclusions; the higher the oxygen content, the lower the aspect ratio and the higher the selecting various elements to improve machinability, we should consider the possible detrimental effects of these elements on the properties and strength of the machined part in service. At elevated temperatures, for example, lead causes embrittlement of steels (liquid-metal embrittlement, hot shortness; see Section ), although at room temperature it has no effect on mechanical can severely reduce the hot workability of steels, because of the formation of iron sulfide, unless sufficient manganese is present to prevent such formation. At room temperature, the mechanical properties of resulfurized steels depend on the orientation of the deformed manganese sulfide inclusions (anisotropy). Rephosphorized steels are significantly less ductile, and are produced solely to improve Machinability of Various Other MetalsAluminum is generally very easy to machine, although the softer grades tend to form a built-up edge, resulting in poor surface finish. High cutting speeds, high rake angles, and high relief angles are recommended. Wrought aluminum alloys with high silicon content and cast aluminum alloys may be abrasive; they require harder tool materials. Dimensional tolerance control may be a problem in machining aluminum, since it has a high thermal coefficient of expansion and a relatively low elastic is similar to cast irons. Because it is more abrasive and toxic, though, it requires machining in a controlled gray irons are generally machinable but are. Free carbides in castings reduce their machinability and cause tool chipping or fracture, necessitating tools with high toughness. Nodular and malleable irons are machinable with hard tool alloys are abrasive and highly work-hardening. They require sharp, abrasion-resistant tool materials and low feeds and copper can be difficult to machine because of built-up edge formation, although cast copper alloys are easy to machine. Brasses are easy to machine, especially with the addition pf lead (leaded free-machining brass). Bronzes are more difficult to machine than is very easy to machine, with good surface finish and prolonged tool life. However care should be exercised because of its high rate of oxidation and the danger of fire (the element is pyrophoric).Molybdenum is ductile and work-hardening, so it can produce poor surface finish. Sharp tools are alloys are work-hardening, abrasive, and strong at high temperatures. Their machinability is similar to that of stainless is very work-hardening, ductile, and soft. It produces a poor surface finish; tool wear is and its alloys have poor thermal conductivity (indeed, the lowest of all metals), causing significant temperature rise and built-up edge; they can be difficult to is brittle, strong, and very abrasive, so its machinability is low, although it greatly improves at elevated has good machinability. It requires a coolant-type cutting fluid, however, because of the explosion and Machinability of Various Materials; n+ {0 C# N' t: K& D5 Y7 nGraphite is abrasive; it requires hard, abrasion-resistant, sharp generally have low thermal conductivity, low elastic modulus, and low softening temperature. Consequently, machining them requires tools with positive rake angles (to reduce cutting forces), large relief angles, small depths of cut and feed, relatively high speeds, andproper support of the workpiece. Tools should be cooling of the cutting zone may be necessary to keep the chips from becoming “gummy” and sticking to the tools. Cooling can usually be achieved with a jet of air, vapor mist, or water-soluble oils. Residual stresses may develop during machining. To relieve these stresses, machined parts can be annealed for a period of time at temperatures ranging from % Q6 X5 q6 [ C$ F9 Ito / C+ z W( L4 N& I$ }( to ), and then cooled slowly and uniformly to room plastics are brittle and sensitive to thermal gradients during cutting. Their machinability is generally similar to that of of the fibers present, reinforced plastics are very abrasive and are difficult to machine. Fiber tearing, pulling, and edge delamination are significant problems; they can lead to severe reduction in the load-carrying capacity of the component. Furthermore, machining of these materials requires careful removal of machining debris to avoid contact with and inhaling of the machinability of ceramics has improved steadily with the development of nanoceramics (Section ) and with the selection of appropriate processing parameters, such as ductile-regime cutting (Section ).Metal-matrix and ceramic-matrix composites can be difficult to machine, depending on the properties of the individual components, ., reinforcing or whiskers, as well as the matrix Thermally Assisted MachiningMetals and alloys that are difficult to machine at room temperature can be machined more easily at elevated temperatures. In thermally assisted machining (hot machining), the source of heat—a torch, induction coil, high-energy beam (such as laser or electron beam), or plasma arc—is forces, (b) increased tool life, (c) use of inexpensive cutting-tool materials, (d) higher material-removal rates, and (e) reduced tendency for vibration and may be difficult to heat and maintain a uniform temperature distribution within the workpiece. Also, the original microstructure of the workpiece may be adversely affected by elevated temperatures. Most applications of hot machining are in the turning of high-strength metals and alloys, although experiments are in progress to machine ceramics such as silicon ' k4 F( E u# |: n6 i6 hMachinability is usually defined in terms of surface finish, tool life, force and power requirements, and chip control. Machinability of materials depends not only on their intrinsic properties and microstructure, but also on proper selection and control of process variables.因文章太长，译文请点链接
机械类英语论文及翻译3000
原文： MACHINABILITYThe machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors:1、$ l m I. `5 L* eSurface finish and integrity of the machined part;2、; u: I% F/ b$ t( O" ?' I2 MTool life obtained;3、1 F. }: a% W1 W5 R l7 @* q; jForce and power requirements;4、. p) @0 }5 c* S+ I: IChip , good machinability good surface finish and integrity, long tool life, and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by becoming entangled in the cutting of the complex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. In manufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness are generally considered to be the most important factors in machinability. Although not used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example Machinability Of Steels6 }" `- x) E* V* T+ DBecause steels are among the most important engineering materials (as noted in Chapter 5), their machinability has been studied extensively. The machinability of steels has been mainly improved by adding lead and sulfur to obtain so-called free-machining and Rephosphorized steels., m# n- K R; @Sulfur in steels forms manganese sulfide inclusions (second-phase particles), which act as stress raisers in the primary shear zone. As a result, the chips produced break up easily and are small; this improves machinability. The size, shape, distribution, and concentration of these inclusions significantly influence machinability. Elements such as tellurium and selenium, which are both chemically similar to sulfur, act as inclusion modifiers in resulfurized in steels has two major effects. It strengthens the ferrite, causing increased hardness. Harder steels result in better chip formation and surface finish. Note that soft steels can be difficult to machine, with built-up edge formation and poor surface finish. The second effect is that increased hardness causes the formation of short chips instead of continuous stringy ones, thereby improving Steels. A high percentage of lead in steels solidifies at the tip of manganese sulfide inclusions. In non-resulfurized grades of steel, lead takes the form of dispersed fine particles. Lead is insoluble in iron, copper, and aluminum and their alloys. Because of its low shear strength, therefore, lead acts as a solid lubricant (Section ) and is smeared over the tool-chip interface during cutting. This behavior has been verified by the presence of high concentrations of lead on the tool-side face of chips when machining leaded the temperature is sufficiently high-for instance, at high cutting speeds and feeds (Section )—the lead melts directly in front of the tool, acting as a liquid lubricant. In addition to this effect, lead lowers the shear stress in the primary shear zone, reducing cutting forces and power consumption. Lead can be used in every grade of steel, such as 10xx, 11xx, 12xx, 41xx, etc. Leaded steels are identified by the letter L between the second and third numerals (for example, 10L45). (Note that in stainless steels, similar use of the letter L means “low carbon,” a condition that improves their corrosion resistance.)However, because lead is a well-known toxin and a pollutant, there are serious environmental concerns about its use in steels (estimated at 4500 tons of lead consumption every year in the production of steels). Consequently, there is a continuing trend toward eliminating the use of lead in steels (lead-free steels). Bismuth and tin are now being investigated as possible substitutes for lead in Steels. An important development is calcium-deoxidized steels, in which oxide flakes of calcium silicates (CaSo) are formed. These flakes, in turn, reduce the strength of the secondary shear zone, decreasing tool-chip interface and wear. Temperature is correspondingly reduced. Consequently, these steels produce less crater wear, especially at high cutting Steels. Austenitic (300 series) steels are generally difficult to machine. Chatter can be s problem, necessitating machine tools with high stiffness. However, ferritic stainless steels (also 300 series) have good machinability. Martensitic (400 series) steels are abrasive, tend to form a built-up edge, and require tool materials with high hot hardness and crater-wear resistance. Precipitation-hardening stainless steels are strong and abrasive, requiring hard and abrasion-resistant tool Effects of Other Elements in Steels on Machinability. The presence of aluminum and silicon in steels is always harmful because these elements combine with oxygen to form aluminum oxide and silicates, which are hard and abrasive. These compounds increase tool wear and reduce machinability. It is essential to produce and use clean and manganese have various effects on the machinability of steels, depending on their composition. Plain low-carbon steels (less than C) can produce poor surface finish by forming a built-up edge. Cast steels are more abrasive, although their machinability is similar to that of wrought steels. Tool and die steels are very difficult to machine and usually require annealing prior to machining. Machinability of most steels is improved by cold working, which hardens the material and reduces the tendency for built-up edge alloying elements, such as nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium, which improve the properties of steels, generally reduce machinability. The effect of boron is negligible. Gaseous elements such as hydrogen and nitrogen can have particularly detrimental effects on the properties of steel. Oxygen has been shown to have a strong effect on the aspect ratio of the manganese sulfide inclusions; the higher the oxygen content, the lower the aspect ratio and the higher the selecting various elements to improve machinability, we should consider the possible detrimental effects of these elements on the properties and strength of the machined part in service. At elevated temperatures, for example, lead causes embrittlement of steels (liquid-metal embrittlement, hot shortness; see Section ), although at room temperature it has no effect on mechanical can severely reduce the hot workability of steels, because of the formation of iron sulfide, unless sufficient manganese is present to prevent such formation. At room temperature, the mechanical properties of resulfurized steels depend on the orientation of the deformed manganese sulfide inclusions (anisotropy). Rephosphorized steels are significantly less ductile, and are produced solely to improve Machinability of Various Other MetalsAluminum is generally very easy to machine, although the softer grades tend to form a built-up edge, resulting in poor surface finish. High cutting speeds, high rake angles, and high relief angles are recommended. Wrought aluminum alloys with high silicon content and cast aluminum alloys may be abrasive; they require harder tool materials. Dimensional tolerance control may be a problem in machining aluminum, since it has a high thermal coefficient of expansion and a relatively low elastic is similar to cast irons. Because it is more abrasive and toxic, though, it requires machining in a controlled gray irons are generally machinable but are. Free carbides in castings reduce their machinability and cause tool chipping or fracture, necessitating tools with high toughness. Nodular and malleable irons are machinable with hard tool alloys are abrasive and highly work-hardening. They require sharp, abrasion-resistant tool materials and low feeds and copper can be difficult to machine because of built-up edge formation, although cast copper alloys are easy to machine. Brasses are easy to machine, especially with the addition pf lead (leaded free-machining brass). Bronzes are more difficult to machine than is very easy to machine, with good surface finish and prolonged tool life. However care should be exercised because of its high rate of oxidation and the danger of fire (the element is pyrophoric).Molybdenum is ductile and work-hardening, so it can produce poor surface finish. Sharp tools are alloys are work-hardening, abrasive, and strong at high temperatures. Their machinability is similar to that of stainless is very work-hardening, ductile, and soft. It produces a poor surface finish; tool wear is and its alloys have poor thermal conductivity (indeed, the lowest of all metals), causing significant temperature rise and built-up edge; they can be difficult to is brittle, strong, and very abrasive, so its machinability is low, although it greatly improves at elevated has good machinability. It requires a coolant-type cutting fluid, however, because of the explosion and Machinability of Various Materials; n+ {0 C# N' t: K& D5 Y7 nGraphite is abrasive; it requires hard, abrasion-resistant, sharp generally have low thermal conductivity, low elastic modulus, and low softening temperature. Consequently, machining them requires tools with positive rake angles (to reduce cutting forces), large relief angles, small depths of cut and feed, relatively high speeds, andproper support of the workpiece. Tools should be cooling of the cutting zone may be necessary to keep the chips from becoming “gummy” and sticking to the tools. Cooling can usually be achieved with a jet of air, vapor mist, or water-soluble oils. Residual stresses may develop during machining. To relieve these stresses, machined parts can be annealed for a period of time at temperatures ranging from % Q6 X5 q6 [ C$ F9 Ito / C+ z W( L4 N& I$ }( to ), and then cooled slowly and uniformly to room plastics are brittle and sensitive to thermal gradients during cutting. Their machinability is generally similar to that of of the fibers present, reinforced plastics are very abrasive and are difficult to machine. Fiber tearing, pulling, and edge delamination are significant problems; they can lead to severe reduction in the load-carrying capacity of the component. Furthermore, machining of these materials requires careful removal of machining debris to avoid contact with and inhaling of the machinability of ceramics has improved steadily with the development of nanoceramics (Section ) and with the selection of appropriate processing parameters, such as ductile-regime cutting (Section ).Metal-matrix and ceramic-matrix composites can be difficult to machine, depending on the properties of the individual components, ., reinforcing or whiskers, as well as the matrix Thermally Assisted MachiningMetals and alloys that are difficult to machine at room temperature can be machined more easily at elevated temperatures. In thermally assisted machining (hot machining), the source of heat—a torch, induction coil, high-energy beam (such as laser or electron beam), or plasma arc—is forces, (b) increased tool life, (c) use of inexpensive cutting-tool materials, (d) higher material-removal rates, and (e) reduced tendency for vibration and may be difficult to heat and maintain a uniform temperature distribution within the workpiece. Also, the original microstructure of the workpiece may be adversely affected by elevated temperatures. Most applications of hot machining are in the turning of high-strength metals and alloys, although experiments are in progress to machine ceramics such as silicon ' k4 F( E u# |: n6 i6 hMachinability is usually defined in terms of surface finish, tool life, force and power requirements, and chip control. Machinability of materials depends not only on their intrinsic properties and microstructure, but also on proper selection and control of process variables.因文章太长，译文请点链接
MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF METALS金属的机械性能 Mechanical properties are the characteristic responses of a material to applied forces. These properties fall into five broad categories: strength, hardness, elasticity, ductility, and toughness. 金属的机械性能是金属受到外力作用时所表现出来的特征。这些性能主要分为五类：强度，硬度，弹性，塑性，韧性。Strength is the ability of a metal to resist applied forces. 强度是金属承受外加力的能力。Strength properties are commonly referred to as tensile strength, bending strength, compressive strength, torsional strength, shear strength and fatigue strength. 强度性能一般涉及到抗张强度，弯曲强度，耐压强度，抗扭强度，切变强度和疲劳强度。Tensile strength is that property which resists forces acting to pull the metal apart. It is one of the most important factors in the evaluation of a metal. 抗张强度是金属抵抗被分离的能力（性能）。是评价金属的重要因素之一。Compressive strength is the ability of a material to resist being crushed. Compression is the opposite of tension with respect to the direction of the applied load. Most metals have high tensile strength and high compressive strength. However, brittle materials such as cast iron have high compressive strength but only a moderate tensile strength. 耐压强度是金属抵抗被压碎的能力（性能）。压力是张力的反方向外加负载。大部分金属具有较高的抗张强度和较高的耐压强度。但是，像铸铁这种脆金属虽有较高的耐压强度，却只有较中等的抗张强度。Bending strength is that quality which resists forces from causing a member to bend or deflect in the direction in which the load is applied. Actually a bending stress is a combination of tensile and compressive stresses. 弯曲强度是金属抵抗所受负载方向的弯曲和倾斜的能力（性能）。实际上弯曲应力是压力和张力的综合。Torsional strength is the ability of a metal to withstand forces that cause a member to twist.抗扭强度是金属抵抗被扭转的能力（性能）Abstract This paper is a continuous casting blank teloping Table - the movements on. Casting a blank on a number of ways such as the widening of steel, pushing steel machine, transferring vehicles, lifting hook contrast, the final choice of transferring to this car as a blank device. Teloping Taiwan owners have simple structure, lifting and transferring a smooth, lifting the specifications of the billet, suitable for large-scale automated production lines, and other advantages. The metallurgical industry in general for its rough transport, continuous casting a blank device is indispensable equipment. In the whole principle of the device on and analysis, the specifications of the billet through the analysis, and transferring the device is powered by hook and the hook and hook beam structural design and verification. Traversing the device related to the selection and design of components, that the hook-and anti-overload protection device works and ensure the safety and transferring the entire work. Keywords continuous casting, transferring vehicles, body movements, billets, parts and components 摘要 This纸全连铸空白的teloping的表-运动打开。 熔铸在一定数量的方式的空白例如加宽钢，推挤钢机器，转移的车，艇吊钩对比，最后的选择转移到这辆汽车作为一个空白的设备。 Teloping台湾所有者有简单的结构，举和转移光滑，举宿营的规格，适当的大规模自动化的生产线和其他好处。 冶金产业一般来说它概略的运输的，全连铸一个空白的设备是不可缺少的设备。 在设备和分析的整体原则，宿营的规格通过分析和转移设备由勾子和勾子和勾子射线结构设计和证明供给动力。 横断设备与组分选择和设计的那勾子和反超载保护装置工作关连并且保证安全和转移整个工作。参考资料：
机械类英语论文及翻译800
Gear Materials (Reading Material) 齿轮材料（阅读材料）Gears are manufactured from a wide variety of materials, both metallic as well as nonmetallic. 齿轮由多种种类的材料制造，包括金属材料和非金属材料。As is the case with all materials used in design, the material chosen for a particular gear should be the cheapest available that will ensure satisfactory performance. 在设计中可以使用多种材料的情况下，对于特定齿轮，应当做到选用满足使用要求下的最便宜的材料。Before a choice is made, the designer must decide which of several criteria is most important to the problem at hand. 在作出选择前，设计师必须决定在众多设计准则中哪个是当前最重要的。If high strength is the prime consideration, a steel should usually be chosen rather than cast iron. 如果高强度是第一要考虑的因素，通常就选择钢材而不选择铸铁。If wear resistance is the most important consideration, a can be made, for problems involving noise reduction, nonmetallic. Materials perform better than metallic ones. 如果耐磨性是最重要的因素，可以选用非金属材料要比金属材料更好，同时也可以解决降低噪声的问题。However, as is true in most design problems, the final choice of a material is usually a compromise. 然而，在大部分实际设计问题中，对材料的最终决定往往是一个折衷的方案。In other words, the material chosen will conform reasonably well to all the requirements mentioned previously, although it will not necessarily be the best in any one area. 换句话说，材料的选择要考虑到合理的达到所有的预定要求，尽管这样就不能在其中任何一方面达到最好。To conclude this discussion we will consider the characteristics of various metallic and nonmetallic gear materials according to their general classifications. 为了总结这次讨论，我们将按照通常的分类来考虑多种金属和非金属齿轮材料所具有的特性。Cast Irons 铸铁Cast iron is one of the most commonly used gear materials. 铸铁是最常用的齿轮材料之一。Its low cost, ease of casting, good machinability, high wear resistance, and good noise abatement property make it a logical choice. 它具有低成本，铸造性好，机械加工性能好，高耐磨性，以及高减噪性的特点，这些特点使铸铁成为一个合适的选择对象。The primary disadvantage of cast iron as a gear material is its low tensile strength, which makes the gear tooth weak in bending and necessitates rather large teeth.铸铁主要的缺点是，作为一种齿轮材料，铸铁的抗拉强度很低，这使得轮齿的抗弯强度很弱而且不能造出很大的轮齿。Another type of cast iron is nodular iron, which is made of cast iron to which a material such as magnesium or cerium has been added. 另一种类型的铸铁是球墨铸铁，是在普通铸铁中加入了镁或者铈制成的。The result of this alloying is a material having a much higher tensile strength while retaining the good wear and machining characteristics of ordinary cast iron.这种合金的特点是既具有高的抗拉强度，又保持了普通铸铁的高耐磨性和优秀的机械加工性能。 Very often the combination of cast iron gear and a steel pinion will give a well balanced design with regard to cost, strength, and wear.通常，铸铁大齿轮和钢制小齿轮的组合能够在成本、强度和耐磨性之间达到较好的平衡。问题补充：Steel gear are usually made of pain carbon steels or alloy steels. 钢制齿轮通常由碳钢或者合金钢制造。They have the advantage, over cast iron, of higher strength without undue increase in cost. 它们具有比铸铁更高的强度，同时又没有是成本过高的增加。However, they usually require heat treatment to produce a surface hard enough to give satisfactory resistance to wear. 然而，它们通常需要经过热处理，以生成表面的硬化层来达到足够的耐磨性。Unfortunately, the heat treatment process usually produces distortion of the gear, with the result that gear load is not uniformly distributed across the gear tooth face. 不幸的是，热处理过程通常会使齿轮发生扭曲和形变，这样齿轮上的载荷就不能均匀的分布到轮齿的表面。Since alloy steels are subject to less distortion due to heat treatment than carbon steels, they are often chosen in preference to the carbon steels.合金钢具有变形量小的特点，因此比碳钢更适合热处理，它们通常比碳钢使用的更多。 Although it is not the purpose here to discuss the various heat treatment methods and their effect on the properties of materials so treated, the designer should be aware of possible problems arising from the use of heat treated materials.尽管这里讨论的目的不是热处理的方法和这些方法在材料上产生的不同影响，设计师仍然应当认识到对不用热处理材料的选择可能带来的各种问题。
机械论文网上有英语机械类论文并附有翻译机械英文论文翻译附原文《Patent Abstracts of Japan pub. No. 04133991 of Jul. 5, 1992 "Method and Device for Driving Man-Conveyor"》 机械英文论文翻译附原文《Extending Blender: Development of a Haptic Authoring Tool》 网站上都是机械类资料应该有你想要的
原文： MACHINABILITYThe machinability of a material usually defined in terms of four factors:1、$ l m I. `5 L* eSurface finish and integrity of the machined part;2、; u: I% F/ b$ t( O" ?' I2 MTool life obtained;3、1 F. }: a% W1 W5 R l7 @* q; jForce and power requirements;4、. p) @0 }5 c* S+ I: IChip , good machinability good surface finish and integrity, long tool life, and low force And power requirements. As for chip control, long and thin (stringy) cured chips, if not broken up, can severely interfere with the cutting operation by becoming entangled in the cutting of the complex nature of cutting operations, it is difficult to establish relationships that quantitatively define the machinability of a material. In manufacturing plants, tool life and surface roughness are generally considered to be the most important factors in machinability. Although not used much any more, approximate machinability ratings are available in the example Machinability Of Steels6 }" `- x) E* V* T+ DBecause steels are among the most important engineering materials (as noted in Chapter 5), their machinability has been studied extensively. The machinability of steels has been mainly improved by adding lead and sulfur to obtain so-called free-machining and Rephosphorized steels., m# n- K R; @Sulfur in steels forms manganese sulfide inclusions (second-phase particles), which act as stress raisers in the primary shear zone. As a result, the chips produced break up easily and are small; this improves machinability. The size, shape, distribution, and concentration of these inclusions significantly influence machinability. Elements such as tellurium and selenium, which are both chemically similar to sulfur, act as inclusion modifiers in resulfurized in steels has two major effects. It strengthens the ferrite, causing increased hardness. Harder steels result in better chip formation and surface finish. Note that soft steels can be difficult to machine, with built-up edge formation and poor surface finish. The second effect is that increased hardness causes the formation of short chips instead of continuous stringy ones, thereby improving Steels. A high percentage of lead in steels solidifies at the tip of manganese sulfide inclusions. In non-resulfurized grades of steel, lead takes the form of dispersed fine particles. Lead is insoluble in iron, copper, and aluminum and their alloys. Because of its low shear strength, therefore, lead acts as a solid lubricant (Section ) and is smeared over the tool-chip interface during cutting. This behavior has been verified by the presence of high concentrations of lead on the tool-side face of chips when machining leaded the temperature is sufficiently high-for instance, at high cutting speeds and feeds (Section )—the lead melts directly in front of the tool, acting as a liquid lubricant. In addition to this effect, lead lowers the shear stress in the primary shear zone, reducing cutting forces and power consumption. Lead can be used in every grade of steel, such as 10xx, 11xx, 12xx, 41xx, etc. Leaded steels are identified by the letter L between the second and third numerals (for example, 10L45). (Note that in stainless steels, similar use of the letter L means “low carbon,” a condition that improves their corrosion resistance.)However, because lead is a well-known toxin and a pollutant, there are serious environmental concerns about its use in steels (estimated at 4500 tons of lead consumption every year in the production of steels). Consequently, there is a continuing trend toward eliminating the use of lead in steels (lead-free steels). Bismuth and tin are now being investigated as possible substitutes for lead in Steels. An important development is calcium-deoxidized steels, in which oxide flakes of calcium silicates (CaSo) are formed. These flakes, in turn, reduce the strength of the secondary shear zone, decreasing tool-chip interface and wear. Temperature is correspondingly reduced. Consequently, these steels produce less crater wear, especially at high cutting Steels. Austenitic (300 series) steels are generally difficult to machine. Chatter can be s problem, necessitating machine tools with high stiffness. However, ferritic stainless steels (also 300 series) have good machinability. Martensitic (400 series) steels are abrasive, tend to form a built-up edge, and require tool materials with high hot hardness and crater-wear resistance. Precipitation-hardening stainless steels are strong and abrasive, requiring hard and abrasion-resistant tool Effects of Other Elements in Steels on Machinability. The presence of aluminum and silicon in steels is always harmful because these elements combine with oxygen to form aluminum oxide and silicates, which are hard and abrasive. These compounds increase tool wear and reduce machinability. It is essential to produce and use clean and manganese have various effects on the machinability of steels, depending on their composition. Plain low-carbon steels (less than C) can produce poor surface finish by forming a built-up edge. Cast steels are more abrasive, although their machinability is similar to that of wrought steels. Tool and die steels are very difficult to machine and usually require annealing prior to machining. Machinability of most steels is improved by cold working, which hardens the material and reduces the tendency for built-up edge alloying elements, such as nickel, chromium, molybdenum, and vanadium, which improve the properties of steels, generally reduce machinability. The effect of boron is negligible. Gaseous elements such as hydrogen and nitrogen can have particularly detrimental effects on the properties of steel. Oxygen has been shown to have a strong effect on the aspect ratio of the manganese sulfide inclusions; the higher the oxygen content, the lower the aspect ratio and the higher the selecting various elements to improve machinability, we should consider the possible detrimental effects of these elements on the properties and strength of the machined part in service. At elevated temperatures, for example, lead causes embrittlement of steels (liquid-metal embrittlement, hot shortness; see Section ), although at room temperature it has no effect on mechanical can severely reduce the hot workability of steels, because of the formation of iron sulfide, unless sufficient manganese is present to prevent such formation. At room temperature, the mechanical properties of resulfurized steels depend on the orientation of the deformed manganese sulfide inclusions (anisotropy). Rephosphorized steels are significantly less ductile, and are produced solely to improve Machinability of Various Other MetalsAluminum is generally very easy to machine, although the softer grades tend to form a built-up edge, resulting in poor surface finish. High cutting speeds, high rake angles, and high relief angles are recommended. Wrought aluminum alloys with high silicon content and cast aluminum alloys may be abrasive; they require harder tool materials. Dimensional tolerance control may be a problem in machining aluminum, since it has a high thermal coefficient of expansion and a relatively low elastic is similar to cast irons. Because it is more abrasive and toxic, though, it requires machining in a controlled gray irons are generally machinable but are. Free carbides in castings reduce their machinability and cause tool chipping or fracture, necessitating tools with high toughness. Nodular and malleable irons are machinable with hard tool alloys are abrasive and highly work-hardening. They require sharp, abrasion-resistant tool materials and low feeds and copper can be difficult to machine because of built-up edge formation, although cast copper alloys are easy to machine. Brasses are easy to machine, especially with the addition pf lead (leaded free-machining brass). Bronzes are more difficult to machine than is very easy to machine, with good surface finish and prolonged tool life. However care should be exercised because of its high rate of oxidation and the danger of fire (the element is pyrophoric).Molybdenum is ductile and work-hardening, so it can produce poor surface finish. Sharp tools are alloys are work-hardening, abrasive, and strong at high temperatures. Their machinability is similar to that of stainless is very work-hardening, ductile, and soft. It produces a poor surface finish; tool wear is and its alloys have poor thermal conductivity (indeed, the lowest of all metals), causing significant temperature rise and built-up edge; they can be difficult to is brittle, strong, and very abrasive, so its machinability is low, although it greatly improves at elevated has good machinability. It requires a coolant-type cutting fluid, however, because of the explosion and Machinability of Various Materials; n+ {0 C# N' t: K& D5 Y7 nGraphite is abrasive; it requires hard, abrasion-resistant, sharp generally have low thermal conductivity, low elastic modulus, and low softening temperature. Consequently, machining them requires tools with positive rake angles (to reduce cutting forces), large relief angles, small depths of cut and feed, relatively high speeds, andproper support of the workpiece. Tools should be cooling of the cutting zone may be necessary to keep the chips from becoming “gummy” and sticking to the tools. Cooling can usually be achieved with a jet of air, vapor mist, or water-soluble oils. Residual stresses may develop during machining. To relieve these stresses, machined parts can be annealed for a period of time at temperatures ranging from % Q6 X5 q6 [ C$ F9 Ito / C+ z W( L4 N& I$ }( to ), and then cooled slowly and uniformly to room plastics are brittle and sensitive to thermal gradients during cutting. Their machinability is generally similar to that of of the fibers present, reinforced plastics are very abrasive and are difficult to machine. Fiber tearing, pulling, and edge delamination are significant problems; they can lead to severe reduction in the load-carrying capacity of the component. Furthermore, machining of these materials requires careful removal of machining debris to avoid contact with and inhaling of the machinability of ceramics has improved steadily with the development of nanoceramics (Section ) and with the selection of appropriate processing parameters, such as ductile-regime cutting (Section ).Metal-matrix and ceramic-matrix composites can be difficult to machine, depending on the properties of the individual components, ., reinforcing or whiskers, as well as the matrix Thermally Assisted MachiningMetals and alloys that are difficult to machine at room temperature can be machined more easily at elevated temperatures. In thermally assisted machining (hot machining), the source of heat—a torch, induction coil, high-energy beam (such as laser or electron beam), or plasma arc—is forces, (b) increased tool life, (c) use of inexpensive cutting-tool materials, (d) higher material-removal rates, and (e) reduced tendency for vibration and may be difficult to heat and maintain a uniform temperature distribution within the workpiece. Also, the original microstructure of the workpiece may be adversely affected by elevated temperatures. Most applications of hot machining are in the turning of high-strength metals and alloys, although experiments are in progress to machine ceramics such as silicon ' k4 F( E u# |: n6 i6 hMachinability is usually defined in terms of surface finish, tool life, force and power requirements, and chip control. Machinability of materials depends not only on their intrinsic properties and microstructure, but also on proper selection and control of process variables.因文章太长，译文请点链接
This feeling things have been drawn into the outside world Fan Li, are not crystal-pearl, can be permanent preservation. It is precisely because no two people could begin, it does not need this overheated Danlian details of the test and temper, maintained the original ecology of the United States. Lin Zhaoyu side, the other party to Zoudiao Touyebuhui, imagine if people suddenly go back, is not very funny » "How can you not love me» Some other women I have a lot of ......" on behalf of women were rejected after searching in every possible way, most of the people Hun Liaotou, how feelings can be quantified » Even if she had beauty you have beauty, you have the cause of her career, he did not love you. For this reason many women fell into self-torture of suspected, in fact they should be quite pathetic, with feelings of hope that the other way sure. Since they consider themselves the most bitter, and even try to complex pain and the joy of the opportunities have not. After many women refused to pay later, so that the world of chaos removed the tentacles of pain. And the release of many popular songs, such exaggerated pain, so that they resonate Zilian. Is that the choice of opportunities, so do not reject the probability of it great, is today a so-called people's feelings through the years to life better than their predecessors. Modern people are also hard to adapt to feelings of being rejected, especially the age of the little people, the lyric of this situation, the water and pull the world together with him sad. But I am a person can not be separated from the music, not only because of the need to release some sort. Often "want to do" and "to do" in the struggle. The world too much, how can people truly their own » Or, in the subconscious, people are always in their escape, in another attempt to get in the warm embrace. However, often only discovered after the pain, only their own end. This is because other people or other people's. Not easy in the world and in love before, we are too small and helpless. Then, on his good point! From the yoke of secular, to listen to their voices, the New World idealism. Perhaps you are still the music into the embrace. Give you a song it: Love is what » Think you are a color Butterfly I was lonely flowers Chi Chi can only look up toward the sky What is love who can understand Think you are a golden peacock I was Piaoling leaf With the water only long Dangdang Love is what I asked the Haolei What is the color of love is the feeling of what You say that like all the dreams Ask your heart there is no answer Like a black light What is the color of love is the feeling of what Do not numb their pain Too simple not so hard to love I would like to hope that the seeds of spring Do not ask what is reason to love Why not afraid of love Do not you indulge their sympathy Aiyuan not singing in front of the moon Singing in front of the moon ....... 感情这东西，得到了落下尘世变成饭粒，得不到结晶成珍珠，可以永久保存。正因为两个人没有可能开始，那这炽热的单恋不需要细节的考验和磨练，保持着原生态的美。一方淋着雨，另一方头也不回地走掉，设想一下如果要走的人突然回头，是不是很滑稽？ "你怎么可以不爱我？别的女人有的我都有......"代表了很多女性在被拒绝后的百般思量，大部分的人都昏了头，感情怎么可以量化？就算她有美貌你有美貌，她有事业你有事业，可他就是不爱你。为此很多女人陷入到自虐式的怀疑中，实际上她们要的相当可怜，希望对方用感情的方式肯定自己。她们自认为自己最苦，连尝试复杂一点的快乐和痛苦的机会也没有。很多女性遭到拒绝后不得不捱过去了，让世事的纷乱磨平痛楚的触角。而很多流行歌曲则释放，夸大了这种痛楚，让她们共鸣自怜。 正以为选择的机会多了，所以别拒绝的概率也就大了，正所谓当今一个人几年当中的感情经历要胜过前人的一生。现代人也正努力地适应被拒绝的情感，尤其是一些年龄不大的人，把这情境抒情化，拉全世界下水和他一起伤心。 但我是一个离不开音乐的人，不仅仅因为需要某种释放。常常在"想做的事"和"该做的事"里挣扎。世界太大，人怎样才能真正属于自己？又或许，在潜意识里，人总是在逃避自己，企图在另一个怀抱里得到温暖。只是，每每伤痛过后才发现，自己最后还是只有自己。因为，别人还是别人的。 都不容易，在世界和爱情的面前，我们都太渺小而无奈。那么，对自己好一点吧！脱离世俗的枷锁，聆听自己的声音，唯心世界新世界。 或许你仍该投入音乐的怀抱。 送你一首歌吧： 爱是什么？ 想你是一只彩色蝴蝶 而我是孤单的花儿 只能向着天空痴痴仰望 爱是什么 谁能够了解 想你是一只金色孔雀 而我是飘零的叶 只能随着流水悠悠荡荡 爱是什么 我问的好累 爱是什么颜色 是什么感觉 你说那好象一切是梦 问你的心 没有答案 象是一道黑色的光线 爱是什么颜色 是什么感觉 你不要麻木自己的痛 太简单了 不爱太难 我要种下春天的希望 不要追问爱有什么理由 为什么爱了就不害怕 放纵自己不要你的同情 没有哀怨 对着月亮歌唱 对着月亮歌唱.......
