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2012年考研英语一真题电子版2022扫描书籍PDF讲义链接: 若资源有问题欢迎追问~这里有一份最全的考研英语历年真题资料分享给你链接: 通过不断研究和学习... 2012年考研英语一真题电子版
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考研英语二真题2012年电子版
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2012考研英语2真题电子版
2012年01月08日 09时54分，《2011英语:2012年研究生考试英语二真题（跨考版）[1]》由英语我整理. ess to genetic tests 33. According to Hans Sauer, companies are eager to win patents for_____ A. establishing disease compellations B. discovering gene interactions C. drawing pictures of genes D. identifying human DNA saying “each meeting was packed”(line4,para6)the author means that_____ A. the Supreme Court was authoritative B. the BIO was a powerful organization C. gene patenting was a great concern D. lawyers were keen to attend conventions 35. Generally speaking, the author’s attitude toward gene patenting is_____ A. critical B. supportive C. scornful D. objective Text 4 The great recession may be over, but this era of high joblessness is probably beginning. Before it ends, It will likely change the life course and character of a generation of young adults. And ultimately, it is likely to reshape our politics, our culture, and the character of our society for years。 No one tries harder than the jobless to find silver linings in this national economic disaster. Many said that unemployment, while extremely painful, had improved them in some ways; they had become less materialistic and more financially prudent; they were more aware of the struggles of others. In limited respects, perhaps the recession will leave society better off. At the very least, it has awoken us from our national fever dream of easy riches and bigger houses, and put a necessary end to an era of reckless personal spending。 But for the most part, these benefits seem thin, uncertain, and far off. In The Moral Consequences of Economic Growth, the economic historian Benjamin Friedman argues that both inside and outside the . , lengthy periods of economic stagnation or decline have almost always left society more mean-spirited and less inclusive, and have usually stopped or reversed the advance of rights and freedoms. Anti-immigran
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2012年英语一作文试题
Directions:
write an essay of 160-200 words based on the following drawing. In your essay you should
1) describe the drawing briefly
2) explain its intended meaning, and
3) give your comments
You should write neatly on ANSWER SHEET2.(20 points)
参考范文：
In the above picture, we can see an interesting scene: a bottle is knocked over with the liquid inside splitting out, and two men respond to it in totally different ways. One is expressing his disappointment for the loss of half of the liquid while the other feels thankful for the remaining half with a smile on his face. Obviously, the drawer wants to tell us that different people may have different outlooks on various difficulties in life.
When faced with obstacles in life, the pessimistic person always focuses on the negative side and exaggerates the worst situation, while the optimistic one always look on the bright side of life. The pessimistic person chooses to give up quickly and then broods over their loss or failure, which in turn will throw their life in the vicious circle. On the contrary, the optimistic person, who always bears hope in mind, will never flinch and will summon up courage to find the way to conquer the obstacles. Therefore, the way people perceive difficulties will determine their way to cope with them.
From the above discussion, we come to know that if people want to succeed in this highly competitive society, they should try to develop an optimistic perception toward life. Moreover, the government, mass media and schools should take the responsibly to awaken people to the significance of optimism. Only in these ways can people achieve more rapid progress and greater success in their life.
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2012年考研英语翻译试题的特点表现在以下三个方面：1. 五个句子超纲或较难的词汇较多；2. 句子结构有些太复杂，有一些特别难分析的句子；3. 话题也是广大考生不太熟悉的话题。2012年研究生入学考试英语一的翻译文章出自美国杂志《Nature》，题目是Universal Truths。这篇文章的理论性比较强，对于大家来说应该会感觉很有难度，大家首先要理解文章大意，依据专业性来定词义。比如empirical approach(经验主义方法)，因此难度是近三年最难的翻译文章，也是这次考试大家最感到吃力的试题部分。总体而言，今年的翻译试题感觉是“难懂难翻”。 我在今年冲刺班上反复强调的翻译必考的句子成分，尤其是后置定语，比如50题的strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations，属于我冲刺班提到的必考的名词短语的现象，以及一些常用从句的翻译，比如49题的两个后置定语which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints.，属于翻译必考的从句。47题的it seems reasonable to suppose that 句型；以及最难的48题从句特多，构成理解的障碍。这些都是我在启航翻译课堂上反复提到必考的知识点，因此没掌握的学生肯定翻译不出来。下面我们把5个句子的参考译文提供出来，让2012年考生了解自己翻译分数的同时，给2013年的考生提供翻译考试的一种整体备考思路。文章原文如下，选入2012考研英语一翻译真题时有部分删改： Since at least the days of Aristotle, a search for universal principles has characterized the scientific enterprise. In some ways, this quest for commonalities defines science: without it, there is no underlying order and pattern, merely as many explanations as there are things in the world. Newton's laws of motion, the oxygen theory of combustion and Darwinian evolution each bind a host of different phenomena into a single explicatory framework。 46. In physics, one approach takes this impulse for unification to its extreme, and seeks a theory of everything — a single generative equation for all we see. It is becoming less clear, however, that such a theory would be a simplification, given the proliferation of dimensions and universes that it might entail. Nonetheless, unification of sorts remains a major goal。 结构分析 本句主语是one approach，谓宾语是takes this impulse for unification to its extremes，连接词and 连接的是一个并列的谓语动词seeks，破折号后面的内容起到对前面补充说明的作用，这句话难在某些词义很难把握，比如take…to extremes，其实这个词组在启航翻译练习里讲到过。 参考译文 46. 在物理学上，一种方法(物理学上的一种方法)把这种统一性的冲动发挥到了极点，并努力寻找一种万能的理论—— 一条的为我们都明白一切所创造或生成的公式或方法。 This tendency in the natural sciences has long been evident in the social sciences too. 47. Here, Darwinism seems to offer justification, for if all humans share common origins, it seems reasonable to suppose that cultural diversity could also be traced to more constrained beginnings。 结构分析 本句以逗号来理解就显得相对容易，主干是Darwinism seems to offer justification，逗号之间的是一个for引导的原因状语从句，其后还有一个If引导的条件状语从句，这一点我在我的基础班里提到过三个引导词一起出现的情况，比如because if once(因为如果一旦)，it seems reasonable to suppose 属于It做形式主语的情况，that在句中做动词suppose的宾语。 参考译文 47. 在这里，达尔文的理论似乎提供了一个理由或依据，因为如果所有的人类都有共同的起源，那么文化多样性也能够追溯到更多可控的起源，持这样的观点似乎是有道理的。 Just as the bewildering variety of human courtship rituals might all be considered to be forms of sexual selection, perhaps the world's languages, music, social and religious customs and even history are governed by universal features. 48. To filter out what is unique from what is shared might enable us to understand how complex cultural behavior arose and what guides it in evolutionary or cognitive terms。 结构分析： 本句中的不定式to filter out…from结构在句中做主语，其谓语是might enable to，符合我在冲刺班上讲到的6种谓语必用情况中情态动词做谓语中的一种，what is unique和 what is shared做介词out和 from的宾语，后面how连接的是一个做动词understand的宾语从句，连接词and连接的what从句和前面的how构成两个并列的宾语从句。 参考译文 48. 从我们的共性中过滤出独特性能够使我们理解复杂的文化行为是怎样出现的，以及用进化或认知的概念来说，是什么在引导这种文化行为。 That, at least, is the hope. But a comparative study of linguistic traits published online today (M. Dunn et al. Nature doi: 09923; 2011) supplies a reality check. Russell Gray at the University of Auckland, New Zealand, and his colleagues consider the evolution of grammars in the light of two previous attempts to find universality in language。 The most famous of these efforts was initiated by Noam Chomsky, who postulated that humans are born with an innate language-acquisition capacity — a brain module or modules specialized for language — that dictates a universal grammar. A few generative rules are then sufficient to unfold the entire fundamental structure of a language, which is why children can learn it so quickly. Languages would diversify through changes to the 'parameter settings' of the generative rules。 49. The second, by Joshua Greenberg, takes a more empirical approach to universality, identifying traits (particularly in word order) shared by many languages, which are considered to represent biases that result from cognitive constraints. Chomsky's and Greenberg's are not the only theories on the table for how languages evolve, but they make the strongest predictions about universals。 结构分析 The second属于词组省略现象，应该和上一段的第一句中initiated by Noam Chomsky提出的首创理论相对应，因此second可以理解为第二个观点或看法，后面的by Joshua Greenberg表示由谁来提出，identifying是一个分词短语，起到对前面主句内容补充说明的作用。后面的shared by many languages属于黄涛老师提到的必考的6种后置定语情况，具体可以参加《考研句子阅读新思维》这本书的第一章有详细的论述。最后是一个which引导的定语从句，那which指代那一部分内容很关键，因为其后是复数are，所以which不能指代整个句子，就近往上找到languages，但我们把其词义代进去，发现词义不合适，所以再往前找到一个复数名词traits，其词义就和后面的biases(偏见)合适。其中that属于黄涛英语基础班提到的5大考点的必考点，引导的是一个定语从句。 参考译文 49.其次/由约华亚格林伯根提出的第二个观点，采取了一个更为经验主义的普遍性方法，识别出了许多语言所共有的特征(特别是词序方面)，这些特征被认为是代表了由认知限制所造成的偏见。 Gray and his colleagues have put them to the test by examining four family trees that between them represent more than 2,000 languages. 50. Chomsky's grammar should show patterns of language change that are independent of the family tree or the pathway tracked through it, whereas Greenbergian universality predicts strong co-dependencies between particular types of word-order relations. Neither of these patterns is borne out by the analysis, suggesting that the structures of the languages are lineage-specific and not governed by universals。 结构分析 本就前半部分结构简单，主谓宾很清楚，然后是That引导的定语从句，但是因为that后的动词是are，所以该定语从句不修饰change，而是修饰其前面的复数名词patterns，翻译时要指代出来，tracked through it做后置定语，whereas属于《考研句子阅读新思维》一书里提到的常考的并列结构；介词between做后置定语，修饰前面的名词co-dependences. 参考译文 50. 乔姆斯基的语法应该说明了语言变化的模式，这些模式和语言这个家族或通过这个家族所追溯的这个路径是无关的，而格林伯根的普遍性预测了某些特定词序关系之间的紧密的相互依赖性。 This does not mean that cognitive constraints are irrelevant, or that there are no other universals dictated by communication efficiency. It is surely inevitable that cognition sets limits on, say, word length. But such 'universals' seem likely to be relatively trivial features of languages, just as may be the case for putative universals in music and other aspects of culture。 The conclusion? We should perhaps learn the lesson of Darwinism: a 'universal' mechanism of adaptation says little in itself about how a particular feature got to be the way it is, or about how it works. This truth has dawned on physicists too: universal equations are all very well, but the world actually consists of particular solutions, and these are generally the result of contingent history. One size does not always fit all。 参考译文 46. 在物理学上，一种方法(物理学上的一种方法)把这种统一性的冲动发挥到了极点，并努力寻找一种万能的理论—— 一条的为我们都明白一切所创造或生成的公式或方法。 47. 在这里，达尔文的理论似乎提供了一个理由或依据，因为如果所有的人类都 有共同的起源，那么文化多样性也能够追溯到更多可控的起源，持这样的观点似乎是有道理的。 48. 从我们的共性中过滤出独特性能够使我们理解复杂的文化行为是怎样出现的，以及用进化或认知的概念来说，是什么在引导这种文化行为。 49.其次/由约书亚格林伯提出的第二个观点，采取了一个更为经验主义的普遍性方法，识别出了许多语言所共有的特征(特别是词序方面)，这些特征被认为是代表了由认知限制所造成的偏见。 50. 乔姆斯基的语法应该说明了语言变化的模式，这些模式和语言这个家族或通过这个家族所追溯的这个路径是无关的，而格林伯根安尼的普遍性预测了某些特定词序关系之间的紧密的相互依赖性。 翻译考试的三点启示： 从上面分析可以看出，翻译出题老师这几年来越来越偏向于测试考生的句子结构分析能力和词义的确切表达能力，尤其是某些特殊结构的分析能力，比如，定语后置，省略现象，特殊比较结构，强调结构和否定结构，插入结构，状语从句等8大特殊情况。所以大家一定要提前阅读《考研句子阅读新思维》这本长难句分析的力作。 纵观今年的考研翻译，句子的长度、难度变化很大，句子的结构出现了一些常用的定语从句；状语从句和并列结构和省略，但是难点在于某些词义的理解和表达上。另外从今年的翻译试题中我们也看到，重考了以往考过的不少单词，这也从另外一个方面验证了，复习过程中如果对于历年真题词汇重视的话，往往会得到意想不到的收获。 启示一。重视句子结构分析能力的提高 考研从7年前就已经取消词汇和语法这一题型，于是很多同学觉得语法不重要了，我们认为这是一种错觉，其实，越是高一级的英语测试，就越会测试考生分析句子的能力，即如何“断句”的能力，因此翻译从考研英语诞生的那一天开始就一直没停考过，而且是越考越难，因此对于2013年的考生来说，越是基础薄弱的学生越要从春季基础抓起，学会一些基本的句子分析能力，养成阅读时抓主谓宾，特别是谓语的习惯，同时从句这一关也必须要加强，比如定语从句是翻译每年必考的内容，一定要熟悉掌握。 启示二。加强词义理解能力的训练 很多考生在做英译汉试题时深有体会，经常感觉到句子都看明白了，但是，翻译成汉语时就往往有一种“只可意会不可言传”的感觉。或者即使翻译出来了，总觉得自己的译文没有把意思给说清楚，找不到贴切的词来表达，因而造成做翻译题时耗时较长或者因为个别单词的词义不准确而被扣分。 其实词义表达的难点我们在课堂上训练过。难点之一在于单词的词义是灵活多变的，和派生词语多，今年有一些较难词汇，其实这些派生词并不难，只要大家能追根溯源，就能知道或猜测出它们的意思。难点之二在于固定短语的表达，比如04年的固定动词短语be obliged to sb. (感谢某人)，比如今年_________， 因此我们在上面提供的参考译文，希望大家在对照时，只要觉得自己翻译的意思与我们提供的译文大致相符就行，因为翻译表达是条条大路通罗马，只要句子结构理解没问题就能给基本分。 启示三。翻译重在实践 其实我们生活中要用到翻译的情况很多，比如帮朋友把一篇汉语摘要翻译成英语，把一篇科技文献翻译成中文等。因此希望大家在读英语报刊杂志时自觉养成翻译互译的习惯，多积累，多表达就能提高翻译能力。
2021年考研英语（电子书）（独家提供）
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